The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early ...ankusam.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/217/... · ABSTRACT: Little has been said and written about the Early Bronze

ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM)

Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008

ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM)

RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM)

Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium

BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA

Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………............ xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………......... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………............................... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii LILIAN ACHEILARA

Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1 VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI

Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS

Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35 PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU

A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45 ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU

Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73 MARIO BENZI

A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….. 85 ÖNDER BİLGİ

Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER

Cinnabar and the Cyclades: Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………............. 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS

The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation ………….............. 131 ANTHI DOVA

Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141 NIKOS EFSTRATIOU

The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging ………………….............. 159 HAYAT ERKANAL

Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165 HAYAT ERKANAL

Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179 JEANNETTE FORSÉN

The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age …………….............. 191 DAVID H. FRENCH

Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Southwest Anatolia ………………............. 197

Contents

viii

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………............. 203

BARTHEL HROUDA

Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ............... 223 HALİME HÜRYILMAZ

1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe ………………………………………………………………………….......... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI

Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL

Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263 SİNAN KILIÇ

The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA

Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA

Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA

First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR

Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323 KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER

The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………........................ 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI

Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355 EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI

Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI

Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, Greece ………………………. 387 EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN

Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents

ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) ………………………………….......... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU

Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427 DANIEL J. PULLEN

Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU

New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON

From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503 EVANGELIA SKAFIDA

Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU

The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI

Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS

Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL

IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581 HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS

People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593 KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS

An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611 Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615 Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

Some Thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age

Athanasios J. PAPADOPOULOS & Spyridoula KONTORLI - PAPADOPOULOU

ABSTRACT: Little has been said and written about the Early Bronze Age period in Western Greece, which despite its importance, was until recently one of the most neglected Greek areas. In this paper an attempt is made to present some elements and thoughts based on the available archaeological evidence and show that western Greece maintained contacts with the Aegean during the 3rd millennium BC.

The problem of relations between the Aegean and Western Greece (Fig. 1) in the Early Bronze Age has been part of a long debate by several scholars from various standpoints. Branigan1 was among the first to advocate contacts between the two areas on the basis of the grave-goods and particularly the metal-work from the Steno cemetery, Lefkas.

In this paper, we seek to draw together the existing archaeological evidence (architectural remains, tombs and burial customs, pottery, metal-working and artefacts) in another attempt better understand these relations.

1. Architectural remains

Early Bronze Age architectural remains are relatively scanty in Western Greece and among them the EH II megara at Akovitika in Messenia2 (Fig. 2) shows some similarities with the central megaron of Troy IIg3 (Fig. 3). Other similarities may be traced in the occurrence of stone foundations in the herringbone style of the EH II House B of Ayios Demetrios in Elis and at Thermi I and IV and Troy I and V in NE Aegean4 (Figs. 4-5); also in the presence of EH III apsidal houses in Elis (Houses 2,3 and 5 of Altis-Olympia), Messenia (Pylos-Englianos, outside the citadel), Lefkas (Amali), Paros (Pyrgos and Paroikia), Syros (Chalandriani), Lemnos (Poliochni-Blue Period II), Troy I and

n in EH III .

1 Branigan 1975, 38, 49. 2 Themelis 1970, 304-311, pl. 1-3; Shaw 1987, 69-72,

figs. 11-12. 3 Blegen 1966, 68-69, fig. 15. 4 Zachos 1987, 159, figs. 3,9,10, pl. 8 ;Lamb 1936, 7, pl.

II-6; Dörpfeld 1902, 47, fig. 9; Blegen 1966, 46, pl. ll; Renard 1995, 143.

at Karataş in Anatolia5 (Figs. 6-8). The surrounding by fortification, perhaps with a double precinct and towers6, similar to Cycladic (Kastro and Panormos), of the Pelikata settlement at Ithaka (Figs. 9-10) at some time in the course of the EH period, may be connected with the unrest felt in the Aegea

7

2. Tombs and burial customs

The EH cist graves of Syvros at Lefkas are similar in type and burial custom to what we know from the Aegean world and especially the Cyclades in the third millennium8. Renfrew9, who drew attention to the tumuli with stone cairns at Steno and possibly at Pelikata, suggested that "although nothing has been found elsewhere quite like these graves, the Final Neolithic graves at Kephala (Kea) were likewise covered in several layers of stone, forming cairns of small size". Also, the EH rock-cut tombs entered by means of a small shaft of the recently excavated cemetery at Kalamaki-Lousika in Achaea10 resemble those of Manika and the Cyclades. Furthermore, pithos burials like those in the R-graves at Steno (Fig. 11), Pelikata areas I and VI, and in the region of Elis (four intramural jar burials of infants in the Altis-Olympia (Fig. 12) and two

Hood 1986,38 ff.; Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990,43 f.; Warner

5 1979,133 ff., figs. 2-3; Renard 1995, 198,

7 1984, 74 f., 88; Barber 1987,

ouyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 45.

10 Vassilogamvrou 1995, l3 ff.

208,216. 6 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 300 f.

Barber & MacGillivray54, 56, 66 f., 70.

8 Barber 1987, 80 f.; S9 Renfrew 1972, 110.


412

adult pithos burials at Strefi11are also fashionable in the Troad (Troy and Thermi) (Fig. l3) and in Southwestern Anatolia (Karataş)12. The pithoi of the R-graves were always sealed, sometimes with large slabs, to keep the dead from rising. Similar precautions are also evident in some Cycladic graves with heavy covering slabs and possibly in the blocki

rly as large as Structure P (e.g. at Ayi

(e.g. the "family plots" in the Cyclades, or the multiple graves/ossuaries of Ayios

ng of the doorways of the Messara tholoi13.

A perimeter wall (Structure P) at Steno-Lefkas14, c. 50 m to the east of the tumuli of the R-graves, constructed with large flat stones on its exterior and an infill of pebbles and round stones and enclosing a large area covered with stones (Fig. l4), has been associated by Souyoudzoglou-Haywood15 with the place where the dead were exposed for the prescribed length of time before their interment, i.e. with the burial rites at this cemetery. A similar function has been assigned to the so-called "platforms" of some Cycladic cemeteries, which were nea

oi Anargyroi and Akrotiri in Naxos, 40m) (Figs. l5-16)16.

Finally, the Lefkadian R-graves at Steno and perhaps the ossuaries of Syvros reveal a concern for lineage, which is also recorded from the Aegean

Kosmas).

3. Pottery

Some vase shapes from Lefkas (Steno), Ithaca (Pelikata) and Elis (Ayios Demetrios) are more or less closely related to Cycladic or Minoan parallels17. In particular, pedestal bowls (Fig. l7) have parallels in both Keros-Syros culture of the Cyclades (Fig. l8) and EM Crete18, while sauceboats from the Steno and

11 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 48 n.l.

1990, 48 n.2.

16 as 1977, 35, 36, 64, 75, 121, fig. l7; Barber 1987,

18 927, pls. 64-65; Renfrew 1972, 171; Zervos

uld quote many parallels from Minoa

architecture, tombs mmon elements can be ious artefacts:

cemetery with a mid

12 Hood 1986, 62. 13 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 14 Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 32. 15 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 28, 40.

Doum87 f.

17 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 50, 93, 323-25. Dörpfeld 11956, 82.

Pelikata with low pedestals19 (Fig.l9), recall the Cycladic widespread adoption of the low pedestal on both clay and stone vases of several types (Fig. 20)20. Other shapes from Steno with close Cycladic parallels are some squat, circular pyxides with four triangular lugs perforated vertically21 and an oval-shaped bowl with a spout opposite a small vertical handle and two small vertical lugs on either side (Fig. 20). Also, of Cycladic origin and influence is the so-called "Kerbschnitt" or punched in small triangle decorative technique, usually found on the upper surface of the widened rim of some semi-coarse fragmentary vases from Steno (Fig. 21)22. Lastly, for two composite vessels with a loop handle and a spherical pyxis with hatched-triangle pointille decoration from Steno (Fig. 22)23 one co

n Crete, especially from the Messara tombs24.

So much for the evidence of and pottery. Further co traced in var

4. Artefacts

a) Weapons: Seven slotted spearheads from the Steno cemetery, "Ithaca or Corfu", Corfu and Vajze are all of Cycladic or Trojan types, with closest parallels in Troy IIg and Amorgos25. Also of Cycladic type, rather than Minoan or mainland Greek, are two daggers of Branigan’s type III from Steno26 while another dagger of type VI from the same

rib and no rivets is paralleled with EM I examples27 (Fig. 23).

19 Dörpfeld 1927, pls. 64:1, 65:1. 20 Tsountas 1899, pl. 8:l-4; Renfrew 1972, pls. 6:1, 7:4.

Branigan 1975, 40; Souyoudzoglou-Haywwod 1990, 50. See, however, Koumouzelis l980, 217.

21 Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 64 :4; Renfrew 1972, pl. 8:13. 22 Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 68b, 61:11.15. 23 Dörpfeld 1927, pls. 64:7, 66:1. 24 Xanthoudides 1924, pls.XX:4174, XXIX:4284,

XLIII:1024, 1026, XVIII:4196; Branigan 1975, 40. 25 Branigan 1974, 162-3, pls. 9-10 : 439, 445, 449, 450,

452, 432A; Avila 1983, 131, p1s. 30:843, 844, 838, 840; Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 57-58.

26 Branigan 1974, 158, p1.4:157-8; idem, 1975, 38-39; Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 58.

27 Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 62:9; Branigan 1974, 160, pl.6:257; idem 1975, 37; Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 58.


413

b) Tools: Two knives of Branigan’s type VIIIa from the Steno cemetery with narrow tangs flaring at the end and a tip which on one example at least narrows rapidly and curves (the other has lost its tip) are closely related to examples from Troy IIg and II-VI and Karag

ated with repousse‚ rows of dots

ochlos in Crete

ration of cross-

d to see Minoa

s are local products34.

açtepe in the Troad28. Also, two chisels of Branigan’s type I and II have parallels from Poliochni, Thermi III and V, and Troy IIg29 (Fig. 24).

c) Jewellery: Two silver bracelets from the Steno cemetery with distinctive button terminals and another one made of thick twisted silver and coiled in a spiral (Fig. 25a), belonging to Branigan's types V and IVa respectively, are paralleled by several north eastern Aegean examples from Troy, Poliochni, Samos and Thermi30. The rounded end-part of a gold diadem decor

from Pelikata on Ithaca (Fig. 24d) is similar in shape and decoration to examples from Troy IIg and the tombs at M

(Fig. 24e)31.

The small toilet scraper from Steno (Fig.32) is certainly a Minoan type32.

One or two fragmentary hollow bone cosmetic tubes with incised deco

hatched triangles and herringbone patterns from Steno (Fig.25b) are matched exactly in tombs on Naxos and Syros33 (Fig. 25c-d) and may be Cycladic imports.

d) Other finds: One is tempten influence too in the gold dagger

sheaths from Steno (Fig. 25e), since Crete provides the only EB parallels, but it is possible that these sheath

Bran28 igan 1974, 168, pl. l4:695, 696; idem 1975, 37,

29 , pl. 63a:5, 9; Branigan 1974, 169, pl.

30 -7 and 5; Branigan 1974,

31 youdzoglou-Haywood 1990, 63.

33 ; igan 1975, 40; Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990,

9.

Folded-arm om Elis (Pheia and N

s to be drawn from the necess

agreem

doubt that Aegean people mainta

sporadic common elements (mega

ramic finds and decorative techniques and m

39. Dörpfeld 192714:722, 755.

Dörpfeld 1927, pls. 60:6188:2574, 2575, 2572.

Branigan 1974, 183, pls. 20:2155, 40:2140; Seager 1912, fig. 8:II. Cf. Sou

32 Branigan 1975, 39. Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 66B. Cf. Tsountas 1899, pl. 10: 2-3Bran93.

34 Branigan 1975, 3

figurines freraida) are of Cycladic type, if not

manufacture35.

Conclusions

The conclusionarily brief survey of the evidence for

Aegean contacts with Western Greece in the EB are, we think, reasonably clear and in

ent with those expressed by most of the previous researchers.

The main points to emerge from the combined evidence of architecture, tombs, pottery, artefacts and other finds are, as follows:

1) From the parallels and similarities cited above it will already have become obvious that there can be no

ined frequent and manifold contacts with Western Greece, especially during the EH II- III period. They appear in the form of stylistic influences, imported materials and local finished products.

2) These contacts and influences are not easily detected from the so far meagre and incomplete evidence of architecture and tombs. The few and

ron, herringbone style, apsidal houses, pithos burials etc.) appear to be insufficient for detecting safe links and influences between the two areas and need additional support and documentation.

3) Of little help is also the sporadic and sparse ce

otifs mainly from Lefkas and Ithaca which betray some kind of contacts with both the Keros-Syros culture of the Cyclades and EM Crete, but none as yet with the north east Aegean.

4) One would easily accept Branigan’s view36 that it is" the evidence of the metal objects from Steno (Lefkas) and from other sites along the west coast of Greece (e.g. Ayios Demetrios, Olympia37) which points to strong Troad and Cycladic influences reaching the

35 Branigan 1975. 36 Branigan 1975, 39 f. 37 Cf. Zachos 1987, 291.


414

adven

e west coast of Greece and the Io

adic, Troadic, and Minoan. This

area, and less clearly to Minoan influences too". It is also reasonable to agree with him that these influences and contacts are sufficiently clear and close to suggest direct Aegean interest in Western Greece and the Ionian islands, possibly as a stepping-stone on the trading route of metal across the Adriatic38. He also has suggested39 the possibility that Lefkas may have been a Cycladic "colony" and Ithaca a second Kythera. This is supported and strengthened by later (MH and LH) objects (swords, daggers, knives, double axes, etc.) from the western regions of the Peloponnese, Epirus, Pelagonia and the Ionian islands, which are more or less closely paralleled in the Aegean. The lengthy intervening distance between the two areas cannot be regarded as a serious obstacle, since on the one hand it is known that the people of the EB Aegean were competent and

40turous sailors and traders and on the other hand the possibility of transmitting some of the trade-goods, especially Troadic and Anatolian wholly overland via Macedonia and Thessaly, through Epirus or Cycladic products along the Corinthian Gulf cannot be excluded.

5) At the same time there is a possibility that the people of th

nian islands travelled to and visited the Aegean to obtain obsidian, some precious finished goods and row material of metals (copper, lead, tin, silver and gold) since no metal sources have so far been as yet recorded in Western Greece.

6) As a result of these contacts and interchange between the two areas one might reasonably expect to find Western Greek finds or traits in the Aegean, but such evidence is still lacking. This, however, may be due to mere chance and the available archaeological data.

7) The diversity of the metal objects, as is best shown in the Steno cemetery and Ithaca, might be due to a mixture of three influences and traditions: Cycl

diversity is not restricted to shapes but extends in some instances (e.g. the gold dagger-sheaths) to the methods of technique or decoration and may reflect results of a local and

burials) or from

sting probabilities nd possibilities rather than certainties, our

rival of needs more solid

idence to support it before

ATHANASIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS & SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI- PAPADOPOULOU Dept. of History and Archaeology, University of Ioannina - GREECE

38 Branigan 1974, 114, 122. 39 Branigan 1975, 41. 40 cf. Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 94 and n. 6.

possibly experimental western Greek school and metal industry.

8) So far we have supposed that the elements discussed above provide proof of intercommunication between the two areas in the nature of trade or mutual visits for other purposes, probably as a result of the so-called "international spirit” of the time41. But there is good reason to argue that at least some of these contacts must also be thought to betray or involve a migration or transfer of people from the Aegean into Western Greece and the Ionian islands on a limited scale during the flourishing EH II/III period42. The precise origin of the immigrants is at present difficult to specify, but, on the basis of the available archaeological evidence, they would come either from Anatolia (apsidal buildings, pithos

the Cyclades (EH cemetery of rock-cut cist tombs at Kalamaki-Achaea, folded-arm marble figurines from Elis, cairns and "platforms", pottery, metalwork and artefacts from Steno-Lefkas and other sites).

There is no doubt, however, that as archaeological evidence on its own must always

e an ambiguous guide, suggebahypothesis of the contacts and the arnewcomers from the Aegean and corroborative evit can be generally accepted.

41 Renfrew 1967, 151; idem 1972, 34, 451. 42 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1990, 93 f.


415

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Helladic Periods, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Boston University. Zervos, C. 1956, L’Art de la Crete néolithique et minoenne, Paris.


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List of Illustrations: Fig. 1: Map of the EB Aegean (Renfrew 1972, pls. XXII-XXIII). Fig. 2: Plan of Akovitika (Sampson 1986, 14, fig. l4). Fig. 3: Troy IIg, tentative reconstruction (Werner 1994, fig. l2). Fig. 4: Elis, Ayios Demetrios. EH II House B (Zachos 1987, fig. 3). Fig. 5: Troy I. Wall in herringbone style (Blegen 1966, pl. ll). Fig. 6: Olympia-Altis. EH apsidal Houses 2, 3, 5 (Dörpfeld 1935, Taf. l7). Fig. 7: EH apsidal houses: c) Troy Ia-d, e-f) Poliochni-Blue, Period II (Hood 1986, 63, pl. 5c- f). Fig. 8: Karataş- Semayük. EB apsidal houses and megara (Warner 1979, 135 f. figs. 2-3). Fig. 9: EB Cycladic fortified settlements of Kastro-Chalandriani and Panormos on Naxos (Renfrew 1972, 177, fig. l 1.4). Fig. 10: Ithaka-Pelikata. EH fortification wall. Fig. 11: Lefkas-Steno. EH cemetery with R-graves and pithos-burials (Dörpfeld 1927, pl. l3). Fig. 12: Olympia-Altis. EH pithos-burials of infants (Dörpfeld 1935, 94-96, figs. 15, 17, 18). Fig. 13: Troy Ib, House 102. Pithos infant burial (Blegen 1966, pl. 14). Fig. 14: Lefkas-Steno. Structure P (Dörpfeld 1927, fig. l0, pl. 32). Fig. 15: Naxos-Ayioi Anargyroi. EC cemetery (Doumas 1977, fig. l7). Fig. 16: Naxos-Akrotiri. Platform over an EC cist grave (Barber 1987, fig. 56). Fig. 17: Lefkas-Steno. EB pottery: Pedestal bowl, sauceboat and circular pyxis (Dörpfeld 1927, p1. 65). Fig. 18: Cyclades. EC pottery shapes of the Keros-Syros culture (Renfrew 1972, fig. 1l.l). Fig. 19: Lefkas-Steno. EB pottery shapes (Dörpfeld 1927, pl. 64). Fig. 20: Cycladic pottery of the Keros-Syros culture (Renfrew 1972, pl. 7:4-5). Fig. 21: Lefkas-Steno. a) EB "Kerbschnitt" pottery, b) spherical pyxis with pointille decoration), (Dörpfeld 1927, pls. 68b,

66:1). Fig. 22: Slotted spearheads and daggers from Lefkas-Steno, "Ithaca or Corfu", Corfu, Vajze and Amorgos (Branigan 1974,

pls. 9-10:439, 452, 432A, 432; 4:157-158; 6:257). Fig. 23: Tools (two knives and a chisel) from Lefkas-Steno and jewellery (diadems from Pelikata no. 2155 and Mochlos no.

2144 ) (Branigan 1974, pls. l4, 20). Fig. 24: (a) Silver bracelet, (b-c) bone cosmetic tubes from Lefkas-Steno and Syros and (e) gold sheath for a dagger.


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