University of North Alabama Florence, Alabama

United States

THE 7TH KENYA SCHOLARS & STUDIES ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE

September 5-6, 2014

ENVIRONMENT & SECURITY: PERSPECTIVES ON KENYA’S RESOURCES

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Table of Contents

Page Welcome Message from KESSA President 3

Flame Tree Park – Thika (Vendor Advertisement) 5-6

KESSA Officials and Conference Organizers 7

About our keynote Speakers 8-9

Friday, September 5, 2014 10-14

Registration 10

Conference Opening 10

Opening Plenary Panel Session 1: A Woman’s Role 10

Panel Session 2: Whither Kenya? Perspectives on Insecurity, Politics, Land and the 2010 Constitution: A Roundtable Discussion

10

Workshop Session 3: Developing a Teaching Portfolio that Works for You: What they don’t teach you in Graduate School

10-11

Session 4: Education, Science & Technology I 11

Session 5: STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math 11

Session 6: Public Health & Environment 11-12

Lunch and Keynote Address “Theorizing African Indigenous Knowledges from an Anti-Colonial Perspective” – Prof. Njoki Wane,

Departments of Social Justice Education & Secondary Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada

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Group Photo 12

Session 7: Social & Security Issues I 12-13

Session 8: Perspectives on Infrastructure Resources 13

Session 9: Education, Science & Technology II 13

Plenary Session 10: KESSA Business Meeting 14

Session 11: Dinner Celebration & Dance 14

Saturday, September 6, 2014 14-17

Registration 14

Opening Plenary Workshop 12: Best Practices for Peer review of Manuscript for Academic Journals 14

Panel Session 13: National Insecurity? The Threat of Mediocrity in Rural Schools 15

Poster Session 14: Swahili Apps! Taking Vocabulary Learning to a New Level 15

Session 15: Social & Security Issues II 15

Session 16: Economic, Development & Human Resources 15-16

Session 17: Food, Agriculture & Land 16

Session 18: Culture, Policy & Governance 16

Closing Remarks, Student Awards, Group Photo & Departure 17

Tour of The Shoals & Barbecue (depending on interest and resources) 17

Conference Abstracts By Session 18-35

2015 KESSA Conference 36

Blank Notes Pages 37-39

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Welcome Message from KESSA President Welcome to the 2014 KESSA conference at the University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama, USA. There are two notable things about this conference. First, the theme of this year’s conference, Environment & Security: Perspectives on Kenya’s Resources, is informed by Kenya’s recent discovery of commercially viable quantities of various natural resources including oil. Inevitably, this bounty brings to mind several questions including whether this is the beginning of Kenya’s “resource curse” a phenomenon whereby many “resource-rich African countries make poor use of their wealth. Take Equatorial Guinea, a small oil-producing country on the continent's west coast. In 2010, an estimated 75% of the population lived on less than $700 a year, but the average per capita income was almost $35,000, the continent's highest. Instead of creating prosperity, resources have too often fostered corruption, undermined inclusive economic growth, incited armed conflict and damaged the environment” (Lawson-Remer and Greenstein, 2012: 21). Does Kenya’s history of making do without such a bounty insulate it from the feared ravages of the resource curse? Or is this the start of a new era of grand corruption, economic inequality, armed conflict, environmental damage, and insecurity? In addition to touching on these questions, this year’s conference seeks to explore the connections between natural resources, environment, and security; their underlying scientific and socio-economic threads; and the policy and governance structures that are needed to forestall a negative natural resource-environment-security nexus. Second, this is the first time that this conference is being held outside of Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA, where KESSA is based. Besides a change being as good as a rest, taking the conference on the road will help to make KESSA more resilient and better able to fulfil its mission “of advancing scholarly, scientific, and research work on the Republic of Kenya” (KESSA 2010). Let me end by thanking the University of North Alabama (UNA) and its College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Geography for hosting and sponsoring this conference. In doing so, however, I’m aware and thankful that UNA has been part of KESSA from the beginning in person of KESSA Secretary, Prof. Francis Koti. I wish you all a successful conference. Prof. Kefa M. Otiso References Lawson-Remer, T. and Greenstein, J. (August 2012). “Beating the Resource Curse in Africa: A Global Effort.” Africa in Fact , Issue 3, August 2012. Online http://gga.org/publications/africa-in-fact-august-2012/view, Accessed September 2, 2014. KESSA (2010). “ KESSA Mission.” Online http://kessa.org/, Accessed September 2, 2014.

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KESSA Officials & Conference Organizers

Prof. Kefa Otiso KESSA President

Bowling Green State University Email: kmotiso@bgsu.edu

Prof. Maurice Amutabi KESSA Vice President

Kisii University, Kenya Email: amutabi@yahoo.com

Prof. Francis Koti KESSA Secretary

University of North Alabama Email: ftkoti@una.edu

Dr. Charles Gichana Manyara

KESSA Treasurer Radford University

Email: cmanyara@radford.edu

Prof. Faith Maina Regional Representative, North East USA,

State University of New York Oswego Email: faith.maina@oswego.edu

Dr. Jerono Rotich

KESSA Regional Representative, Southeast USA, North Carolina A&T State University

Email: jprotich@ncat.edu

Dr. Christine Mathenge Regional Representative, South USA

Austin Peay State University Email: mathengec@apsu.edu

Need Representatives for Southwest USA and Northwest

USA

Sponsors

Bowling Green State University o School of Earth, Environment and

Society (SEES)

Radford University

University of North Alabama

University of North Alabama o College of Arts & Sciences o Department of Geography

Catholic University of Eastern Africa

State University of New York Oswego

Austin Peay State University

North Carolina A&T State University

Linkage Capital Partners -

www.emlinkagecapital.com

Professor Meshack Sagini, Langston

University, Langston, OK 73050

Vendors Flame Tree Park - Affordable Housing in Thika,

Kenya - http://www.flametreepark.co.ke/ Kenya Diaspora SACCO -

https://www.kenyadiasporasacco.com/

Media Partner

Mwakilishi – Diaspora News (http://www.mwakilishi.com/)

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About our keynote Speakers

Ambassador Jean Njeri Kamau

Ambassador Jean Njeri Kamau is Kenya’s Ambassador designate to Thailand (as well as Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam). Before H.E. President Uhuru Kenyatta appointed her to this position on August 14, 2014, Ambassador Kamau served as the Charge d'Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission at the Embassy of the Republic of Kenya in Washington DC (with accreditation to Mexico) from February 25, 2013 to August 14, 2014. Prior to that, she had worked in civil society and the public sector for over 20 years with particular focus on women’s rights, governance, institutional management, and organizational development. Thus, Ambassador Kamau served as

the first Executive Director of both the Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) Kenya (1992-2000) and the National Public Complaints Standing Committee (“The Ombudsman”) (2007-2008). From July 2003 and December 2006 Ambassador Kamau consulted on security sector reforms in the Ministry of Internal Security and Provincial Administration.

She also has worked for several International agencies that include the Womankind International, a charity based in the United Kingdom (2002-2003) that supports women’s empowerment through sustainable development initiatives. In addition she has consulted for several United Nations agencies in Geneva, Addis Ababa and Nairobi. Her consultancy expertise has been in the areas of human rights particularly women’s rights, gender mainstreaming, governance and organizational development.

In 2008, she joined Action Aid International as the Country Director for Kenya and in 2011 deployed to Lesotho. In 2012, Ambassador Kamau was retained by United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Amkeni programme – a civil society democratic governance facility - as an institutional development consultant.

Jean holds two Masters Degrees: a master’s degree in Law from Aberdeen University, Scotland, and another master’s degree in Democratic studies from Leeds University, United Kingdom.

Professor Njoki Nathani Wane, Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Prof. Wane is a Special Advisor on the Status of Women at University of Toronto & Professor in the Department of Humanities, Social Science, Social Justice Education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. From 2009- 2012, she was the Director, Office of Teachers Support at OISE (OTSO). In 2009, she was one of the TVO Nominee for Best Lecturer, while in 2008 she received Harry Jerome Professional Excellence Award and in 2007 she was African Women Achievement Award. For the last twenty years she has been researching, writing and teaching in the areas of Black

feminisms in Canada & Africa, African indigenous knowledges, African women and spirituality. One of her most recent publication is: Indigenous African Knowledge Production: Food Processing Practices Among Kenyan rural women (2014), University of Toronto Press. She has also co-authored an Anti-racist training manual with

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Larissa Cairncross, 2013. Equity in Practice: Transformational Training Resource. Toronto, Nsemia Publishers; Ruptures: Anti-Colonial & Anti-Racist Feminist Theorizing (2013) (with Jennifer Jagire & Zahra Murad) Sense Publication. A Handbook on African Traditional Healing Approaches & Research Practices (2013) with Erica Neeganagwedin, Nsemia Publishers. Her co-edited books (with Energy Manyimo & Eric Ritskes) Spirituality, Education & Society: An Integrated Approach and The Politics of Cultural Knowledge (with Arlo Kempf and Marlon Simmons) were published by Sense Publications in 2011.

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2014 KESSA Conference Keynote Address

Theorizing African Indigenous Knowledges from an Anti-Colonial Perspective

By Prof. Njoki Wane

The key to theorizing African Indigenous Knowledge is to move educational debates beyond the goals of bringing about change only through western science as we know it today. This paper interrogates indigenous knowledge as a theory and a practice that is crucial or education to be complete. In this paper I argue that indigenous knowledge is a living experience that is informed by ancestral voices. The paper’s main question is: how can the engagement of Indigenous Knowledge transform pedagogical approaches to learning in the academy? In exploring this question, I examine the concept of knowledge production: who controls knowledge and whose knowledge is valid. My reflections are grounded in my experiences as an African woman who was caught between a European education system and an African traditional knowledge base. The use of concepts such as African traditional or Indigenous knowledge has often been assigned different meanings, which have contributed to the messiness and contradictions evident in the different discussions on African Indigenous knowledge as essential for component of our education. One of such contradictions has to do with the contestations on who should be carrying out research or writing on African Indigenous Knowledge? Who should be advocating for creating spaces in the academy for knowledges that have operated in the margins of education discourse? Theorizing African Indigenous knowledge entails a rethinking and interrogation of our preordained assumptions about African Indigenous knowledge as an integral component of our who we are as scholars and practitioners. I conclude my presentation by emphasizing the importance of creating meaningful dialogue in the academy on African Indigenous knowledge.

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FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2014

8:00-8:30AM: Registration – GUC Performance Center

8:30-8:40AM: Conference Opening – GUC Performance Center 8:30-8:40AM: Welcome and Opening Remarks by KESSA Officials

o Francis Koti, KESSA Secretary o Kefa Otiso, KESSA President

Opening Plenary Panel Session 1: 8:40-9:50AM Panel Session 1: A Woman's Role 8:40-9:50AM, GUC Performance Center Convener: Lindsey Warren, University of New Mexico Panelists: Adelamar Alcantara, University of New Mexico Mickie Mwanzia Koster, University of Texas at Tyler Jonathan Choti ,Michigan State University Mary Gatua, Clarke University Billy Jivetti, Wiley College Sarah Awinyo, G4S Kenya Ltd & Moi University (Kenya) 9:50-9:55AM: Transition to Concurrent Panel/Workshop Sessions 2 & 3 Panel Session 2: Whither Kenya? Perspectives on Insecurity, Politics, Land and the 2010 Constitution: A Roundtable Discussion 9:55-11:00, GUC Loft Convener: Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University Panelists: Joshua Bagaka’s, Cleveland State University Sylvanus Nacheri, Independent Scholar Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University Workshop Session 3: Developing a Teaching Portfolio that Works for You: What they don’t teach you in Graduate School 9:55-11:00AM, GUC Performance Center Convener: Francis Koti - University of North Alabama Panelists: Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego Ochieng’ K’Olewe, McDaniel College Wanjala S. Nasong’o - Rhodes College

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Wycliffe Njororai Simiyu - University of Texas at Tyler 11:00-11:10AM: TRANSITION TO CONCURRENT PAPER SESSIONS 4-6

Session 4: Education, Science & Technology I 11:10AM-12:30PM, GUC Performance Center Chair: Ochieng’ K'Olewe - McDaniel College 11:10-11:30AM: Boosting student performance in a second language: the communicative approach – Jonathan N. Choti, Michigan State University.

11:30-11:50AM: An Interrogation of Kenyan High School Student Career Aspirations through Farewell Books – Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University.

11:50AM-12:10PM: Primary School Retention in Kenya: Achieving UN Millennium Development Goals – Ochieng’ K’Olewe, McDaniel College.

12:10-12:30PM: Academic Achievement of Girls in Rural Schools – Anne M. Mungai, Adelphi University.

Session 5: STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math 11:10AM-12:30PM, GUC Loft Chair: Aori R Nyambati - University College London 11:10-11:30AM: Bio-psychosocial determinants of alcohol, Khat, and Bhang use in Kenya - Kinoti

E. Kithuri, DePaul University.

11:30-11:50AM: Local crude oil refining, value addition, and pipeline capacity expansion as key strategies for achieving energy security in Kenya - Aori R Nyambati, University College London (UCL). 11:50AM-12:10PM: Adsorption of Heavy Metals Using Shrimp Shell Derivatives - Noelle Mware, Benedict College. 12:10-12:30PM: Open discussion Session 6: Public Health & Environment 11:10AM-12:30PM, GUC Room 207 Chair: Mary W. Gatua, Clarke University 11:10-11:30AM: Tri-sector Partnerships and Provision of Public Toilet Services in Nairobi, Kenya -

Jeremiah Njeru, West Virginia University.

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11:30-11:50AM: Social Capital and Self-Rated Health in Kenya - John Musalia, Western Kentucky

University.

11:50AM-12:10PM: From Horizontality to Verticality: Spatiality and the Future of Quality

Healthcare Services in Kenya - Justus M. Ogembo, University of New Hampshire.

12:10-12:30PM: Applying Socio-ecological Model to Improve Mental Health Seeking Behaviors

among Kenyans - Mary W. Gatua, Clarke University.

LUNCH AND KEYNOTE ADDRESS: GUC Banquet Halls, 12:30-2:10PM

KESSA wishes to thank the following for their financial support of this conference:

The University of North Alabama

College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Alabama

Department of Geography, University of North Alabama

School of Earth, Environment and Society (SEES), Bowling Green State University 12:30PM – 1:00PM: Lunch 1:00PM – 1:15PM: Welcome Address: Prof Francis Koti, KESSA Secretary and Dr. Carmen L. Burkhalter, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Alabama 1:15PM – 1:20PM: Prof. Faith Maina Invites Keynote Speaker 1:20PM-2:10PM: “Theorizing African Indigenous Knowledges from an Anti-Colonial Perspective” – Prof. Njoki Wane, Departments of Social Justice Education & Secondary Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada

2:10-2:20PM GROUP PHOTO – GUC Atrium Stairway

2:20-2:30PM: Transition to Concurrent Break-out Paper Sessions 7-9 Session 7: Social & Security Issues I 2:30PM-4:10PM I- GUC Loft Chair: Mickie Mwanzia Koster - University of Texas at Tyler 2:30-2:50PM: Kenya’s Protracted Military Operation in Somalia: Rational Choice in the Context of Fighting Terrorism - Wanjala S. Nasong’o, Rhodes College.

2:50-3:10PM: A Review of Strategic Resource Allocation in Pre-colonial Good Governance Models in Africa - Marsha Robinson, Miami University of Ohio.

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3:10-3:30PM: “I Sing to My Rain Spirit”: Community Rituals, Knowledge, and the Ukambani Environment - Mickie Mwanzia Koster, University of Texas at Tyler.

3:30-3:50PM: Open discussion 3:50-4:10PM: Open discussion Session 8: Perspectives on Infrastructure Resources 2:30PM-4:10PM, GUC Room 207 Chair: Lameck M. Onsarigo - Bowling Green State University 2:30-2:50PM: Road Connectivity and Transport Accessibility: Exploring Rural Road Networks in Kenya - Charles G. Manyara, Radford University.

2:50-3:10PM: Sister City Partnerships in Kenya: Benefits and Challenges - Jerono Rotich (North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State) and Philliph M. Mutisya (North Carolina Central University - NCCU)

3:10-3:30PM: Potential for the Application of Trenchless Rehabilitation Technologies in Kenya - Lameck M. Onsarigo, Bowling Green State University.

3:30-3:50PM: Open discussion

3:50-4:10PM: Open discussion

Session 9: Education, Science & Technology II 2:30PM-4:10PM, GUC Performance Center Chair: Peter Mwangi - Ohio University 2:30-2:50PM: (Un)masking the Reality: Threats to Sustainable International Academic Partnerships between the West and Kenya - Mary Gathogo, Ohio University.

2:50-3:10PM: Closing the Kenyan Digital Divide - Patrick Mose, Ohio University.

3:10-3:30PM: Critical Conscious Approach in Re-conceptualizing “The New Normal” in Kenya: The Role of the University and the Implications on Literacy in Social Change, Civic Engagement, the implementation of the New Constitution and Devolution - Phillip M. Mutisya (North Carolina Central University) and Jerono P. Rotich (North Carolina Central University and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University). 3:30-3:50PM: The Role of Civic Engagement in Kenyan Higher Education - Peter Mwangi, Ohio University. 3:50-4:10PM: Open discussion

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4:10-4:20PM: Transition to Session 10 – Business Meeting

Plenary Session 10: KESSA Business Meeting – Chair, Kefa Otiso 4:20-5:00PM, GUC Performance Center KESSA Executive Committee

Francis Koti – Secretary’s report

Charles Manyara – Treasurer’s report

Christine Mathenge – Students’ competition report

Faith Maina – Conference Proceedings report Vendors

Flame Tree Park - Affordable Housing in Thika, Kenya - http://www.flametreepark.co.ke/

Kenya Diaspora SACCO - https://www.kenyadiasporasacco.com/ Sponsors

Linkage Capital Partners - www.emlinkagecapital.com

Professor Meshack Sagini, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050

Professor Francis Koti, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35632 Dinner Instructions from Francis Koti Session 11: Dinner Celebration & Dance – Venue: Logan’s Restaurant, 7:30-11:00PM 7:30: Arrival of Guests 7:45PM: Food service 9:00 – 11:00: Music/ Dance 11:00: End of events

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 2014

8:00-8:30AM: Registration – GUC Performance Center

Opening Plenary Workshop 12: Best Practices for Peer review of Manuscript for Academic Journals 8:30-9:30AM, GUC Loft Convener: Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego Panelists: Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego Francis Koti, University of North Alabama Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University

PANEL 13, POSTER SESSION 14, & SESSION 15 ARE CONCURRENT

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Panel Session 13: National Insecurity? The Threat of Mediocrity in Rural Schools 9:30-10:50AM, GUC Loft Convener: James Ngundi - University of Virginia Panelists: Rick Bein, IUPUI Peter Mwangi, Ohio University Rose Ngugi, International Monetary Fund Adelamar "Dely" Alcantara, University of New Mexico Michael Wairungu, Sewanee: The University of the South – Discussant Poster Session 14: Swahili Apps! Taking Vocabulary Learning to a New Level 9:30-10:50AM, Outside GUC Loft, Patrick Mose, Ohio University Session 15: Social & Security Issues II 9:30AM-10:50AM,GUC Room 207 Chair: Wycliffe Njororai Simiyu - University of Texas at Tyler 9:30-9:50AM: Reflections on the Architecture of Class - Betty Wambui, SUNY Oneonta.

9:50-10:10AM: Women: Changing the Status Quo - Lindsey Warren and Adelamar Alcantara, University of New Mexico.

10:10AM-10:30AM: Analysis of Kenya's population growth and structure since 1979: future political, economic, and social challenges - Peter Kimosop, Youngstown State University.

10:30-10:50AM: Sports as a Medium for Promoting Peaceful Coexistence in Kenya - Wycliffe Njororai Simiyu, University of Texas at Tyler.

10:50-11:00AM: Transition to Concurrent Break-out Sessions 16-18

Session 16: Economic, Development & Human Resources 11:00AM-12:40PM, GUC Loft Chair: Ben R. Ole Koissaba, Clemson University 11:00-11:20AM: Struggles of Rural Youth: Factors that Empower and Disempower Youth in Western Kenya - Billy A. Jivetti, Njororai, W. W. S., and Njororai, F., Wiley College.

11:20-11:40AM: Security secures private investment - Rose Ngugi and Owen Nyongoro, International Monetary Fund. 11:40AM-12:00PM: Leadership and Tourism in Emerging Economies - James S Nampushi, Clemson

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University. 12:00-12:20PM: Community Development: The Dilemma of Theory and Practice – Ben R. Ole. Koissaba, Clemson University. 12:20-12:40PM: Open discussion Session 17: Food, Agriculture & Land 11:00AM-12:40PM - GUC Room 207 Chair: Rick Bein - Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 11:00-11:20AM: Women, Land and the New Land Law - Christine Mathenge, Austin Peay State University.

11:20-11:40AM: Intensive Policulture provides a successful farming alternative in the western Kenya - Rick Bein, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis.

11:40AM-12:00PM: Establishing a Niche for Kenya’s Coastal Gastronomy: Perspectives of Tourists’ Intrinsic Inclination - Rosemarie Khayiya and Anthony Pepela, Kenyatta University.

12:00-12:20PM: Fair Trade Certification and Private Standards on Kenya’s Coffee Industry Competitiveness - Robert Chiuri, University of Phoenix.

12:20-12:40PM: Open discussion

Session 18: Culture, Policy & Governance 11:00AM-12:40PM, GUC Performance Center Chair: Mwangi Chege - University of Cincinnati Blue Ash College 11:00-11:20AM: Kenyan Diaspora as a Critical National Resource – Constitutional Perspectives - Henry M. Ongeri, The Transatlantic Law Firm, LLC.

11:20-11:40AM: Tech-novation and Place of Diaspora in the New Kenya - Shem J. Ochuodho, Ministry of Telecommunication & Postal Services, South Sudan.

11:40AM-12:00PM: “Generation TuGpange”: The Rise of Sheng among Urban Youth in Kenya - Michael G. Wairungu, Sewanee: The University of the South.

12:00-12:20PM: The mental maps of Swahili speakers: The best and worst accents - Peter Githinji, Ohio University & Dr Martin Njoroge, Kenyatta University. 12:20-12:40PM: Fetishization of Ethnicity in Kenya’s Political Discourse and its Implications to National Development - Mwangi Chege, University of Cincinnati Blue Ash College.

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12:40PM -1:20PM: CLOSING REMARKS, STUDENT AWARDS, GROUP PHOTO & DEPARTURE

TOUR OF THE SHOALS – preregistration required

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Conference Abstracts By Session

Panel Session 1: A Woman’s Role Convener: Lindsey Warren (lkcoccari@unm.edu) & Adelamar Alcantara, University of New Mexico Panelists:

Lindsey Warren & Adelamar Alcantara, University of New Mexico Mickie Mwanzia Koster, University of Texas at Tyler Jonathan Choti ,Michigan State University Mary Gatua, Clarke University Billy Jivetti, Wiley College Sarah Awinyo, G4S Kenya Ltd & Moi University (Kenya)

Abstract: This panel discussion will center on gender inequalities in Kenya and the changing role of women. The autogenously assigned role of Kenyan women is rapidly changing, while their traditional, cultural gender roles are evolving less hastily. It is unclear what effect this dynamic might have on local communities, both urban and rural. The goal of this panel is to discuss evolving gender roles and what concerns they may raise. In particular, the discussion will focus on the obstacles that women face in schools and the work place and how they may best overcome these hurdles. Key Words: Women, Health, Culture, Reproduction, Gender Roles and Inequalities

Panel Session 2: Whither Kenya? Perspectives on Insecurity, Politics, Land and the 2010 Constitution: A Roundtable Discussion Convener: Kefa Otiso (Bowling Green State University, kmotiso@bgsu.edu) Panelists:

Joshua Bagakas (Cleveland State University, J.Bagakas@csu.edu) Sylvanus Nacheri (Independent Scholar, massschooling@yahoo.com) Kefa Otiso (Bowling Green State University, kmotiso@bgsu.edu)

Abstract: This panel explores the future of Kenya in light of the country's current heated security and political situation, contest for land and the ongoing roll-out of the 2010 Constitution. The panel hopes to shed some light on the way forward out of these intractable challenges. Key Words: Insecurity, politics, land, the 2010 Constitution,

Workshop Session 3: Developing a Teaching Portfolio that Works for You: What they don’t teach you in Graduate School Convener: Francis Koti (University of North Alabama, ftkoti@una.edu) Panelists:

Francis Koti (University of North Alabama, ftkoti@una.edu) Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego Ochieng’ K’Olewe, McDaniel College Wanjala S. Nasong’o - Rhodes College Wycliffe Njororai Simiyu - University of Texas at Tyler

Abstract: In the 2010 KESSA conference, a panel was organized focusing on how to land an academic job. If this workshop helped anyone in the job market at the time, it can be assumed that they are in the second or third year of their tenure track faculty appointment. Most early career faculty members often worry

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about how best to demonstrate their teaching effectiveness to their peers. Terminal graduate students similarly wish to impress potential employers. This workshop will focus on the teaching aspect of this otherwise stressful tenure and promotion process. More attention is given to developing a teaching portfolio that works for the candidate. Discussions will seek to address the following questions: What claims do you make about your teaching that will attract the attention of your reviewers? What is it that sets you apart as an Instructor? What are your most important characteristics as an Instructor and how can you document them meaningfully? How can you build a teaching portfolio that supports the claims you make about the quality of your teaching? In this workshop, participants will work in small groups to learn about things about academia seldom taught in graduate school - how to win a job you already have. At the end of the workshop, participants will create a teaching portfolio template that powerfully illustrates their teaching effectiveness. The workshop will be of great benefit to graduate students and early career faculty. Key words: teaching philosophy, teaching portfolio, tenure and promotion.

Session 4: Education Science & Technology I Boosting student performance in a second language: the communicative approach - Jonathan N. Choti, Michigan State University, Email: chotijon@msu.edu. Abstract: Although they are taught in both primary and secondary school, English and Swahili have always proved problematic to Kenyan students. Consequently, student performance in these subjects has continually exhibited a downward trend in national examinations. The causative variables cited normally include instructional materials, learner variables, contextual factors, and instructor related factors. In this talk I argue that Kenyan students underperform in the two languages mainly because Kenyan language teachers are stuck in the traditional methods of language teaching that emphasize masterly of rules of grammar at the expense of communicative competence. This talk points out the shortcoming of the traditional language teaching methods and proposes communicative language teaching as the key to improving student performance in both English and Swahili in Kenyan schools. The core of this talk is the presentation of the features that characterize communicative language teaching: (a) the role of the teacher is that of facilitator while that of the student is to learn by interacting mainly with their peers in group work tasks. (b) The syllabus is organized according to the functions the learner should be able to carry out in English or Swahili, such as expressing likes and dislikes, offering and accepting apologies, introducing someone, and giving directions. (c) The dominant classroom activities include pair work/group activities, role plays, and project work. (d) Communication is the focus of language learning, learner errors are tolerated, students get time to experiment what they know, and the instructor links the different language skills such as speaking, reading, writing, and listening together, as they are used in the real world. Key Words: Second language teaching, communicative language teaching, traditional language teaching methods. An Interrogation of Kenyan High School Student Career Aspirations through Farewell Books – Kefa M. Otiso, Bowling Green State University, Email: kmotiso@bgsu.edu. Abstract: Many Kenyan high school students use their farewell (year) books to memorialize their friendships, wish their friends well, and to express their own and their fellow students’ career aspirations. This paper uses one such farewell book from the mid-1980s to analyze the career aspirations of a group of form four students from a secondary school in Southwestern Kenya. Most notably, the students show significant career aspiration differences by gender and class rank. Beyond evaluating the attainment of these students’ career aspirations, this paper raises important questions about the career preparedness of Kenya high school students. Key Words: Career Aspirations, Education, Secondary Schools, Gender Attainment Gap.

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Primary School Retention in Kenya: Achieving UN Millennium Development Goals -- Ochieng K'Olewe, McDaniel College, Email: okolewe@mcdaniel.edu. Abstract: Kenya was one of the signatories of the 2000 UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which had an overall aim of reducing global poverty. Education was seen as an integral part of the overarching anti-poverty strategy, and according to the MDG Goal 2, countries were to achieve universal primary education by 2015; furthermore, “children everywhere, boys and girls alike, (would) be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.” This study examines the educational issues that a rural village in Kenya has had to address in lieu of MDG Goal 2. Secondly, based on the findings, the study raises the question: What are some ways to improve retention of primary school girls in order to achieve the MDG goal 2? The field work on which the study is based covered three schools in Seme, Kisumu County. Data was collected through interviews and surveys, and the participants included: students, parents, teachers and local political administration. According to the findings, the fate of the village primary girls in terms of school completion is inextricably intertwined to that of the boys. Secondly, adult illiteracy in the village is a hindrance to educational accomplishment; the introduction of adult education might help address the problem. In essence, the village needs a holistic approach to schooling and education in general. Finally, the finding has led to the establishment of a Saturday program for children in the village. Key Words: Rural education, girls, primary.

Academic Achievement of Girls in Rural Schools - Anne M. Mungai, Adelphi University, Email: mungai@adelphi.edu. Abstract: This study examined the effect of two family factors (financial, social capital) and school factors on students’ achievement. One hundred eighty two, seventh-grade female students from nine schools in Muranga district, Kenya, were studied. The statistical procedures included logit regression, cross-tabulations, frequency counting, and chi-square analyses. These procedures were used to look at the effects of variables on each other and their effects on students’ study habits and achievement. The researcher found that each of the two family factors (financial and social capital), and the school factors had an independent and significant effect on student achievement and study habits. The results indicated that a student’s academic achievement is positively influenced by the education level of both parents. The researcher also found that the father’s education had more positive influence to the study habits of the females. Key Words: female, education, Kenya, academic achievement, rural schools.

Session 5: STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering, & Math Adsorption of Heavy Metals Using Shrimp Shell Derivatives - Noelle Mware, Benedict College, Email: noellemware@gmail.com. Abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using low-cost shrimp powder in comparison to its derived shrimp chitin as adsorbents for Pb2+, Cu 2+, Cd2+ and Cr2+ in single and binary systems. Shrimp powder was obtained by grinding dried shrimp shells; shrimp chitin was attained via demineralization and subsequent deprotenization of shrimp powder. Commercially prepared AR-chitin was utilized as a control for adsorption properties and adsorbent characterization. Adsorbents’ physicochemical properties were determined using the X-Ray Diffractometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and the BET surface area and pore size analyzer. The efficiency of the adsorbents was studied using batch adsorption technique by varying contact time and adsorbent dosage. In single adsorption system, shrimp powder exhibited the highest adsorption capacity for the heavy metals in the order Pb2+>Cd2+>Cr2+> Cu2+. Two systems were designed for binary adsorption studies, Pb2+: Cu2+ and Cr2+: Cd2+, with metal component ratio of 1:1. The Pb2+: Cu2+ system revealed a synergistic mechanism as Cu2+ removal increased comparatively to single system because of metal complexation. In Cr2+:Cd2+ system, there was an increase in the adsorption capacity of Cr2+, with a

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decrease in the removal of Cd2+ due to competition for the same active sites, therefore antagonistic mechanism. Shrimp powder was found to be effective in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution hence a possible inexpensive alternative adsorbent. Key words: Adsorption, Shrimp powder, Single and binary adsorption

Bio-psychosocial determinants of alcohol, Khat, and Bhang use in Kenya - Kinoti E. Kithuri, DePaul University, Email: keynotes1972@yahoo.com. Abstract: The study investigated local determinants of substance use in rural Kenya. Over the years, there has been a growing concern over increased use of substances across ages, gender, religious persuasions, and social class in Kenya. It is still unclear what psychosocial individual and/or community factors might be that offer some explanation for the high levels of alcohol and drug use. The study investigated community members' social status in areas of gender, education, employment, self-esteem, and availability of substances. The sample was comprised of 217 Kenyan rural participants, and included 153 men and 64 women with a mean age of 34.2 years. The participants completed a survey measuring possible psychosocial determinants of alcohol, khat and bhang (i.e., marijuana) use patterns. The sample evidenced high levels of substance use particularly involving the locally available substances (i.e., bottled beer, local brews, chewing khat, smoking bhang). Males in comparison to females were more likely to drink alcohol, chew khat, and smoke bhang. Women compared to men reported higher education and employment status, which were associated with less substance use. Females had higher self-esteem when they did not use bottled beer whereas males had higher self-esteem when they use bottled beer. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Local crude oil refining, value addition, and pipeline capacity expansion as key strategies for achieving energy security in Kenya - Aori R Nyambati , University College London (UCL), Email: nyambatiaori@yahoo.com. Abstract: A cost-benefit analysis of crude oil refining and value addition in Kenya is offered. A case for local crude oil refining and value addition is then made. Recognising energy security as a strategic component for the modernisation of the Kenyan economy and realisation of the objectives of Kenya Vision 2030, policy strategies for improving Kenya’s crude oil refining capacities are outlined. Without energy security, the paper concludes, poverty reduction and inclusive sustainable development in Kenya will be elusive. Key Words: energy security; inclusive development; crude oil refinery; value addition; pipeline capacity expansion; poverty reduction; Kenya.

Session 6: Public Health & Environment Tri-sector Partnerships and Provision of Public Toilet Services in Nairobi, Kenya - Jeremiah Njeru, West Virginia University, Email: Jeremia.Njeru@mail.wvu.edu. Abstract: Tri-sector partnerships, involving public, voluntary and private sectors, have drawn global attention for their potential to address longstanding social problems. Nevertheless, most academic work on such partnerships has focused mostly on developing countries. With large segments of urban populations in developing countries still lacking access to proper sanitation services, tri-sector partnerships, as opposed to individual sectors, are viewed as better avenues for providing sustainable access to these services. This paper demonstrates how such partnerships have helped improve access to hygienic public toilet services in Nairobi, Kenya. Echoing Otiso (2003), the paper argues that while tri-sector partnerships are difficult to initiate and maintain, they should be nurtured so as to effectively address basic needs of the urban poor. Key words: Tri-sector partnerships, urban sanitation, public toilets, Kenya.

Social Capital and Self-Rated Health in Kenya - John Musalia, Western Kentucky University, Email:

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john.musalia@wku.edu. Abstract: Despite the fact that social capital has been acknowledged as an important determinant of health and overall well-being, little empirical research has been done in developing countries and particularly in Africa to examine this relationship. Studies from developed countries show a strong relationship between social capital and depression, self-rated health and general well-being. The paucity of research in this area disadvantages poor countries in that they are unable to benefit from the knowledge that social capital is critical to the general well-being of their population. As such no conscious effort whether by way of policy or generally is informed in directing resources and prioritizing the beneficial impact of such actions in uplifting society’s health standards. This study uses Afrobarometer data collected in Kenya in 2005 to examine the effects of social capital on self-rated health in an attempt to fill the existing research gap. Key Words: Social Capital, Self-Rated, Health.

From Horizontality to Verticality: Spatiality and the Future of Quality Healthcare Services in Kenya - Justus M. Ogembo, University of New Hampshire, Email: jogembo@unh.edu. Abstract: I recently had a need to seek healthcare service at a Level-5 county General Hospital. This visit -- from the time I left my residence to the time I received the succor I sought – disclosed to me a specific social arrangement of space that impacts the quality of healthcare services offered to the populace of this region in specific ways. This paper highlights this specific social arrangement of space and the specific ways in which it affects the quality of healthcare services offered to the populace of this region. It proposes a more judicious social arrangement of space that maximizes the capacity of healthcare facilities (and available resources) to more adequately address the various healthcare needs of people. Yet, social arrangement of space in contemporary Kenya is both economic and political. It is hoped that the paper will inspire audience to participate in this arrangement of space for the good of all. Key Words: Spatiality, Healthcare needs and Services in Kenya.

Applying Socio-ecological Model to Improve Mental Health Seeking Behaviors among Kenyans - Mary W. Gatua, Clarke University, Email: Mary.Gatua@clarke.edu. Abstract: As reported by the Kenyan Standard Newspaper on April 12, 2004, experts warned over sharp increase in the cases of mental illnesses. An estimate of 12 million Kenyans could be suffering silently, with a vast majority unaware of their condition and thus yet to seek treatment. Cultural beliefs and attitudes influence how Kenyans, including those living in the Diaspora infer to what is considered normal and abnormal behavior and appropriate mental health treatments. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand mental health stigma among Kenyan immigrant women residing in the USA. The study surveyed 55 Kenyan women. Socio-ecological model provided a useful framework for achieving a better understanding of the multiple factors that influence their willingness to seek mental health services. The result revealed a complex interplay of personal, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to beliefs, attitudes and stigma towards mental health. The model could provide guidance for developing culturally appropriate and sensitive intervention strategies for working with Kenyans in the Diaspora as well as a model that can be adopted in Kenya. In order to improve mental health service seeking behaviors among Kenyans, mental health counselors need to create a safe atmosphere where personal, cultural and environmental factors are considered in all aspects of interventions. Key Words: Mental Illness; Social Ecological Model; Culturally Sensitive Interventions.

Session 7: Social & Security Issues I Kenya’s Protracted Military Operation in Somalia: Rational Choice in the Context of Fighting Terrorism -

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Wanjala S. Nasong’o, Rhodes College, Email: nasongos@rhodes.edu. Abstract: The morbid fear of terrorism in the contemporary international system is immensely palpable. Many countries have put in place policies and varied mechanisms to combat what they perceive as terrorist threats. In the case of Africa, this reality is particularly illustrated by the activities of Boko Haram in West Africa and Al Shabaab in East Africa. It was against the Al Shabaab threat to Kenya’s national security that the country initiated a military operation in Somalia to defeat Al Shabaab, secure the Somali state, and thus guarantee Kenya’s national security. The operation was expected to be short, effective, and decisive in its victory. However, more than two years down the road, Kenya’s military is still engaged in Somalia and the security situation in Kenya has even worsened, with multiple terrorist attacks killing and maiming hundreds of Kenyans. This reality raises a number of questions: why has Kenya’s military engagement in Somalia been so protracted? Why, in spite of the apparent progress of Kenya’s military efforts in Somalia, has the security situation in Kenya worsened? This paper seeks to probe and explain the protracted nature of Kenya’s military operation in Somalia vis-à-vis heightened insecurity in Kenya from a rational theory perspective. The main thesis of the paper is that there are certain vested interests with a stake in the continuity of Kenya’s military presence in Somalia and hence the insecurity in the country is simply a rational calculation on the part of these interests to facilitate Kenya’s continued military presence in Somalia so that they may continue to reap a windfall.

A review of strategic resource allocation in pre-colonial good governance models in Africa - Marsha Robinson, Miami University of Ohio, Email: robins78@miamioh.edu. Abstract: Scholars ranging from Herodotus to Ibn Battuta to I. M. Lewis to Walter Rodney have commented on economic activity in the Horn of Africa. This paper considers some of the more historically prosperous economies to identify how these societies prioritized the use of environmental resources, including water resource management, to promote national security and international trade. Then this paper will analyze the strategic advantages and weaknesses of these systems to see if there is applicable wisdom to the 21st century globalization and regional economic coordination. Key Words: national security, water, resource management, economic history, Horn of Africa, globalization, regional economic coordination.

“I Sing to My Rain Spirit”: Community Rituals, Knowledge, and the Ukambani Environment - Mickie Mwanzia Koster, University of Texas at Tyler, Email: mkoster@uttyler.edu. Abstract: Across many miles in South Central Kenya, one can see cracked red earth, wilted mango trees, dry rivers, and airborne dust as a result of drought. “Ukambani does not get sufficient rainfall”. For the Kamba, one of the most unifying ceremonies has been community rites associated with rain making designed to move pass one state to an improved one. Traditional rituals associated with rain have existed since the beginning of Wakamba existence. But, these rites are often challenged raising important questions that are at the heart of this study. What happens when people stop believing, remembering, and practicing traditions and rituals of their ancestors? Are the short and long term risks to the environment and community, really known and understood? And finally, how do we resolve the often conflicting traditional versus modern intersections? This study explores community ritual acts that are still relevant yet threatened in Ukambani. It also questions why this world of healers, prophets, spiritualists, and specialist are often unknown. Kamba stories and histories of how communities survived challenges and threats to their environments and landscape are located memories of those that experienced, remembered, and observed the unfolding of events. Therefore, at the heart of this project is the methodological importance of collecting the oral narratives and oral traditions to understand this history and modern continuities. The study aims to

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uncover the practices of the ritual specialist and how he or she engages in the spiritual world for intervention. Based on field work and questions that started in 2008, the study argues that rituals still hold a pertinent place in the Kamba community by providing empowerment during times of distress. Key Words: Rituals, Environment, Rain.

Session 8: Perspectives on Infrastructure Resources Road Connectivity and Transport Accessibility: Exploring Rural Road Networks in Kenya - Charles G. Manyara, Radford University, Email: cmanyara@radford.edu. Abstract: Despite some progress, transportation is a tremendous challenge in rural Kenya. While road and street connectivity in urban areas have done moderately well, the same is not true for the 63% who live in rural area. In order for the country to achieve an inclusive growth for all, it must pursue infrastructure development especially roads for the economic and social benefits for its people. High road connectivity is not only vital in accessing the international and regional markets (including the labor market) but also for enabling individuals to reach water, fuel, schools, health clinics, and jobs among others. As is, transport accessibility costs and individual lose od time in unremunerated commuting is unsustainable and a hindrance to development. This paper 1) explores the evolution and state of the road network from a policy stand point, 2)identifies challenges in rural road networks and 3) examines methods to measure connectivity (gamma index, γ) and accessibility(rural accessibility index, RAI) as a first step in prioritizing need for rural road infrastructure. The paper uses Homa Bay, Kiambu, Kisii, Mandera, Nyamira and Nyeri and Counties to show-case the issue of connectivity and road accessibility in Kenya. Preliminary results show disparity from mistakes in the past and surprising similarities across counties.

Sister City Partnerships in Kenya: Benefits and Challenges - Jerono Rotich (North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State, jprotich@ncat.edu) and Philliph M. Mutisya (North Carolina Central University – NCCU, pmmutisya@nccu.edu). Abstract: There are numerous global partnerships that have been formed across cultures, countries, and continents of the world. Examples include Sister City, twin cities, Global alliance and many others and Global Understanding among others. Sister Cities International was created at President Eisenhower’s 1956 White House conference on citizen diplomacy. Eisenhower envisioned an organization that could be the hub of peace and prosperity by creating bonds between people from different cities around the world. By forming these relationships, President Eisenhower reasoned that people of different cultures could celebrate and appreciate their differences and build partnerships that would lessen the chance of new conflicts. Today, Sister Cities International dedicates a special focus on areas with significant opportunities for cultural and educational exchanges, economic partnerships, and humanitarian assistance. This paper describes examples of sister city partnerships that have been formed between selected Kenyan cities and other cities of the world. It will describe the process as well as share some of benefits and challenges. Key Words: Global partnerships, International, sister cities, twin cities.

Potential for the Application of Trenchless Rehabilitation Technologies in Kenya - Lameck M. Onsarigo, Bowling Green State University, lamecho@bgsu.edu. Abstract: Urban populations in Kenya have been expanding over the years. This growth is a result of the high birth rate and migration of people from the countryside in search of better job opportunities and better living standards. With an increase in population, comes the need for infrastructure developments. This includes the need for increased capacity of the sewer and water supply networks, and the need for development of new networks capable of meeting the increased demand. However, most of the pipes that need to be replaced are located under

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congested pavements and can cause a lot of disruption when replaced using the conventional open-cut construction method. Trenchless technologies offer economic alternatives that also reduce disturbance to businesses and residents. This paper gives an overview of the trenchless rehabilitation systems available in the industry today. The paper, especially, focuses on pipe bursting and its potential for application in the rehabilitation of Kenyan sewage disposal and water supply systems. Key Words: Trenchless Technology, Open-cut, Pipe Bursting.

Session 9: Education, Science & Technology II (Un)masking the Reality: Threats to Sustainable International Academic Partnerships between the West and Kenya - Mary Gathogo, Ohio University, Email: mg162708@ohio.edu. Abstract: In recent years, international education has gained greater significance in higher institutions of learning worldwide. Greater mobility of people and ideas has intensified as a result of globalization; the pervasive use of information and communications technologies has led to the reduction of physical distance and time, and the lifting of barriers in international trade has eased the movement of people across regions. In response to these global forces, higher education institutions generally and Kenya in particular, are engaging in elaborate internationalization ventures that entail academic collaboration across national borders. Currently, such international academic partnerships (IAPs) take various forms: foreign student and faculty exchange, collaborative research with foreign faculty, knowledge exchange, creation of branch campuses in foreign institutions, as well as joint delivery of academic programs. IAPs are invaluable for several reasons including but not limited to the improvement of the quality of teaching and research, provide cross-cultural understanding, present opportunity to reduce costs of expensive research infrastructure, connect academic and professional communities and contribute to capacity building especially for African institutions. In spite of these benefits, partnerships forged across borders by parties sitting on extreme sides of the economic divide have inherent complexities that give rise to concerns about power and dominance. This paper examines the asymmetries that characterize academic partnerships formed between the global North and Kenya. For most part, these partnerships lack transparency, mutuality and/or reciprocity and therefore do not serve the needs of participating nations equally. Key Words: internationalization, partnerships, asymmetry.

Closing the Kenyan Digital Divide - Patrick Mose, Ohio University, Email: pm261309@ohio.edu. Abstract: Lack of teacher training in educational technology is a major cause of flawed implementation and integration of technology policies in Kenya. Failure to address issues of content development, best practices of integration, and retooling of teachers appears to be a hurdle to the achievement of the essential 21st Century skills. Learning to collaborate with others and connect through technology are essential skills in a knowledge-based economy (Trilling, and Fadel, 2009). The national laptop project in schools is expected to be implemented through 2014 with 50 000 teachers in need of training in the integration of technology in the classroom. To address this problem, the purpose of this study was to explore ways of addressing the current digital divide in integration of the technology in a Kenyan classroom. Interviews with six Kenyan participants currently based Kenya and the USA were be conducted. Findings show poor infrastructure, lack of proper training, negative perceptions among stakeholders, and political sabotage contribute to the digital disconnect and equity. These themes were useful in understanding new perspectives in ensuring the success of the project. Key Words: Mobile Learning, laptop project, Teacher Training.

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Critical Conscious Approach in Re-conceptualizing “The New Normal” in Kenya: The Role of the University and the Implications on Literacy in Social Change, Civic Engagement, the implementation of the New Constitution and Devolution - Philliph M. Mutisya (North Carolina Central University, Email: pmmutisya@nccu.edu) and Jerono P. Rotich (North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Email: jprotich@ncat.edu). Abstract: After 70 years of direct rule by the British Colonialism, Kenyan became independent in 1963. The independence from the British colonial rule, Kenyans had not only been alienated from one another based on ethnicity (Tribal boundaries) but also by leadership through divide and conger process. Kenya’s post-independence faced an enormous task of trying to unite its people to start seeing each other as one people and not as different groups with unique identities and cultures. However, colonialism had created oppressive conditions among the Kenyans that were main obstacle to uniting people who existed in their own regional areas along ethnic and language boundaries. Education process for the Kenyans and most of the African continent has also been guided by foreign view that alienated people along their ethnic boundaries and thus, internalization of differences continued to fester orchestrated by empty slogans by politicians, government polies, and laws that have shaped education system that created skepticism among leaders and educators resulting to “little or none” inter-ethnic integration in political and educational process. However the slogans aimed at uniting the nation such as “Harambee “sounded good but now rarely neither heard nor recognized anymore. This is an ongoing study that explores the perceptions and attitudes of Kenyans and the implications on social change, the impact on the new identity development for Kenyans as they implement the new constitution and devolution. The study concludes with a proposal of a Comm-Uni-Versity Model as transformational approach in revisioning education process and education institutional development and social change. Key Words: Conceptual Framework, Cultural identity and social Change, Kenyan Diaspora and Devolution, Civic Engagement and Constitutional Literacy, Global and International Implications, American-Kenya Diaspora.

The Role of Civic Engagement in Kenyan Higher Education - Peter Mwangi, Ohio University, Email: pm223909@ohio.edu. Abstract: The Kenyan higher education seems to have failed in helping the country to realize its aspirations at independence. The successive governments’ failure to alleviate abject poverty, ignorance and diseases is shocking given that the country’s universities continue to churn out graduates every year. Half a century since the independence, negative ethnicity and corruption have also successfully claimed their prominence among the myriad challenges that continue to bedevil the country. The political environment is always charged and tense with the political leaders whipping up their supporters’ emotions with reckless abandon. Consequently, the country’s socio-economic and political environment is evidently toxic and constricts the realization of both its past and current aspirations. However, one comprehends this stark reality upon analyzing the country’s higher education objectives. A mismatch between what is taught and how it is taught in the universities and the reality on the ground might have led to this resounding failure. For a long time, Kenyan higher education, just like its basic education, has focused more on students passing written exams at the expense of preparing them to accelerate the realization of our founding fathers’ aspirations. It is against this background that I examine the role of civic engagement, in Kenyan higher education. The paper is based on critical analysis of literature on the role of civic engagement in American higher education. I conclude by arguing that civic education, if incorporated into Kenyan higher education has the potential of addressing the existing mismatch between theory and practice. This way, the Kenyan higher education’s role will shift from teaching for exams to equipping students with the necessary skills needed to confront myriad socio-economic and political challenges in their immediate communities and the whole country at large. Key Words: Higher education, civic

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engagement, socio-economic and political development.

Session 10: KESSA Business Meeting

Session 11: Dinner Celebration & Dance

Opening Plenary Workshop 12: Best Practices for Peer review of Manuscript for Academic Journals Convener: Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego Panelists:

Faith Maina, State University of New York, Oswego, Email: faith.maina@oswego.edu Francis Koti, University of North Alabama, ftkoti@una.edu. Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University, kmotiso@bgsu.edu.

Abstract: Have you ever submitted a manuscript to an academic journal and received a reject notice? Have you ever been invited and accepted to review a manuscript for an academic journal but felt unsure of what was expected of you? Have you ever considered becoming a reviewer for an academic journal as a way of enhancing your career? If your answer to any of these questions is in the affirmative, then this workshop is designed with you in mind. Peer review is an important component of checking the veracity of knowledge disseminated to the public. It is the process that instills a sense of accountability to the researchers and clearly takes the role of gatekeeping in the advancement of scientific knowledge. Yet, most graduate students and early career professionals receive scant training in the best practices for conducting peer reviews. The purpose of this hands-on workshop is to provide you with skills, knowledge and resources to enable you to conduct high quality reviews for academic journals. You will be guided through the process of reviewing an actual manuscript, highlighting the key issues to pay attention to as you provide your own commentary on specific aspects of the review. Key Words: Peer Review, Academic Journals.

Panel Session 13: National Insecurity? The Threat of Mediocrity in Rural Schools Convener: James Ngundi - University of Virginia, Email: ngundij@yahoo.com Panelists:

Rick Bein, IUPUI Peter Mwangi, Ohio University Rose Ngugi, International Monetary Fund Lindsey Warren, University of New Mexico Michael Wairungu, Sewanee: The University of the South – Discussant

Abstract: The purposes of the two studies discussed here were to examine the status of school governance in Kenya in terms of stakeholder participation, and the conditions of teaching and learning, teaching strategies and the impact of extant professional development for teachers in rural primary schools. Data collection for the two qualitative research projects was through interviews, classroom observations, focus groups and journaling. Data analysis was done by way of thematic coding. Using a comparative framework, we examined the challenges and possibilities of achieving the promise of sustained economic, social and democratic political development in Kenya under current conditions of schooling in many of the nation’s foundational institutions.

Our findings suggest that despite substantial financial allocations for education by successive governments in post-independence Kenya, schooling conditions in many rural primary institutions are

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wanting. Increased access and enrollment have not been matched with quality. Parent participation levels remain low, while the use of learner-centered pedagogies which privilege children’s voices and perspectives remain poorly understood and are seldom used in classroom instruction. Many teachers work demoralized, isolated, and with low professional esteem. We conclude that such conditions pose a formidable threat to the security and sustained growth and development of the country’s economic, social and democratic institutions. Key Words: School governance, quality education, development.

Poster Session 14: Swahili Apps! Taking Vocabulary Learning to a New Level - Patrick Mose, Ohio University, Email: pm261309@ohio.edu. Abstract: The growth of

information and communication technology (ICT) and especially the use of internet have influenced the method of delivering content in most higher institutions world wide (Tella, 2011). This has led to shift in content creation, integration, and delivery in modern classrooms. Seemingly, this has also changed how both learners and teachers access that content. According to the current technology trends, most learners can access content from anywhere in both space and time using mobile devices and other personal digital assistants (PDA’s) (Sharma, & Kitchens, 2004). Studies in second language learning reveal learning challenges in vocabulary acquisition. This study explores how second language learners and teachers use MIT app-inventor mobile apps on android devices to enrich their vocabulary learning experience. Findings reveal that mobile apps provide a fun-rich learning environment. The purpose of this poster is to propose pedagogical intervention with regard to vocabulary teaching and give recommendations for future research on mobile apps. Key Words: Mobile Apps, Second Language Learning, Technology.

Session 15: Social & Security Issues II Reflections on the Architecture of Class - Betty Wambui, SUNY Oneonta, Email: Betty.Wambui@oneonta.edu. Abstract: Using a mixed palette of theorists such as Marx, Friere, Jhally, Mutullah, Foucault, Parenti, Acker, and McCall, this paper will consider some of the ways that Class is drawn and sustained in Kenya. In its development, it will pay special attention to the impact of class disparities on women and other low income populations as it attempts to develop a language with which to discuss their socio-political experiences as well as a position from which to analyze the same especially in cities such as Nairobi. Keywords: Class, Nairobi, Consumption. Women: Changing the Status Quo - Lindsey Warren and Adelamar Alcantara, University of New Mexico. Email: lkcoccari@unm.edu. Abstract: In many ways, women in Kenya continue to lead difficult lives since their traditionally assigned gender roles have changed little over time. In general, it is accepted in Kenyan Society that women tend to work more than men. This is now becoming more noticeable through their advancements in school and in the workforce, yet Kenyan women have begun to overcome these obstacles. The purpose of this primarily qualitative study is to highlight conditions affecting women’s health and societal progression and understand why Kenyan women are today undeterred by slowly changing gender roles. Also discussed will be the roles sexuality, reproductive health, school advancement, and cultural constraints of their environments regarding effects of gender inequalities play in shaping their roles. Special focus is given to trending attitudes towards the progress of women’s emancipation and the affect their progression is having on their communities and health through literature review and field work. Varying attitudes towards women in urban and rural settings of Kenya are also examined. The effects of urbanization and migration are discussed, including their rural origins, reasons for migration, and the

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differing means of survival between urban and rural environments. Key Words: Women, Health, Cultural, Reproductive Health. Analysis of Kenya's population growth and structure since 1979: future political, economic, and social challenges - Peter Kimosop, Youngstown State University, Email: pkimosop@ysu.edu. Abstract: Kenya's population has continued to grow rapidly since its independence in 1963. In fact, the population has more than tripled from 10.9 million (5,482,381 males and 5,460,324 females) in 1969 to 38.6 million (19,192,458 males and 19,417,639 females) in 2009. There is a huge variation however in the population distribution across the country. Cities, for instance, are experiencing substantial growth partly due to rural-urban migration. For example, Nairobi's population has increased from 509,286 in 1969 (303, 219 males and 206,067 females) to 3,138,369 in 2009 (1,605,230 males and 1,533,139 females). Apart from cities, other populous regions encompass the former Western, Nyanza, and Central provinces. A detailed description of the age and sex distribution of the country's population has however not been examined since independence. This research examines the changing population trends across the country using population pyramids. The population pyramids for the 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009 population and housing census were created and used to show different trends in population in different regions of the country. Some observations from this study include the changing sex structure in the country's urban centers, the stabilizing population structure in parts of central Kenya, uneven population growth in North Eastern Kenya, perhaps due to the spillover effects of political instability in Somalia from the 90's. The paper ends with policy recommendations for the various regions (counties) on future development strategies to cope with their changing population structure. Key Words: population, pyramids, political, gender, development, counties. Sports as a Medium for Promoting Peaceful Coexistence in Kenya - Wycliffe Njororai Simiyu, University of Texas at Tyler, Email: wnjororai@uttyler.edu. Abstract: Sport is a powerful tool of cross-cultural communication. Unfortunately people’s lack of understanding of other’s cultural attitudes and values contributes to political, social, economic, ideological and even physical forms of conflict. Given the ethnic and cultural diversity in Kenya, major conflicts in form of tribal clashes” are very common especially in the Rift Valley and other regions where the inhabitants come from different ethnic groupings. Added to the perpetual conflict is the high level of unemployment and lack of opportunities for youth to meaningfully engage themselves. One medium that meaningfully transcends inter-community conflict is sport when widely practiced at both the recreational and competitive level. Indeed sport is a play form of ‘conflict’ and the only one of its kind that is rooted in agreement. Recent studies on play indicate that play functions as the major means by which children (1) develop intrinsic interests and competencies; (2) learn how to make decisions, solve problems, exert self-control, and follow rules; (3) learn to regulate their emotions; (4) make friends and learn to get along with others as equals; and (5) experience joy. Through all of these effects, play promotes mental health which is at the root of many societal conflicts and violent behavior. This paper therefore addresses the right for children to play for purposes of fostering health at the individual, community as well as inter-community relationship levels. Sport is a valuable tool for developing the physical, mental, psychological and social dimensions of humans thereby enhancing a more peaceful society. Key Words: Sport, cross-cultural communication, play, recreation, social conflict.

Session 16: Economic, Development & Human Resources

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Struggles of Rural Youth: Factors that Empower and Disempower Youth in Western Kenya - Billy A. Jivetti, Wiley College (Email: bajivetti@wileyc.edu), Njororai, W. W. S. (University of Texas at Tyler, Email: wnjororai@uttyler.edu), and Njororai, F. Abstract: The Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2008-09 classifies youth as individuals between the ages 18 and 35. Njonjo, in the Kenya Youth Fact Book (2010) states that 78.1% of Kenya’s population is below 34 years while the 15-34 year old make up 35.39% of the population. In terms of residence, about 61% of Kenya’s youth aged 15-34 were found in rural areas which also report high prevalence of poverty and marginalization in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) and other socio-economic opportunities.

This kind of marginalization affects youth empowerment making them vulnerable to poverty, unemployment, early marriages, HIV-AIDS infection, and abuse of substances like alcohol and tobacco. The KDHS Report (2010) states that employment can be a source of empowerment especially when individuals take charge of their income. Conversely, prolonged absence of vital services disempowers rural youth ultimately affecting their social, cultural, and economic development. This results in hardships for rural youth who in the light of being disempowered can utilize their social capital to engage in illegal activities that affects the quality of life in rural communities. Consequently, rural areas are in need of numerous programs from local, international, public, private, higher education, and religious sectors to enhance the empowerment of youth residing in these locales.

The Kenyan community abroad has had significant impact on poverty and development in their home countries. Capital generated by Kenyan diaspora community contributes to individual and community empowerment initiatives. This is enshrined in the development philosophy of ‘Harambee’ or pulling together resources. The focus of such initiatives has been on education, health, disaster relief, and other community facilities (Copeland-Carson, 2007).

This study explores a) the current landscape of literature on youth empowerment and disempowerment; b) theoretical framework for rural development programs targeting youth; and c) offers commendations for Kenyan community in the diaspora about empowering youth in their local communities for long term development. A rural community in Vihiga County will be used to explore the central premise of the struggles and support mechanisms needed to alleviate youth problems. Key Words: Western Kenya, Rural Youth, Empowerment, Diaspora. Security secures private investment - Rose Ngugi and Owen Nyongoro, International Monetary Fund, Email: rosewngugi@gmail.com. Abstract: Insecurity from incidences of crime adversely effects private investment growth given the waned market confidence and heightened profit uncertainty. Various empirical studies find a negative relationship between uncertainty on firm profitability and investment. However, these studies seem not to consider insecurity as a key factor determining profit uncertainty. This study analyzes the relationship between crime and investment using firm level data. Crime is measured by incidences of crime, perceptions on safety, and expenditures on security services. The study assumes that insecurity impacts on investment through increased costs of production from expenditures on security infrastructure, repairs and replacements, and insurance; and reduced demand with high distribution costs, increased prices, and changing consumer preferences.

Results show that when exposed to actual and perceived insecurity, firms reduce their investments and more so when insecurity disrupts the production. While providing self security services allows firms to manage insecurity risk, increased expenditures on security infrastructure, and repairs and replacements of damaged property discourage investment. Furthermore, although firms tend to push a proportion of the incurred costs to consumers through increased prices on goods and services, lose of market share creates

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uncertainty on profitability adversely impacting on investment. Finally, firms are encouraged to invest when government intervenes to reduce insecurity but a long wait reduces investment as their confidence dwindles. Thus, to enhance investment growth, the government needs to provide adequate security to secure market confidence and reduce vulnerability to crime. Key Words: Insecurity, Crime, Investment Leadership and Tourism in Emerging Economies - James S Nampushi, Clemson University, Email: jnampus@clemson.edu. Abstract: This paper addresses an observation by Benson and Blackman (2011) that there is little research on leadership in the field of tourism. Most of the research on leadership assumes an entity perspective, arguing that leadership is a capability possessed by individuals specially prepared to create coordinated behavior. There is growing interest, however, in a collectivist perspective of leadership, which argues that leadership is a function of group behavior. This paper applies this to tourism in developing countries, asking: How do collectivist dynamics influence perceptions of leader-member exchange relationships (LMX) and perceptions of the nature of political leadership in the tourism industry in developing economies? In our model, complexity contexts affect LMX and political leadership perceptions, and power distance (to account for cultural dispositions) mediates the effects. Collectivism is measured on a scale constructed for this study. LMX is measured with a scale created by Liden and Maslyn (1998). The leadership perceptions scale came from the international Globe Study by House, Hanges, Javidan, and Dorfman (2004). Data for this study were collected in 2012 from 236 respondents in tourism and related industries in Kenya. We analyzed the data using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling. Key words: Leadership, Collectivism, LMX, Tourism, Emerging Economies. Community Development: The Dilemma of Theory and Practice – Ben R. Ole. Koissaba, Clemson University, Email: bkoissa@g.clemson.edu. Abstract: As scholars and researchers in the field of community development grapple with research dynamics to identify underlying theories that contribute to the identification of characteristics or phenomena that keep emerging, practitioners debate on how conventional approaches that are research outcome driven compromise the delivery of the much needed services. This has elicited continuous debate on what does and does not constitute community development. A key factor that is agreeable between both researchers and practitioners is that all community development endeavors have an element of transformation in them. Ideally the process of “ideal” community transformation has to be people centered, problem solving and action oriented. The challenges that faces both practitioners as well researchers is the role research plays in helping practitioners study and understanding the underlying theories behind certain patterns that emerge and tend to dictate the outcomes of community development endeavors. This papers looks at relevant literature and two case studies to analyze self-help, technical assistance, and conflict approaches to demystify the dilemma of theory and practice in community development. Key words: Community development, Self-help, Technical Assistance, Conflict Approach, Transformation.

Session 17: Food, Agriculture & Land Women, Land and the New Land Law - Christine Mathenge, Austin Peay State University, Email: mathengec@apsu.edu. Abstract: Values and principles guiding the new land law (Land Act Cap 280) include among others, the equitable access to land; the security of land rights; the elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property on land; and non-discrimination

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and protection of the marginalized. One of the benefits that are afforded to women is the protection from loss of land and property leading to destitution when property is taken over by creditors and even disposed off to repay a debt that they were not party to. In addition, women are encouraged to become partners of economic activities particularly associated with the matrimonial home. However the multiple statues that presently govern land matters still present incompatible and contradictory legal regimes which cause obstacles to the implementation of the new Land Law. Can women cash in on this new land law? This is an examination of opportunities for social and economic development that have increasingly becoming available to women across Kenya. Key Words: Implementation of the land law; women and land rights; property rights. Intensive Poli-culture provides a successful farming alternative in the western Kenya - Rick Bein, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Email: rbein@iupui.edu. Abstract: Traditional agriculture reveals a wealth of accumulated ecological knowledge in western Kenya. The practice of policulture with food crops prevails whenever there is no mechanization, no cash and the availability of land is limited. By growing different crops in the same space, higher diversity and higher yields are attainable. Large families can be sustained on small pieces of property by engaging in policulture. Policulture by nature acts to control weeds, and symbiotically fertilizes its companion crops. Policulture is their crop insurance. Key Words: Traditional farming, Policulture. Establishing a Niche for Kenya’s Coastal Gastronomy: Perspectives of Tourists’ Intrinsic Inclination - Rosemarie Khayiya and Anthony Pepela, Kenyatta University, Email: khayiya.rosemarie@ku.ac.ke, Abstract: Gastronomy has increasingly become a valuable source of unique attractions that enables guests differentiate a destination from competitors. Not all destinations that have embraced the idea have succeeded in their endeavour, a key constraint being the quality of food served in the destination. This paper sought to establish whether the quality of Kenya’s coastal signature foods met the guests’ quality threshold based on their physiological inclination. A cross sectional analytical design was adopted. The study was conducted in the Northern circuit of Kenya’s coastal strip. The population consisted of individuals participating in food activities in eateries. 340 respondents were stratified A mixed method was used to collect the data involving the use of an interview schedule, questionnaire and observation check list. Data were analysed using Ordinal logistic regression with two predictor variables to establish the association within the physiological inclination, and the quality of signature foods. A significant association existed between the quality of the signature foods and guest’s physiological inclination (χ2 15.555, df 5, p = 0.008). A low overall prediction success of 6.7%, signified that only one parameter separated neophiliacs from neophobics at α =0.05. Taste (6.256, p = 0.012) greatly influenced the odds of the outcome as it drew that distinction. As such, intrinsic inclination of guests would reliably be predicted by their perception of quality when they tasted the Kenyan coastal signature foods. Key Words: Key Words Intrinsic inclination, Gastronomy, Positioning. Fair Trade Certification and Private Standards on Kenya’s Coffee Industry Competitiveness - Robert Chiuri, University of Phoenix, Email: chiurir@email.phoenix.edu. Abstract: Fair Trade coffee and tea have for a long time been thought to be a sound contributor to the socio-economic stability of the small scale coffee producers in the developing world, offering a sustainable income generating alternative market strategy besides having significant impact on the farming environment best practices. Though Fair Trade certification process has become crucial to coffee industry stakeholders it has presented coffee

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producers challenges towards their business competitiveness. The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the relationships between Fair Trade certifications and private standards to business competitiveness, in the rapidly evolving global coffee and tea industry, which is significant to supply chain stakeholders and economies of developing countries, such as Kenya in accessing markets and improve competitiveness. This quantitative correlational study will allow the distribution of structured surveys to over 100 Kenyan coffee farmers, cooperative managers and global supply chain stakeholders in identifying the significant contributors and inhibitors of Fair Trade certification and private standards in the coffee industry. The study outcomes have paramount importance to the academic community, researchers, industry, business organizations and general public since they may translate into optimization of resources, improving quality and food safety, enhancing productivity, business competitiveness, coffee value chain operational leadership and contribute to the frontiers of knowledge and dissemination. Key Words: Fair Trade, Standards, Globalization and Competitiveness.

Session 18: Culture, Policy & Governance Kenyan Diaspora as a Critical National Resource – Constitutional Perspectives - Henry M. Ongeri, The Transatlantic Law Firm, LLC. Email: info@diasporalawyers.com. Abstract: In this paper, the author examines a select number of pertinent provisions of the Kenya Constitution 2010 as they may relate to the Diaspora. According to statistics from the World Bank and the Central Bank of Kenya, remittances from Kenyans resident and working outside of the country form a significant portion of the gross national product (GDP). Arguably therefore, the Diaspora is one of Kenya’s most significant resources, both human and economic. It has been over 4 years since the new Constitution was promulgated. It contains Diaspora-specific provisions and courts have had opportunity to interpret the same. In particular, the author will review Article 16 (Dual Citizenship) and Article 38 (Political Rights) and subsequent judicial interpretations and attempt to answer the question: HOW ARE WE DOING? In the author’s opinion, the answer is NOT SO WELL. There is little evidence that the country has had any shift in public perception, attitude or policy at the highest levels of government. Rhetoric is one thing, implementation thereof quite another. The paper concludes that until and unless Kenya creates structures and systems enabling optimum utilization, rather than marginalization and disenfranchisement of the Diaspora, her goal of becoming the economic giant of Eastern Africa will remain a pipedream. Strategic and intentional recognition of the Diaspora as a critical national resource is in the nation’s interest. The place to begin is full and progressive implementation of the Constitution. Key Words: Diaspora, Constitution 2010, Resource. Tech-novation and Place of Diaspora in the New Kenya - Shem J. Ochuodho, Ministry of Telecommunication & Postal Services, South Sudan. Email: shemochuodho@yahoo.com. Abstract: Kenya is at cross-roads. A country that hitherto befitted the term ‘pearl of Africa ’ is fast sliding into abyss. Some believe that unless decisive action is taken in time, Kenya could become a failed state. They contend that the signs are already there: impunity, rampant pilferage of resources, insecurity, breakdown of law and order, upswing of illegal vigilante groups, chronic nepotism, exclusion, growing inequality, joblessness, rampant poverty, widespread famine, hopelessness, moribund and ineffective leadership, growing rift with the international community, especially the west, etc. Yet Kenya is so strategic both regionally and globally that it should not dip further. After all, for many years, hasn’t she been the near-sole example of political stability and peace – an island of modern civilization? To its credit, Kenya has a very strong private sector and human capital, comparable to very few in Africa. It has vast natural resources (more so with recent

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discoveries), and relatively good weather. Its unwritten foreign policy has over the years earned her many friends, most among its neighbors. It has been envy to many emerging countries not only in peace-keeping, but also sports (especially athletics and cricket) and a supply-basket of skilled professionals and entrepreneurs. It is imperative that a way be found – urgently so – to reverse the tide. Two attributes have a major role to play: technology, more precisely tech-novation and the Diaspora. Many contend that Kenya’s slow but gradual slide is due to leadership poverty. In this paper, we assert that tech-novation and Diaspora will not only help Kenya get back onto the path of growth and prosperity, but also inculcate good leadership. Key Words: Technology, Tech-novation, Diaspora and Leadership. “Generation TuGpange”: The Rise of Sheng among Urban Youth in Kenya - Michael G. Wairungu, Sewanee: The University of the South. Email: mgw4r@virginia.edu. Abstract: The complex sociolinguistic situation in post-colonial Africa poses a big challenge to many countries when choosing an appropriate language for use in official and national functions. In each of these countries, the choice of one language variety over others is often contested by various social groups for different reasons. The situation is further complicated by the increased popularity of the emergent urban vernaculars among young people like Nouchi in Cote d'Ivoire and Sheng in Kenya. In this presentation, I focus on students’ embrace of Sheng over Standard Swahili and English in Kenya’s urban high schools. I ask: what is the disconnect between government’s efforts to promote the two officially-sanctioned languages and young peoples’ preference for the unauthorized Sheng? I argue that there is a conflict in language ideology between school authorities and speakers of Sheng. While the authorities reward speaker’s performance of the standard language, young peers reward speaker’s ability to innovate from the many languages in his/her repertoire. In this context, speakers regard use of Sheng as “stylish” or “fashionable” while use of English and Standard Swahili as “boring” and “old-fashioned.” So, use of Sheng has more social rewards among peers than standard Swahili and English. Consequently, the more schools fight use of Sheng among students, the more it flourishes. I conclude that Sheng plays a subversive role among its speakers; hence continued efforts to abolish it are counterproductive. Instead, school authorities should adopt alternative approaches for dealing with Sheng. The same applies to other urban youth vernaculars in post-colonial Africa. Key Words: Sheng, subversion, urban youth vernaculars. The mental maps of Swahili speakers: The best and worst accents - Peter Githinji, Ohio University, Email: githinji@ohio.edu & Dr Martin Njoroge, Kenyatta University. Abstract: The study of perceptions towards Swahili is a replication of previous studies in the field of Folkinguistics that have been done on languages such as English, Spanish, Italian and Japanese among others. This presentation presents some findings from a study conducted last year amongst two groups of University students in Kenya. A questionnaire was administered to elicit their mental maps about the distribution of identifiable Swahili accents as well as rank them based on correctness, pleasantness and degree of identification with their own accents. The results show a lack of distinction between evaluations of correctness well as pleasantness amongst the majority of respondents. Contrary to expectations, we do not see identification with the most pleasant variety, which is an indication of a lack of consensus regarding the norms governing the use of Swahili, as well as an indication of an ongoing process of negotiation about the legitimate standard. It is concluded that even with the recent elevation of Swahili as a co-official language in Kenya, much need to be done to reconcile the values and attitudes of the language users with those of the policy makers. I argue that while elevation of Swahili as a official language is supported by the majority of Kenyan, its advantages are not likely if there are major differences between different varieties, especially when these varieties are tied to

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ethnic stereotypes. Key Words: Folklinguistics, Swahili, Accents, Perceptions. Fetishization of Ethnicity in Kenya’s Political Discourse and its Implications to National Development - Mwangi Chege, University of Cincinnati Blue Ash College. Email: chegemi@uc.edu. Abstract: It is a fact that ethnicity plays a central role in Kenya’s social, political, and economic fabric. In fact, many scholars have addressed the underpinnings of this reality, a reality that cannot be divorced from the country’s history: pre-colonial, colonial, and postcolonial. Fifty years after independence, ethnicity continues to dominate political discourse, probably more intensely now than it has been in a long time. Intriguingly, this is happening despite the fact that the country passed a new Constitution in 2010 that put in place structural, institutional, and legal reforms that were supposed to guarantee equality, equity, justice, human rights, and the rule of law. Furthermore, this polarization exists at a time the country has undertaken an ambitious development agenda articulated in the Vision 2030 blueprint. The purpose of this paper is not to address the history of ethnic tension in the country; rather it is to discuss what fuels this polarization—the fetishization of ethnicity in the country’s political discoures, the ramifications of this ethnic polarization to the overall national development climate, and possible ways to deflate this ethnic polarization. Key Words: Ethnicity, political discourse, development.

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Mark Your Calendar – 2015 KESSA Conference

The 8th Annual Kenya Scholars & Studies

Association (KESSA) Conference will be held

from Friday-Saturday, September 4-5, 2015,

at the University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama 35632, USA

Theme: To Be Announced

Keynote: To Be Announced

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