The 4S Reactor Project The 4S Reactor Project The 4S Reactor Project The 4S Reactor Project

30 Years of Power30 Years of Power30 Years of Power30 Years of Power

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4S Reactor Project4S Reactor Project

Toshiba and CRIEPI Project Super Safe, Small & Simple & Secure Sodium-cooled, metallic fueled, small reactor Key features

• Fuel costs are set for 30 years

• Operates without the need for grid or backup power

• Higher temperature increases efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen production

• Negative heat coefficient

Toshiba and CRIEPI Project Super Safe, Small & Simple & Secure Sodium-cooled, metallic fueled, small reactor Key features

• Fuel costs are set for 30 years

• Operates without the need for grid or backup power

• Higher temperature increases efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen production

• Negative heat coefficient

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ElectricityElectricity

Hydrogen generationHydrogen generation

District HeatingDistrict Heating

DesalinationDesalination

4S Reactor Features4S Reactor Features

Transportable No refueling for 30 years Reasonable cost of power Cogeneration of H2 Passive safety Proliferation resistant

Transportable No refueling for 30 years Reasonable cost of power Cogeneration of H2 Passive safety Proliferation resistant

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Steam generator Secondary

cooling loop

Reactor top dome

Reactor Vessel & Guard Vessel

Seismic isolators

Turbine

GeneratorCondenser

Shielding Plug

Reactor Core

4S Cross Section4S Cross Section

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äCè„ÇÃóAëóäCè„ÇÃóAëóMarine transport

Barge

Designed for shop fabrication and mass production

Steel beam and autoclaved lightweight concrete

Steel plate reinforced concrete

TransportationTransportation

Approximate dimensions: 90’ x 68’ x 120’Approximate shipping weight: 3000 tons

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Electric Grid on the YukonElectric Grid on the Yukon

In 2004 the Department of Energy paid for a Study of the Galena Electrical Alternatives.

The Nuclear Power alternative was found to be most desirable both because of cost and because it causes less pollution.

In 2004 the Department of Energy paid for a Study of the Galena Electrical Alternatives.

The Nuclear Power alternative was found to be most desirable both because of cost and because it causes less pollution.

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Galena Electric Power –a Situational Analysis Advisory

Advisory Group Meeting July 21, 2004Outline Purpose Approach System OptionsSummaryEconomic Analysis Environmental Issues Conclusions

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Galena Electric Power –a Situational AnalysisGalena Electric Power –a Situational Analysis

Nuclear: Possible Uses of Extra Power

•Hydrogen Production •Greenhouses •Aquaculture •Galena as a test-bed •Transmission to Neighboring Villages Increased use by consumers

Nuclear: Possible Uses of Extra Power

•Hydrogen Production •Greenhouses •Aquaculture •Galena as a test-bed •Transmission to Neighboring Villages Increased use by consumers

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Mohamed ElBaradeiMohamed ElBaradei

Nobel laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, gave this year's David J. Rose Lecture on "Nuclear Technology in a Changing World: Have We Reached a Turning Point?" Photo / Donna Coveney

One potential strategy is to construct hundreds of mini-nuclear power plants that would each serve a single village, said ElBaradei. These plants would be less expensive than their full-size counterparts and could be set up without a need for an extensive power grid. In addition, the small-scale plants could be made with sufficient safety features to prevent meltdown and theft. This includes a passive cooling system that works even if power is shut down, said researchers this summer at Argonne National Laboratory. The reactors could also run for 30 years without the need to refuel, and any theft would require the use of large and conspicuous gear that could be visible by satellite, according to Argonne's senor technical advisor David Wade.

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GNEPGNEP

President George BushPresident George Bush

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GNEP Element Demonstrate SmaII Scale ReactorsGNEP Element Demonstrate SmaII Scale Reactors

In order to expand the use of nuclear energy in these small electricity markets, a small reactor is preferred for small electricity grids. These reactors will be safe, simple to operate, more proliferation-resistant, and highly secure.

How the reactors would work

Small, more proliferation-resistant reactors could incorporate features that would … include fuel designs that offer very long-life fuel loads (that last the entire life of the reactor); effective… safeguards … to promote non-proliferation; potential for district heating and potable water production; fully passive safety systems; simple operation that requires minimal in-country nuclear infrastructure; use of as much existing licensed or certified technology as possible; and use of advanced manufacturing techniques.

In order to expand the use of nuclear energy in these small electricity markets, a small reactor is preferred for small electricity grids. These reactors will be safe, simple to operate, more proliferation-resistant, and highly secure.

How the reactors would work

Small, more proliferation-resistant reactors could incorporate features that would … include fuel designs that offer very long-life fuel loads (that last the entire life of the reactor); effective… safeguards … to promote non-proliferation; potential for district heating and potable water production; fully passive safety systems; simple operation that requires minimal in-country nuclear infrastructure; use of as much existing licensed or certified technology as possible; and use of advanced manufacturing techniques.

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Pre-Application ReviewPre-Application Review

NRC recommends a Pre-Application Review before the reactor manufacturer files the application for Design Certification

Pre-Application Review identifies issues for:

• Compliance with generic NRC policy guidance

• Staff technical resolution before design certification gets underway

• Applicant follow-up to develop necessary design changes

Pre-Application Review allows reactor manufacturer to make an early decision on whether to proceed with certification

NRC recommends a Pre-Application Review before the reactor manufacturer files the application for Design Certification

Pre-Application Review identifies issues for:

• Compliance with generic NRC policy guidance

• Staff technical resolution before design certification gets underway

• Applicant follow-up to develop necessary design changes

Pre-Application Review allows reactor manufacturer to make an early decision on whether to proceed with certification

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4S Pre-Application4S Pre-Application

A Pre-Application Review for the 4S should take about one year

Intend to take advantage of the work that the NRC has already done in reviewing similar designs:

• Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR)

• Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM) liquid metal reactor

• Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)

• Argonne’s Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) and Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-II)

• Fast Flux Test Reactor (FFTR)

Address issues in the prior NRC design reviews

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Study and Document Preparation (TSB)

Submittal of Preliminary Safety Information Document (PSID) (TSB)

Meetings with NRC and NRC technical reviews (TSB, NRC)

NRC Questions to and Requests for Additional Information (NRC)

Development and Submittal of New or Modified Documents (TSB)

Initial Meeting with NRC Staff(TSB, NRC)

NRC Referral to Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards/ ACRS letter

Issuance of PSER (NRC)

Summary of Pre-Application ProcessSummary of Pre-Application Process

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4S Preliminary Cost Estimate4S Preliminary Cost Estimate

50MWe (135MWt) : Commercial plant (mass

production phase)

• Plant Construction: $ 2,500-$3,000/KWe

• Busbar Cost: $.065 mills-$.070 /KW-hr*

*8% house load factor is assumed

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O2

Ele

ctro

lyte

Cat

ho

de

An

od

e H2O

H2

O2-e-e-

(Solid OxideElectrolyte Cell)

Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Production

High temperature steam electrolyser

Hydrogen production from the 50 MWe

• ~15,000 Nm3/h

• ~10M gal/yr of diesel equivalent

• ~10,000 people in rural areas

• Production can be shared with district heating, desalination and electricity

High temperature steam electrolyser

Hydrogen production from the 50 MWe

• ~15,000 Nm3/h

• ~10M gal/yr of diesel equivalent

• ~10,000 people in rural areas

• Production can be shared with district heating, desalination and electricity

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Sample Commodity Costs –10 Megawatts of Electricity Equivalent

Sample Commodity Costs –10 Megawatts of Electricity Equivalent

Commodity Production Rate

10 MWe Yields:

Comments

Electricity 10 MW 240,000 KW/day

Oxygen 567 scf/min 817,071 scf/day

Assume electrolysis process using Teledyne Titan HP generator

Hydrogen 1134 scf/min

1,634,143 scf/day

Assumes electrolysis process using Teledyne Titan HP generator

Desalinated Water

6,381 gpm 9,188,522 gpd

Assumes Salt Water Reverse Osmosis process with 35,000 ppm TDS input and producing 350 ppm TDS output

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Construction PeriodConstruction Period

Month

Excavation

Waterproofing, lower mat, MMR (Man-Made Rock)

Seismic isolator

Transport rail for module

Module transport, rail dismantlement

Concrete curing of upper mat

Reactor room

Reactor

Start-up test

14 15 1610 11 12 136 7 8 92 3 4 5-3 -2 -1 1

rock inspectionÅ@ŧ

RV insertionŧ

Module settingÅ@Å@ŧ

ŧFuel load

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White PapersWhite Papers

The City obtained a legislative grant of $500,000 to get additional insight into the safety of the 4s reactor. This is being accomplished through a series of White papers. Each white paper is about 30 pages long and is available for review at www.roe.com.

Work on the papers is being done by Burns & Roe, a nuclear engineering firm in conjunction with PWSP, a large Washington DC law firm. There will a total of 7 White papers written. The topics are as follows:

The City obtained a legislative grant of $500,000 to get additional insight into the safety of the 4s reactor. This is being accomplished through a series of White papers. Each white paper is about 30 pages long and is available for review at www.roe.com.

Work on the papers is being done by Burns & Roe, a nuclear engineering firm in conjunction with PWSP, a large Washington DC law firm. There will a total of 7 White papers written. The topics are as follows:

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Overview White Paper Overview White Paper

All of the Whitepapers include a narrative on the

conditions that we deal with to produce power in rural Alaska. Also, they chronicle what steps the City council has taken on this project.

The Overview White Paper explains the mechanics of the reactor and the process required to get a reactor licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

All of the Whitepapers include a narrative on the

conditions that we deal with to produce power in rural Alaska. Also, they chronicle what steps the City council has taken on this project.

The Overview White Paper explains the mechanics of the reactor and the process required to get a reactor licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

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Nuclear Liability Nuclear Liability

This white paper provides background on the regulations

regarding liability insurance for Nuclear Power plants.

It then compares the 4s at 10 MGW to traditional nuclear plants at 1000 MGW.

Based on the smaller size and the passive safety features the paper requests that the NRC consider the lower range of the insurance requirements.

This white paper provides background on the regulations

regarding liability insurance for Nuclear Power plants.

It then compares the 4s at 10 MGW to traditional nuclear plants at 1000 MGW.

Based on the smaller size and the passive safety features the paper requests that the NRC consider the lower range of the insurance requirements.

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Physical Security Physical Security

This paper set forth the general physical security for

nuclear power plants, such as how many guards and fencing etc.

The paper explains the inherent safety features of the 4s

design. Then provides a conceptual overview of the physical security requirements in Galena and identifies the staffing levels that would be needed.

This paper set forth the general physical security for

nuclear power plants, such as how many guards and fencing etc.

The paper explains the inherent safety features of the 4s

design. Then provides a conceptual overview of the physical security requirements in Galena and identifies the staffing levels that would be needed.

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Emergency Planning Emergency Planning

This paper addresses two components of emergency planning. First is the plan to deal with onsite radiological emergencies and the second is to prepare offsite plans to provide responses to an emergency in the area surrounding the plant.

The paper recommends a clear zone of 800 meters or a half mile around the facility. This is the distance that would need to be evacuated in the case of an emergency at the plant.

State regulations will deal with the risk associated with offsite plumes.

This paper addresses two components of emergency planning. First is the plan to deal with onsite radiological emergencies and the second is to prepare offsite plans to provide responses to an emergency in the area surrounding the plant.

The paper recommends a clear zone of 800 meters or a half mile around the facility. This is the distance that would need to be evacuated in the case of an emergency at the plant.

State regulations will deal with the risk associated with offsite plumes.

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DecommissioningDecommissioning

This paper describes the planning for the 3 major areas of decommissioning.

1. selecting the appropriate disposal method at the end of the useful life; disposing of the spent fuel, the sodium and returning the site to it’s natural state,

2. estimating the cost of decommissioning and 3. establishing a mechanism for funding the decommissioning.

Decommissioning includes disposal of the spent fuel, the primary sodium and the carrier vessel.

This paper describes the planning for the 3 major areas of decommissioning.

1. selecting the appropriate disposal method at the end of the useful life; disposing of the spent fuel, the sodium and returning the site to it’s natural state,

2. estimating the cost of decommissioning and 3. establishing a mechanism for funding the decommissioning.

Decommissioning includes disposal of the spent fuel, the primary sodium and the carrier vessel.

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Seismic ConsiderationsSeismic Considerations

The Seismic White Paper discusses the relevant siting issues including the historical characteristics of the region and the pertinent design features of the 4s reactor.

The Seismic White Paper discusses the relevant siting issues including the historical characteristics of the region and the pertinent design features of the 4s reactor.

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ContainmentContainment

The Containment white paper is a summary of the reactor vessel and other containment systems.

The paper includes a general plant description, with extra attention to those systems responsible for containment of the core in the event of a severe accident.

The system is designed so that a sodium leak will not leave the core uncovered.

The Containment white paper is a summary of the reactor vessel and other containment systems.

The paper includes a general plant description, with extra attention to those systems responsible for containment of the core in the event of a severe accident.

The system is designed so that a sodium leak will not leave the core uncovered.

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Next Steps: Ownership Next Steps: Ownership

A small Municipality such as Galena will not be the owner of the 4s Nuclear Plant. Issues include:

• Liability

• Financing

• Long term sustainability

A small Municipality such as Galena will not be the owner of the 4s Nuclear Plant. Issues include:

• Liability

• Financing

• Long term sustainability

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Ownership ContinuedOwnership Continued

Ownership will most likely be an LLC. Potential scenarios with pro’s & con’s are:

1. State of Alaska – AIDEA

Pro: Access to bond funds, loan guarantees,

Control determination on siting & location

could become owner/distributor/franchisee

Increased credibility at Toshiba, NRC, DOE

Con: AEA prohibited for nuclear projects

Educating the politicians to understand the viability of the operations,

no state commitment to become involved.

Ownership will most likely be an LLC. Potential scenarios with pro’s & con’s are:

1. State of Alaska – AIDEA

Pro: Access to bond funds, loan guarantees,

Control determination on siting & location

could become owner/distributor/franchisee

Increased credibility at Toshiba, NRC, DOE

Con: AEA prohibited for nuclear projects

Educating the politicians to understand the viability of the operations,

no state commitment to become involved.

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Ownership ContinuedOwnership Continued

2. Private corporations.

Pro: Access to capital

Faster decision making

Other energy facilities

Con: most likely not Alaska specific

Profitability primary decision making toolCherry picking

2. Private corporations.

Pro: Access to capital

Faster decision making

Other energy facilities

Con: most likely not Alaska specific

Profitability primary decision making toolCherry picking

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Alaskan DemandAlaskan Demand

1. Communities

Several communities have already expressed interest in this energy source

Any community or group of communities with a combined load of 5 MGW or more would also benefit

2. Industry Remote or off grid mining companies need an alternative to the high

cost and transportation issues associated with diesel The size is also appropriate for some of the pipeline pump stations

1. Communities

Several communities have already expressed interest in this energy source

Any community or group of communities with a combined load of 5 MGW or more would also benefit

2. Industry Remote or off grid mining companies need an alternative to the high

cost and transportation issues associated with diesel The size is also appropriate for some of the pipeline pump stations

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Prerequisites for DeploymentPrerequisites for Deployment

1. NRC approval of the 4s plant

2. Owner & Operations alternatives settled

3. Plant production schedules set

4. Predictable construction schedules

5. Funding for R & D

1. NRC approval of the 4s plant

2. Owner & Operations alternatives settled

3. Plant production schedules set

4. Predictable construction schedules

5. Funding for R & D