The 3 motives reinforce each other• Political: Become a world power through gaining

wealth and land. (______________)• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle

Eastern Muslims. (_____________)• Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct

access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (___________)

Direct Causes = 3 G’s

MERCANTILISM

COLONIZATION IS A NATURAL OUTGROWTH OF EXPLORATIONCOLONIES EXIST TO

BENEFIT THE “MOTHER COUNTRY”

1.Get as much gold and silver as you can

2.Establish a _____________________3.Get colonies

Who: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUSWhen: __________What: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria•Discovered Americas•looking for westward route to Asia•Met “Taino” – very generous•Columbus’ men treated Taino very harsh•Claimed land for Spain•Taino that resisted were killed•Columbus required Taino to give him Gold – those that did not were killed__•____________________________________”

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEFROM EUROPE FROM NORTH AMERICA

WheatGrapesBananasSugarcaneCoffeeCattlePigsGoatsChickensHorsesDonkeys

TomatoesPumpkinsPeppersCornPotatoesSweet PotatoesTurkeysPineapplesBeansPeanutsSquash

Who: Herman Cortes

When: 1519

What: ___________________•Conquered the _____________ (Mexico)•Dona Maria – translator for Cortes•Cortes allied with enemies of the Atzecs•Moctezuma felt Cortes was the Aztec god-king, _____________________ who had promised to return from the east•1521 – Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan

Who: Francisco PizarroWhen: 1532What: Conquistador

Conquered the ______________ (Peru)Defeated Atahualpa (Inca king)

Good• Doors to the

Americas were opened

• A ‘New World’ was discovered– Colonies

• Increased trade• Geographic

knowledge• Christianity

spread

BAD• Natives got

diseases that killed them

• Natives lost their freedom, customs and pride

1. Spanish Monarchs allowed officials to demand labor / tribute (cheap labor supply)• “granted” to deserving subjects of the King

2. In return the Conquistador was obligated to•protect his wards• instruct them in the Christian faith•defend their right to use and live off the land

3. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population4. The King prevented the encomienda with the ______________________(1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish•Indians could be educated and converted to _______________•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways

Ruling the New “Spanish Empire”Council of the Indies

•Passed laws for new colonies•Kept watch for misuse of power by officials

Viceroys Representatives sent by the king to rule in his name

Audiencias (Advisory Councils) Assisted the Viceroys

Catholic Church

•Converted natives•Sent Missionaries (Jesuits)•Introduced European clothing, Spanish language, carpentry, locksmithing•Education (Univ. of Mexico – 1551)

SOCIAL CLASSESPENINSULARES Born in Spain (Iberian Peninsula

“Peninsulares”Controlled governmentControlled Church

CREOLES •American born descendants of Spanish settlers•Owned plantations/mines

MESTIZOS Native American and European descent

MULATTOES African and European descentPEONS Workers forced to work land for

landlord to pay off debt

Colonizing North AmericaFRANCE ENGLAND

•Jacques Cartier (1534)•________________ (“New France”)•Furs and Fishing•Quebec to Great Lakes down to Gulf of Mexico

•John Cabot (1497)•______________ (1607)•Plymouth (1620)>Pilgrims (Mayflower)>_________________>religious freedom•Mayflower Compact>guidelines for government – beginning of _______________

Colonial Competition• England and France becoming rivals• Fought over land• ________________________ WAR

•1754-1763• Seven Years’ War• England won•1763 – Treaty of Paris–English control of North America

2 months to travel

Spanish 1st to begin “Slave Trade”

Over 10 million slaves were taken against their will on the

“__________________________” to the Americas during the nearly

300 years of the Atlantic slave trade.

IRON SHACKLES

“Floating Coffins” nearly ½ died during

“Middle Passage” due to disease or mistreatment