ISSN 1023-1935, Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 681–685. © MAIK “Nauka /Interperiodica” (Russia), 2006.Original Russian Text © E.A. Nizhnikovskii, A.M. Skundin, V.A. Grinberg, A.I. Danilov, V.A. Safonov, O.A. Petrii, 2006, published in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 760–765.

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The 56th annual meeting of the International Soci-ety of Electrochemistry (ISE-56) took place on Sep-tember 25–30, 2005, in the city of Busan, a seaport inSouth Korea. Its motto was “Electrochemistry for theNext Generations.” It is a well known fact that the ISEmeetings are most prestigious and representativeforums attended by the electrochemists. The scope ofISE-56 was immense: more than 1100 scientists from47 countries were its participants. It comprehended fiveplenary lectures on the most acute problems of the sci-ence. The twelve sections (symposiums) included morethan 1100 reports concerned with practically everydirection of fundamental and applied electrochemistry.It is worth noting that South Korea hosted such a meet-ing for the first time ever. The organizers, and first andforemost the Local Organizing Committee headed byProf. H. Kim of the Seoul National University, did theirbest to ensure its success.

The five plenary lectures demonstrated dazzlingachievements of the last few years in understanding thenature of electrochemical processes and presentedexamples of their utilization. The lecture

RecentInsights into Physical Electrochemistry and Electroca-talysis

, delivered by A. Hamnett (United Kingdom),tackled the effect of modern solid state physics and sci-ence of nanoparticles on the understanding of mecha-nisms of electrochemical processes. The lecture

Devel-opment and Evaluation of Electrocatalysts for FuelCells

, given by M. Watanabe (Japan), perused scientificproblems associated with the development of efficientelectrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol andhydrogen and the reduction of oxygen. The lecturefocused on the so-called “bifunctional” oxidationmechanism of organic substances. Such a mechanismoccurs on binary and ternary alloys whose individualcomponents possess different adsorption properties.The questions of the creation of biomolecular elec-trodes, the mechanism of their functioning, and the out-look for their application in bioelectroanalysis were thesubject matter of the lecture

Electrochemistry and Pho-tochemistry of Biomolecule-Functionalized Electrodes

imparted by I. Willner (Israel). A.P. Alivisatos (UnitedStates) attracted much attention by his lecture

Electri-cal Studies of Single Nanocrystal Tetrapods.

Themethod to create the semiconducting self-organizingsingle-crystal nanostructures of this kind (the lecture

featured semiconductor CdTe as an example) is colloidchemistry synthesis. The four semiconducting limbs,which protrude at tetrahedral angles from the centralnucleus of such structures, have a controlled length(10–200 nm) and a controlled diameter (2–10 nm).Such particles may function as artificial conjugatedmolecular systems useful for studying the transfer ofindividual electrons, observing quantum phenomena,etc. Su-Moon Park (South Korea) in his lecture

NovelApproach to a Complete Description of an Electro-chemical System

considered the questions of takinginto account the faradaic and nonfaradaic electrode pro-cesses when analyzing current–voltage curves. Somefresh ideas and concepts contained in the plenary lec-tures attracted detailed attention in the reports made atindividual sections.

The titles of eleven out of the twelve parallel sec-tions (symposiums) that constituted the ISE-56 were:Analytical Electrochemistry, Bioelectrochemistry, Bat-teries, Fuel Cells, Electrochemical Capacitors andHybrid Power Sources, Electrochemical Technologiesfor Electronics, Corrosion and Surface Treatments,Nanostructured Materials, Electrochemical ProcessEngineering and Technology, Molecular Electrochem-istry, and Physical Electrochemistry. The last section,Young Electrochemist Session, was a novelty.

Of course it is unrealistic to try and fully encompassall the symposiums in a brief information communiqué.

Symposium 3A “Batteries” was the most represen-tative. Its program included 67 oral presentations(13 out of these, invited) and 109 posters. The themesof the discourses on the whole corresponded to distri-bution of interests in the field of chemical powersources: the lion share of these (60) undertook to ana-lyze various aspects of operation of lithium batteries.The ratio was about the same in the posters. The themesof reports on the lithium batteries had altered somewhatsince the ISE-55 (September 19–24, 2004; Thessalon-iki, Greece). The negative electrodes based on carbon-aceous materials lost their edge. The majority of com-munications dealt with novel promising materials, inparticular, silicon and its composites with carbon andmetals. More than half the reports touched upon variousaspects of operation of the positive electrodes, just as atthe previous meeting. Traditional lithium cobaltitesoccupied little space in the presentations, the studies

The 56th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry

(September 25–30, 2005; Busan, Republic of Korea)

DOI:

10.1134/S1023193506060152

CHRONICLES

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concentrated mainly on various spinels, including man-ganese spinels. However, the specialists' disposition istowards metal phosphates, rather than spinels. Employ-ing phosphates raises the electrodes' capacity by30

−

50%. Noteworthy is an increase in the number ofstudies concerned with lithium–polymer batteries. Themajor stumbling block here is the absence of an electro-conducting polymer electrolyte with optimum stability.The gel–polymer electrolytes presumably hold mostpromise. In specialists' view, such batteries are mostpromising, together with the lithium-ion batteries. By acomplex of technical characteristics, these surpass allthe known electrochemical systems. Informationappeared about the beginning of production of minutelithium–polymer batteries. A mere two or three com-munications in this section explored the processes innickel–cadmium and nickel–metal hydride batteries.Thus, the popularity of these is on the wane, probablybecause the ultimate offered by such systems had beenachieved.

Of substantial interest were communications

Ther-modynamics of Lithium Intercalation into Carbon-aceous Materials

of R. Yazami (CNRS/CalTech Inter-national Lab) and

Development of Nanostructured Si/CComposite Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

of H. Kim(Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology). Accord-ing to Yazami, the degree of graphitization, which sub-stantially affects the intercalation properties of materi-als, to a high accuracy follows from the data on theentropy of lithium intercalation into partially graphi-tized materials. Kim reviewed latest data on the com-posite negative electrodes and reported on advances inmodification of silicon–carbon composites with respectto both cycle life and capacity.

Other noteworthy communications include

GasDevelopment on Electrode/Electrolyte Interface inLithium-Ion Batteries

, by P. Novak (Paul Scherrer Insti-tute, Switzerland), which quantitatively examines gasevolution in lithium-ion batteries;

Lithium Batteries forElectric and Hybrid-electric Vehicles

, by J.R. Selman(Illinois Institute of Technology, United States), aboutthe application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehi-cles of various types;

Self-Healing Approach for AlloyAnodes in Lithium Secondary Batteries

, by K.T. Lee(Seoul National University, South Korea), about self-healing negative electrodes of gallium;

Spinel StructureManganese Materials for LIB: Oxygen Deficiency andOxygen Stoichiometry

, by M. Yoshio (Saga University,Japan), about a link between the intercalation behaviorof manganese spinels and their nonstoichiometry byoxygen. Sadly enough, some Russian scientists wereincapable of attending this symposium, albeit the Rus-sian delegation in Busan looked very impressive. Theonly presentations at the symposium included the lec-ture

Evolution of Nanostructured

(Sn,Ti)O

2

at ItsCycling

delivered by A.M. Skundin (Frumkin Instituteof Electrochemistry, Russia) and posters entitled

Lith-ium Intercalation into Thin Films of Amorphous Sili-con

, of T.L. Kulova (Frumkin Institute of Electrochem-

istry) and

Kinetics of Lithium Intercalation into Graph-ite: Comparison of Various ElectrochemicalTechniques

, of E.A. Nizhnikovskii (Frumkin Instituteof Electrochemistry).

The second place as to the number of communica-tions went to Symposium 3B “Fuel Cells,” which tack-led fuel cells with a power ranging from a few watts tohundreds of kilowatts. This symposium included 56oral discourses (15 out of these, invited) and 94 posters.Communications concerning the creation of miniaturefuel cells intended for portable devices were all but sen-sational. These cells utilize oxygen of air as the oxidantand methanol, stored in small cartridges, as the fuel;they have already attracted attention of electronicsdesigners. This symposium commenced with report

What Is the Right Fuel of the Right Fuel Cell for theRight Application

of C. Lamy and co-workers (Univer-sity of Poitiers, France). The report, which consideredbasic types of fuel cells, focused on direct fuel cellswith such organic fuels as alcohols, ethers, polyethers,and hydrocarbons. A large series of presentations dis-cussed problems associated with search for acceptable(“right,” in Lamy’s terminology) electrocatalysts forfuel cells and their optimization. In connection withthis, of interest was the report by M.R. Tarasevich(Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry) about thedevelopment of platinum-free catalysts for fuel cells.The reports that were presented by Tarasevich and co-workers, specifically, an oral communication deliveredby A.D. Modestov and a series of posters ofM.R. Tarasevich, V.A. Bogdanovskaya, and others con-sidered some catalysts in more detail. The problem ofproduction and electrocatalytic activity of metal–oxidecompositions mixed on a nanolevel was considered byO.A. Petrii (Moscow State University, Russia). Thereport presented by U. Stimming (Germany) wasdevoted to catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.Other problems discussed at this symposium includedthe optimization of polymer electrolytes for fuel cells.Search for and optimization of catalysts and electro-lytes are conducted at present with the aid of novelcombinatorial approaches.

Symposium 3C “Electrochemical Capacitors andHybrid Power Sources” considered questions concern-ing the creation of supercapacitors. These are ana-logues of electrotechnical capacitors, but with a capac-ity to discharge and charge exceedingly fast. Theircapacity amounts to a few farads, but their specificenergy density is markedly poorer than that of batteries.The charge preservation is worse as well, althoughthere were claims that constructions with very low leak-age currents are possible. At the same time, due to thepossibility of fast discharge and charge, supercapaci-tors have a niche of their own and are sought after byelectronics designers.

Practically no reports on primary chemical powersources (galvanic cells) were presented at the confer-ence. The conclusion that suggests itself is that these

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power sources practically exhausted the possibilities oftheir modification.

In Symposium 4A “

Electrochemical Technologiesfor Electronics”

of much interest was the report byT. Osaka (Japan) devoted to the use of self-organizingmonolayers for the surface modification and the cre-ation of diffusion barrier layers on silicon dioxide sub-strates. An alloy deposition theory based on the Markovchain theory was proposed by W. Plieth (Germany),who demonstrated its validity on a number of exam-ples. The participants of this symposium also heard thereport of T.L. Arzhanova (Russia) on the effect an elec-trochemical pretreatment of glassy carbon exerts on thecopper nucleation.

The majority of more than 40 oral reports (11invited lectures among them) and about 50 posters,which constituted Symposium 4B “Corrosion and Sur-face Treatments,” dealt with the application of electro-chemical approaches to studying corrosion and corro-sion-related processes and developing methods for cor-rosion protection of metals. For example, the lecturegiven by T. Tsuru (Tokyo Institute of Technology,Japan) was devoted to the simulation of atmosphericcorrosion. Tsuru proposed a very sophisticated methodfor monitoring the concentration of hydrogen dissolvedin carbon steels and zinc-plated steels. The hydrogen inquestion forms in the corrosion process that occurs inmetals in contact with atmosphere. Questions of themonitoring of the rate of a corrosion process with usemade of an impedance method were considered in thecommunication delivered by A. Nishikata of the samescientific group. A favorable impression was created bythe lecture of D. Landolt (Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology), who presented results of a study of corro-sion and passivation processes with the aid of methodsdesigned by him in the last few years. These includedthe rotating disk electrode and the rotating ring–diskelectrode, which are simultaneously electrodes for aquartz crystal microbalance, as well as a flow-throughcell for microweighing. A very interesting result con-cerning a comparison of friction coefficients onTa(100), which was first passivated and then stored inair, and a similar specimen in conditions of anodicpolarization was demonstrated in the lecture by M. Seo(Hokkaido University, Japan). Using “nanoscraping”with a diamond needle, the author established that rapidrepassivation of a specimen in contact with solutionleads to a rapid reduction of the oxide film and, conse-quently, to a considerable increase in the friction coef-ficient on it, as compared with the specimen in contactwith atmosphere.

It should be noted that in the last few years theresearchers pay much attention to the use of conductingpolymer films and self-organized monolayers of someorganic and inorganic substances for metal protection.These questions were the subject matter of a consider-able number of oral reports and posters presented byresearchers from Japan, South Korea, Germany,

France, and other countries. For example, T. Otsuka(Hokkaido University) comprehensively exploredpolypyrrole films modified with phosphorus molyb-dates as efficient coatings. The promise of polypyrrolefilms modified with inorganic nanoparticles (in particu-lar, iron oxides) was discussed in the report of someGerman researchers. The protection mechanism, theachievements, and the potential of practical use of con-ducting polymers for solving corrosion problems wereconsidered in the lecture presented on behalf of a col-lective of Vietnamese, Canadian, Belgian, and Frenchresearchers by C. Deslouis (P. & M. Curies University,France). Authors suggest that, by the mechanism oftheir protection action, the conducting polymer filmsshould be divided into two classes. These are the filmsduring formation of which a barrier mechanism ofmetal protection is realized and the films that slowdown metal dissolution via a mechanism of anodic pro-tection. The lecture by E. Kalman (Hungary)

SurfaceModification of Passive Iron by Self-Organized Mono-layers

discussed results obtained when thoroughlyexamining processes of formation of monolayers com-prising molecules of alkyl phosphonic acids on a pas-sive iron electrode with the aid of electrochemicalmethods and atomic force microscopy.

The lecture delivered by P. Marcus (France) arouseda keen interest. Using quantum-chemical calculationsby a density functional method, he made an attempt todescribe theoretically the process of destruction of thepassive (hydroxide) film on nickel by chloride ions.Results of calculations of the energy variation uponsubstituting chloride ions for the

OH

–

groups in thestructure of nickel hydroxide were presented. As fol-lows from the results, substituting chloride ions for thesurface hydroxy groups is an endothermic process. Theprocess turns exothermic only upon substituting chlo-ride ions for a considerable number of hydroxy groupsin deeper layers of nickel hydroxide.

Other problems that were discussed at this sympo-sium included passivation of particular alloys, methodsof formation and examination of protective coatings,and other problems, which had become traditional. Inthis respect one can note reports by J. Banas (Poland),P. Schmuki (Germany), F. Di Quarto (Italy), and otherspecialists from People’s Republic of China, SouthKorea, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, andother countries. The report of V.A. Safonov (Russia)presented results of a work on the elucidation of therole played by organic substances added into Cr(III)electrolytes for obtaining high-quality chromium coat-ings.

The results of studying anodic oxidation of Cu(111)and Cu(001) in an alkaline solution were presented byJ. Kunze (Germany). This work won the 2005 Hans-Juergen Engel Prize.

A considerable number of reports delivered at Sym-posium 5 were devoted to processes of water treatmentwith the aim of removing harmful impurities. The

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results of studying degradation of hormone substancesby means of photocatalysis on TiO

2

were presented byA. Fujishima (Japan). He also reported on the results ofoperation of a reactor constructed specially for purify-ing waters of the Tama river in the vicinity of Tokyo.Three reports on this symposium belonged to winnersof the Orontio De Nora Foundation Prize. Specifically,L.M. Da Silva (Brazil) reported on the optimization ofan electrochemical technique designed for producingozone by properly selecting the supporting electrolyte;D. Tsiplakides (Greece) presented results of studyingthe mechanism of electrochemical promotion of catal-ysis and discussed the problem of construction of cor-responding reactors; and N. Mano (United States) wonthis prize for a series of works on miniature biofuelcells, including those based on microelectrodesimplanted into living organisms.

Reports on organic electrochemistry were includedin Symposium 6 “Molecular Electrochemistry.” The 33oral reports and 13 posters presented at this symposiumwere devoted to studying the mechanism of electro-chemical reactions and preparative synthesis of impor-tant organic products. Of particular interest was thecommunication of A. Fry (Wesleyan University, Con-necticut, United States) about calculation approaches tounderstanding voltammetric behavior of unsaturatedhydrocarbons, in particular, the electrochemical reduc-tion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aproticmedia. Fry explored the effect tetraalkylammoniumand other cations have on the electroreduction ofanthracene and perylene in dimethylformamide and putforth assumptions about the formation of ionic pairsbetween dianions of aromatic compounds and the elec-trolyte cations. Toshio Fuchigami (Japan) discussednovel electrochemical systems for (

i

) anodic methoxy-lation and acetoxylation with recycleable solid bases assupporting electrolytes; (

ii

) efficient hydrogenation oforganic compounds in a flowing electrolyte with usemade of tubular palladium electrodes, where the palla-dium tube is used as the cathode and a channel forpumping the electrolyte; and (

iii

) organic electrosyn-thesis in conditions of an ultrasound action, whichmakes it possible to considerably accelerate electro-chemical reactions, improve the selectivity of pro-cesses, and raise the current efficiency. Systems withsolid bases were also used for performing Kolbe elec-trosynthesis (T. Tajima, H. Kurihara, and T. Fuchigamiof Tokyo Institute of Technology).

The electrochemical reduction of carbonyl com-pounds in ionic liquids was discussed in the reportgiven by A.P. Doherty (Northern Ireland School ofChemistry, United Kingdom). The author establishedthe effect of ionic liquids on the stabilization of radicalanions and dianions generated electrochemically andcompared the electrochemical behavior of benzoquino-nes in commonly accepted media and an ionic liquid.

In his report entitled

Electrocarboxylation of Halo-genalkylaryles in the Presence of

β

-Cyclodextrin

,

V.A. Grinberg (Russia) described the synthesis of animportant drug, S-Ibuprophene, by means of electro-chemical carboxylation of a supramolecular system—inclusion compound—

β

-cyclodextrin/aromatic halide.The process occurred at an enanthioselectivity withrespect to the S-form approaching 97%. Opticallyactive alkylpiperidines were synthesized by electrooxi-dation of pipiridinium ions at a high enanthioselectivityin a work presented by Y. Matsumura (Nagasaki Uni-versity, Japan). Some works were devoted to elec-trosynthesis and investigation of conducting polymers.The use of nitroxyl radicals (TEMRO) as oxidants in anindirect synthesis with the participation of alcohols wasdiscussed in the report presented by M. Kuroboshi(Okayama University, Japan). A new method of elec-trosynthesis of nickel, cobalt, and copper chelates with5,7-dinitro(8-arylamino)quinoline as the ligand wasproposed by T.V. Magdesieva (Moscow State Univer-sity). She also presented results of a study of the mech-anism of this process.

Symposium 7 “Physical Electrochemistry” hap-pened to be quite representative in both the number ofreports (60 oral ones, out of which 19 were invited, and48 posters) and the composition of the participants. Thereports were devoted chiefly to exploration of adsorp-tion structures and nanoparticles at the surface of sin-gle-crystal electrodes. Among the methods that wereused in the studies were computer-aided simulation,quantum chemistry methods, and modern physical insitu methods. The last group of methods included scan-ning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy,infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-rayspectroscopy, generation of a second harmonic, gener-ation of a summed frequency, and so on.

Of most interest were reports

a Model for ConcertedElectron and Proton Transfer Reactions

byW. Schmickler (Germany);

Ionic Association and IonicAtmosphere in Electrochemical Kinetics: A PerpetualStory

, by G.A. Tsirlina and O.A. Petrii (Russia), aboutthe role played by ionic association in the electrochem-ical kinetics;

Mechanisms of Peroxide and OxygenReduction on Platinum and Modified Gold Electrodes

,by A. Gewirth (United States);

Relaxation Processes inthe Surface Layer of Metallic Phase during the Forma-tion of Equilibrium Interface between Binary AlloyElectrodes and Inactive Electrolytes

, by V.A. Safonov(Russia);

Determination of the Double-Layer Capaci-tance of Pt(111) in Perchloric Acid Solutions

, byE. Herrero (Spain);

Kinetics and Mechanism of CopperUPD at Stepped

Pt(

hkl

)

)

Electrodes in the Presence ofAcetonitrile

, by A.I. Danilov (Russia);

the Relationshipbetween Interfacial Transfer and Adsorption–Desorp-tion of Surface-Active bis-Ammonium Ions at a Liq-uid/Liquid Interface

, by K. Maeda (Japan);

Structure ofa New Electrochemical Interface between a Room-Temperature Molten Salt and Water

, by T. Kakiuchi(Japan);

the Influence of Anions on Kinetics of Disso-ciative Adsorption of Ethylene Glycol on

Pt

(hkl) Elec-trodes

, by S.-G. Sun (P.R. China);

Combining Theory

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and Experiment for Understanding Electrocatalysis

, byM.T.M. Koper (The Netherlands); and

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Interfacial Water atPlatinum, Gold, and Silver Electrodes

, by Z.-Q. Tian(P.R. China). A report about quantitative assessment ofthe carbon monoxide adsorption on platinum and aplatinum–ruthenium catalyst was given by A. Wieck-owski (United States). The nonlinear optical assess-ment method, sum-frequency generation spectroscopy,allowed him to judge upon the dynamic behavior of theadsorbate. The results, obtained when simulating elec-trocrystallization on defective surfaces by the Monte-Carlo method, were presented by E.P.M. Leiva (Argen-tina). On behalf of the R.R. Nazmutdinov researchgroup, G.A. Tsirlina talked about modeling electro-chemical systems based on oxometallates. An impor-tant contribution to making that idea and the nanoelec-trochemistry approach more popular was made byreports delivered by H. Abruna (United States),P. Unwin (United Kingdom), M. Hepel (United States),and D. Kolb (Germany). A number of interesting com-munications were presented by Czechish researchersZ. Samec, P. Krtil, and V. Mare ek. The role of electro-chemical approach to elucidating physicochemicalaspects of the functioning of neural transmitters wasimpressively illustrated by Ch. Amatore (France). Thereport delivered by J. Lipkowski (Canada) about trans-formations that are induced by electric fields in thinorganic films deposited on electrodes won the Perga-mon Electrochimica Acta Gold Medal. The results ofstudying the oxygen reduction performed on solid elec-trolytes with conduction by oxygen ions were pre-sented by J. Fleig (Germany); for this work he wasawarded the Tajima Prize.

In 2005 for the first time ever the International Soci-ety of Electrochemistry awarded the so-called KatsumiNiki Prize for outstanding achievements in the field ofbioelectrochemistry. The prize went to J. Ulstrup (Den-mark), who delivered a lecture on the mechanism gov-erning redox transitions in biological molecules.

Very curious happened to be the session of youngelectrochemists. The session included reports of such

c

already famed scientists as R. Schuster (Germany),O. Magnussen (Germany), L. Kibler (Germany),E.R. Savinova (Russia), T. Homma (Japan),K. Friedrich (Germany), and others.

At ISE-56, probably for the first time we saw a largedelegation of electrochemists from Iran. The organizersof the ISE-56 meeting found it possible to offer achance to deliver oral communications to almost everyparticipating country: not that it did much good to somesessions, though. The distribution of reports over indi-vidual symposiums was not always the best either. Buton the whole all this barely affected the overall highstandard of the meeting.

The ISE-56 exhibition displayed electrochemicaldevices produced by some famous firms and also bysome Korean manufacturers, which are less known inRussia. Very conspicuous were automated programma-ble charge–discharge stands and assorted devices fortesting chemical power sources and technological pro-cesses utilized in the production of some powersources. Much space was occupied by scientific litera-ture and prospectuses for lithium-ion and lithium-poly-mer batteries as well as new articles and technologies ofsome firms.

The ISE decisions concerning the awarding of theISE awards for 2005 were declared at a general session.It pleases us to make a note of the fact that the FrumkinMemorial Medal for 2005 went to B.B. Damaskin, aprofessor of the Moscow State University.

The ISE-57, called

Innovative Electrochemistry:Enterprising Science

, is to be held in 2006 in Edinburgh(United Kingdom); the 2007 meeting

Exploring Fron-tiers of Electrochemistry

, in a resort town of Banff(Canada); and in 2008 the ISE holds its annual meetingin Seville (Spain). The 2006 Spring ISE Meeting “Elec-trochemical Material Science” will take place in Sin-gapore; and the next two, in Dublin (United Kingdom)and Foz do Iguasu (Brazil), in 2007 and 2008, respec-tively.

E.A. Nizhnikovskii, A.M. Skundin, V.A. Grinberg,A.I. Danilov, V.A. Safonov, and O.A. Petrii