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Genomics
Geneticist H. Winkler created the term genome by mixing the words gene and chromosome
It is a term that describes the complete set of chromosomes and all the genes
Genomics is the study of genomes. It came about in 1986, credited to T.H. Roderick
Positional Cloning Technique using a single gene Examine a particular trait Compare with genes of
affected relatives Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphisms (RFLPs) or sequence variations are compared
Sequencing went from one trait to the entire genome
Human Genome Project Main Goals
Identify all the genes in human DNA
Determine the sequences of the chemical base pairs that make up the human DNA
History of the Human Genome Project
Proposed in 1985 After many debates it
finally starts in 1990 Completed in 2003 Human Genome
Project updates
Huntington’s Disease
Discovered through HGP HD Gene was found on Chromosome 4 Death comes in 10-15 years of diagnosis
DNA Sequencing
1. Sequencing: Shotgunned into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes2. Assembly: Alignment of DNA fragments is accomplished through
recognizing sequence overlaps.3. Annotation: Computer software searches evidence to locate a particular
protein encoding gene; Other databases helps to search for similarities for the current analyzed DNA to identify its gene functions
4. Gene expression profiles and proteomics: End result, the DNA microarrays creates expression profiles
DNA Sequencing Separating the Sequencing
Products:
Electrophoresis is a sequencing process in which DNA can be separated
The sequencing machine creates an electric field; then DNA moves through gel that acts like a sieve.
Smaller DNA goes through the porous gel faster than larger DNA
Reading the Sequencing Products:
As DNA fragments drops through the ends of the test tube, laser reads through the fluorescent dye
Computer will store and record each drops of fluorescent dye into its database.
Comparative Genetics Comparative Genetics is the framework to explain
biodiversity and the evolutionary events that underlie it.
The first genomes that were sequenced were microbial then they were followed by mice, rats, and chimps, but the most importantly sequenced genomes were the ones which were at evolutionary crossroads. Meaning those that introduced a new trait or were the last to have an old one.
Pictogram Comparing the DNA nucleotide
base sequences of genomes and their regions help us to better understand their evolution.
A pictogram indicates management of sequences.
When using a pictogram genomes from different species can be compared with one another.
The large letters mean that all four species have the same base at that site and if four letters appear on the same column then the species are different.
Comparative Genomics Overall, comparative genomics is
understanding species and their connection with evolution.
Each species is compared to another and its evolutionary status, which then researchers can obtain more information and maybe find conclusions about the species.
The main goal is to obtain a genetic barcode for all species so they can be easily identified and understood.
Examples of genomes which are organized according to increasing evolutionary closeness to humans.
Into the Future The future of genetics is a broad
and eclectic field. The study of the human genome is giving rise to many different aspects of our lives. Developing new medicines
that work with individuals Finding and possibly curing
diseases Tracing history and
populations to find our roots Developing better agriculture
products The sky is the limit
Some applications of human genome information
The Future of Genomics
Zymogenetics
Seattle Genetics
Seattle has 2 genetic research labs working on DNA sequencing to help with the development of therapeutic drugs among other projects.
Resources OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Retrieved March 3,
2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/mimstats.html Online Education Kit: Understanding the Human Genome Project
National Human Genome Research Institute retrieved March 3, 2008 from http://www.genome.gov/25019885
About the Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Information Retrieved March 3, 2008 from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml
Zymogenetics Retrieved March 4, 2008 from http://www.zymogenetics.com