The ability to reference sources effectively is a key feature of the Individual Investigation

i.e. the use of other people’s work and the submission of it as though it were your own.

Avoid plagiarism

CITING SOURCES

The following sentence could be used in your investigation where you refer to ideas by Professor David Crouch.

• ‘It has been suggested that the medieval tournament resembled …a modern spectator sport, with spectators, chants, national teams, team colours, inflated salaries, transfer fees, celebrity cults and a lifestyle notable for its excesses.’ (Crouch, 2006)

•Alternatively you could begin, ‘Crouch (2006) has suggested…

Author’s name & date

Cite when paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is rewriting an argument, opinion or point made in a source using your own words.

If you are paraphrasing a particular argument or point made in a source you must acknowledge the source of your information and include page numbers.

It has been argued (Harris 2001, pp. 20-21) that……….......

Using direct quotations Use quotation marks and

include the page number.

If there are more than two authors, cite only the first followed by ‘et al’ which means and others.

“….homeless in Cardiff.” (Smith 2011)

“....homeless in Cheyenne” (Lewis et al. 2011)

THE REFERENCE LIST & BIBLIOGRAPHY

•A reference list is a list of all the information sources that you have cited in your text.

• A bibliography is a list of items that you have read, and has informed your thinking, including those you may not have specifically cited in your assignment. .

•Enable the reader to find the sources you have used .

•Help support your arguments and provide your work with credibility.• •Show the scope and breadth of your research.

• Acknowledge sources and avoid charges of plagiarism.

References

•List in alphabetical order by author's surname regardless of the type of source.

•Emphasise the title of the source using italics, bold or underlining.

•Use capital letters for author names, source titles & all main words in the title of a journal.

Reference list

Crouch, D. (2006) Tournament. Hambledon Continuum.

Author’s name Date Source title Publisher

N.B. Use of capitals

This title emphasised using italics

Example

Internet sources

Author and/or

organisation

Publication Date

Title and format ofdocument

Available at(Web address)

Date accessed

Chris Mcgreal,Guardian Online

16 February, 2012

Congress passes payroll tax cut as GOP relents on savings demand. Online.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/15/us-congress-payroll-tax-cut

17 February,

2012

Chris McGreal. Congress passes payroll tax cut. 16 February 2012. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/15/us-congress-payroll-tax-cut. [Accessed 17 February 2012]

Author or organisation

Title and format of document

online

Available at(Web address)

Publication Date

Date accessed(Date you

viewed site)

Obama B. President Obama comments in favour of tax cuts

https://twitter.com/#!/barackobama

17.02.12 17.02.12

Twitter, Bebo and Facebook

Ahern, B., 1999. Interview on Morning Ireland Interviewed by… John Boyd [radio] RTE Radio 1, 15 February 1999, 08:30.

In the case of TV/radio programmes, note the date and channel of transmission.

Audio-visual sources

Summing up

•Always cite your sources and use a reference list/bibliography.

•Harvard referencing is based on providing the author, date, title and publisher.

•For internet sources add the web address and date accessed.