THE 2002 REVIEW ON STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR … · received from Parties in response to the 2002 questionnaire that was made available to Parties ... determine that if certain

EXECUTIVE BODY FOR THE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION

THE 2002 REVIEW ON STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT

THE 1998 PROTOCOL ON HEAVY METALS

REPLIES TO QUESTIONS 28 - 36 OF THE 2002 QUESTIONNAIRE

Prepared by the secretariat from submissions by the Parties Introduction

1. This document is the basis for part of the 2002 review of policies and strategies requested by the Executive Body at its nineteenth session in December 2001. It provides the answers as received from Parties in response to the 2002 questionnaire that was made available to Parties between February and May 2002.

2. The document is intended as a reference for the Draft Summary of the 2002 Review of Strategies and Policies for Air Pollution Abatement (EB.AIR/2002/1 and EB.AIR/2002/1/Add.1), and will be provided to the Executive Body, the Implementation Committee and will be made available through the Convention’s web site. Answers are supplied in English below, except for those from Greece, who replied in French. English translations of these will be made available at a later date.

3. This section summarizes the answers received to questions 28 to 36 of the questionnaire regarding the Protocol on Heavy Metals. Since the Protocol is not yet in force, all of the questions in this section are optional. 19 of the 36 Signatories to the Protocol that replied to any or all of the questions in this section are: Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.

Question 28: Provide information, as required by article 7, on the national strategies, policies and programmes developed in accordance with article 5, paragraph 1, to implement the Protocol and control and reduce emissions of the heavy metals listed in annex I to the Protocol. You may wish to include information on measures such as those listed in article 5, paragraph 2. If applicable, please include information on measures taken for other heavy metals, not listed in annex I.

Austria. Austria has not yet ratified the Protocol on Heavy Metals. Nevertheless in Austria early measures for the reduction of heavy metals emissions, like limit values for particulate matter and a ban on leaded petrol, have been taken. Currently regulations for stationary sources in general (licensing procedure and BAT requirement, see Q.30) and for several specific sectors (specific emission limit values, see Q.31) as well as for several products (see Q.32 and Q.33) are in force. As a consequence, emissions of the heavy metals listed in Annex I have considerably dropped (by 2/3 and more) since the 80ies. In the course of the licensing procedure according to the industrial code relevant other heavy metals, which are not listed in Annex I, are

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 2 taken into account. Specific emission limit values for several other heavy metals have been set for some source categories, like waste combustion or production of non-ferrous metals.

Bulgaria. Bulgaria signed the Protocol. A National strategy was drawn up with relevant institutions. The Strategy envisages gaining the following ceilings of emissions in 2010: lead 177 t/y, cadmium 12 t/y and mercury 5,8 t/y compared to 1990 or respectively decreasing with 60 %, 58 % and 56 %. The implementation of Directive 96/61/EC /IPPC/ and phased-out of lead petrol from 1 of January 2004, will help on the realization.

Canada. Canada will implement the requirements of this article through existing strategies, policies, programmes and measures addressing Heavy Metals, including: the federal Toxic Substances Management Policy and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Policy for the Management of Toxic Substances; the Canada-Wide Standards process under the Canada-Wide Accord on Environmental Harmonization, which establishes a common vision, objectives and principles to inform the partnership of environmental management between the federal and provincial/territorial governments; federal legislation and regulations such as the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, the Fisheries Act and associated regulations which govern toxics released to air, water and soil; provincial/territorial legislation and regulations which regulate the release of toxics to air, water and soil in their jurisdictions. regional and ecosystem strategies, including the Northern Contaminants Programme www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ncp/index_e.html, the North American Regional Action Plans www.cec.org, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy www.epa.gov/glnpo/bns, the Canada-Ontario Agreement, the Fraser River Action Plan and St-Laurent Vision 2000 and the New England Governors / Eastern Canadian Premiers Mercury Action Plan www.cmp.ca/neg.htm#list

Croatia. Croatia has information on emission levels and sources of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). These indicate that major improvements are needed in industry. The main instruments of air quality protection policy are the By-laws on Limit Values of Pollutant Emissions from Stationary Sources, on Quality Standards for Liquid Oil Fuels, on Recommended and Limit Ambient Air Quality Values and the Law on Waste. The Law on Air Quality Protection identifies remedial measures in areas of poor air quality. The adopted National Environmental Strategy includes a number of industrial measures.

Czech Republic. Implementation of the Protocol on Heavy Metals is based particularly on the up-dated "State Environmental Policy", approved in Resolution of the Government of CR No. 38 of January 10. 2001, which fully respects the requirements of the Protocol and lays down the following requirements and targets: to improve the collection of data and submission of reports on the occurrence of heavy metals and other hazardous substances, including fine dust particles; to introduce emission limit values for solid pollutants for newly established sources at the level of the Protocol to CLRTAP and the EU Directives; to support the use of cleaner fuels over the use of solid fuels, greater use of renewable and secondary energy sources and potential savings in an attempt to increase their fraction in covering the overall consumption of energy to at least 8% by 2010, introduction of modern high-efficiency energy technology (fluidised-bed combustion, gas and steam-gas cycles, etc.) and combined production of heat and electricity, professional consulting and enlightenment in the area of effective energy use, voluntary activities by industry to attain the stricter limits and application of cleaner production procedures - to prepare a program of broad application of low-emission, low-waste and energy-saving technologies. The

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 3 requirements of the Protocol will also be covered in general by the new Clean Air Act No. 86/2002 Coll., with will come into force from June 1, 2002 and the Act on IPPC No. 76/2002 Coll., which will come into force on Jan. 1, 2003.

Denmark. Denmark’s primary goal is to limit, to the greatest extent possible, the exposure of the environment and humans to heavy metals. This goal will guide efforts relating to cadmium, lead and mercury (Hg) as well as efforts directed towards other heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, etc.) which deserve attention. The strategy aims at limiting the release and use of heavy metals by substitution, and secondly to promote recycling and treatment. In 2001 a new guideline regulating the emissions to the air from all significant sources was introduced. This includes limit values.

Finland. Finland has ratified the 1998 heavy metals protocol in June 2000 and upon ratification specified the year 1990 as the base year for emission reductions. The Environmental Protection Act (86/2000) and Degree (169/2000) by which the Council Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive 96/61/EC) was transposed to national legislation, was adopted in March 2000. The installations or activities mentioned in Annex II (Stationary Source Categories) of the Heavy Metals Protocol are subject to environmental permitting procedure under the Environmental Protection Act. With the exception of waste incineration no general regulations for heavy metals emissions are in Finnish legislation. The emission reduction requirements issued in the permit shall be based on best available techniques (BAT). All significant stationary heavy metal emission sources like large combustion plants, installations producing iron and steel, copper, nickel and zinc, cement manufacturing have to apply for a permit.

Germany. Air pollution control activity in Germany is governed by the 1974 Act of Federal Immission Control (BImSchG). A basic feature of this act is the precautionary principle, which means in practical terms that all sources must prevent and control emissions according to the state of the art. National strategies, policies and programmes developed for air pollution abatement cover the various stages of the generation of air pollution and a large spectrum of environmental policy instruments. Since the mid-1970s a system of ordinances and technical instructions determining the state of the art of emission prevention and control has come into effect. A list with full name of regulations has been made available to the secretariat.

Greece. La legislation fixe des VLE pour toutes les sources fixes de pollution par le Cd et le Pb. Ces sources sont soumises a autorisation et doivent appliquer des mesures de protection de l'environnement. Les dispositions de la Directive 96/61/CE de la Communaute relative a la prevention et a la reduction integrees de la pollution vont etre appliquees. L'emploi de l'essence sans plomb deja contribue a la reduction des emissions de plomb.

Hungary. Hungary plans to ratify the 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals. There are two prerequisites of the ratification. 1 - a detailed survey on emission sources that can substantiate the necessary measures to be taken in the future. 2 - Preparation of a National Reduction Program. Hungary usually provides emission data beyond the three heavy metals listed in the protocol.

Italy. Italy’s policy to control and reduce heavy metals emissions is inspired by the polluter pays and user pays principles, applied through a mix of command and control measures and economic instruments. Its programmes and measures are based on a regulation framework: air

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 4 quality standards for lead and particulate, population attention and warning levels for TSP, emission limits for heavy metals and dust for combustion plants and industrial installations, limits on content of heavy metals in specific products. Measures also include promotion of renewable energies sources and energy saving, efficient use of resources and raw material encouraging recycling and re-use, developing of less polluting transport systems, phase out of certain heavy metals in products, application of BAT to energy and industrial processes.

Latvia. The national strategies and programmes for the implementation of the Protocol are not yet developed. Energy policies in Latvia, such as use of renewable energy (hydro, wind, biofuels), improved energy efficiency in energy generation, conversion and use, the cycling transport development etc. reduce fossil fuel requirements and decline the emissions of all pollutants and heavy metals emissions also. The excise tax exemptions are introduced for the unleaded gasoline and gasoline-bioethanol mix. Amendments to the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No.32 (22.01.2002.) determine that if certain levels for soil and groundwater pollution with heavy metals and other substances are exceed, the rehabilitation should be done.

Liechtenstein. The 1986 Air pollution Control Act and the 1987 Ordinance on Air Pollution, amended 1988, 1992 and 1999, regulate emissions from stationary sources. The Ordinance contains emission standards for organic and inorganic pollutants, including heavy metals, as well as fuel and petrol requirements. According to the precautionary principle emissions are to be limited as far as technically feasible. Based on the Customs Union Treaty with Switzerland the 1986 Swiss Ordinance relating to Environmentally Hazardous Substances is also applicable in Liechtenstein. The Ordinance contains regulations for particular groups of chemicals. Among them, several regard emissions of hazardous substances into the atmosphere which may occur during production, use and waste treatment (e.g. heavy metals).

Netherlands. Policy on heavy metals aims at reduction and prevention (by replacing hazardous by less hazardous substances). Policies/measures: ·Active engagement in realising international reduction agreements. OSPARCOM and EU obligations are implemented. ·Strategy On Management of Substances submitted to Parliament (2001), including chemicals management (with HM). In co-operation with industry, policy will deal with total life cycle of substances and product chain responsibility. Substances are categorised into so called ‘concern’ categories, based on persistency, toxicity and bio-accumulative properties; Implementing the Decree on Copper Compounds for Preserved Wood, banning import, use or trade of wood, preserved with copper compounds; Barring use of carcinogenic, mutagenic an reprotoxic substances and very persistant, bio-accumulating, toxic substances in consumer products and allowing only very restricted use in industrial applications.

Norway. The heavy metals listed in Annex I are nationally prioritised for action. This implies that the emissions shall be significantly reduced before 2010, and an action plan on how to achieve this is developed. The basis for future reporting on emissions of the three heavy metals is established. Total annual emissions of Pb, Cd and Hg to air have been calculated for the period 1990 to 1999 and a procedure for future annual update of the emission inventory is established. The calculations are based on information from the Norwegian Pollution Release and Transfer Register (PRTR), a new survey on emissions of heavy metals from metallurgical industry (performed in 2000 and 2001), use of emission factors and modelling.

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 5

Poland. In 1998 an “Analysis of the possibilities for signing by Poland the protocols on persistent organic pollutants and on heavy metals to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution” was prepared prior to signing both protocols by Poland. It includes an evaluation of the possibilities of implementation of the basic obligations by Poland. This document was the basis for the draft “National strategy for the reduction of heavy metal emissions” which was elaborated at the end of 1999 and lately updated (2001/2002). At the same time a frame work document - the new National Environmental Policy for 2003-2006, covering overall environmental issues, including heavy metal emissions, is awaiting to be approved by the Council of Ministers and the Parliament this year. Within its short-, medium- and long term priorities the need for, inter alia, undertaking activities leading to heavy metal emission reduction and for preparation and implementation of a heavy metal emission reduction programme, is underlined. Wider use of emission standards in the industry, energy and transport sectors, the use of product control measures (limit values for heavy metal contents), introduction of BAT, and emission standards for 11 source categories to the Polish legislation – are only some of the points mentioned in the new environmental policy. The need for the reduction of heavy metal emissions through changes in the structure of fuel consumption with an increase in the use of natural gas, liquid fuels and renewable sources, installation of emission reduction devices, etc. is also stressed in the governmental document “Principles for Poland’s national energy policy until 2020” which was approved by the Council of Ministers in February 2000. In compliance with the EU directives Poland will introduce obligations concerning the sulphur content limit values in motor fuels. The strategy on heavy metal emission reduction points out the most important needs related to the provisions of the Protocol that include:

�� modification of the Polish public system of statistics (emission inventories);

�� a detailed prognosis for heavy metal emissions on the national and sectoral level;

�� an inventory of major emission sources within the 11 categories;

�� evaluation of applied technologies and emission control measures;

�� technical and cost-effective analysis of the possibilities for introducing BAT;

�� mandatory and recommended product control measures;

�� analysis of the effectiveness of applying different economic and market instruments;

�� preparation of appropriate emission standards for stationary and mobile emission sources.

Most of the listed activities are already underway and initial results have been achieved. Due to the industrial restructuring Poland reduced its heavy metal emissions and electric energy consumption. Significantly highest emission reduction results have been obtained with lead and cadmium, the lowest in relation to mercury. Already Poland has managed to stop the production of leaded petrol in 2002 despite plans for 2005.

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 6

Switzerland. Switzerland set out the principles of its air pollution control policy in the 1985 Federal Law relating to the Protection of the Environment. Its objective is to protect man and his environment using both source-oriented and effect-oriented approaches. It stipulates minimum economically feasible emissions, but controls are more stringent if harmful effects are expected. The Ordinance of 1986 on Environmentally Hazardous Substances regulates the import, production, supply, use and export of substances that may present a hazard to the environment. In addition to the general regulations, annexes to this Ordinance contain special regulations for particular groups of chemicals. Among them are several of special interest regarding the emissions of hazardous substances to the atmosphere which may occur during production and use or during waste treatment (e.g. heavy metals).

United Kingdom. The UK has already met the main requirement of the Protocol to reduce annual emissions to air of cadmium, lead and mercury to below 1990 levels. UK emissions of cadmium to air for 1990 were roughly 26 tonnes, in 1998 emissions had halved to 13 tonnes. For lead 3,000 tonnes were emitted in 1990 by 1998 emissions had fallen to 1,000 tonnes, a 75 per cent reduction. Lastly, mercury emissions to air in 1990 were 31 tonnes and in 1998 had been reduced to around 13 tonnes. The other requirements of the Protocol are met by the Pollution Prevention and Control and Local Air Pollution Control regulations, which require the use of BAT and BATNEEC for all the stationary sources covered by the Protocol. For other heavy metals the UK is currently involved in the proposal for an EU Air Quality Daughter Directive on Heavy Metals. This proposal is looking at controlling and reducing emissions of arsenic, cadmium and nickel.

United States. The U.S. has a national program that establishes emission standards for over 170 stationary source categories, including all the categories identified in Annex II. These standards apply to sources that emit 10 tpy or more of a single hazardous air pollutant (HAP) or 25 tpy or more of a mixture of HAP. The standards focus on reducing emissions of 188 HAP, including cadmium, lead, and mercury and their compounds. The emission limit values required by the standards are established at levels that reflect the use of best available techniques, similar to those identified in Annex III. In 2000, EPA issued a rule which identified mobile source air toxics and evaluated the feasibility of developing rules to control these substances. Mobile source HAP include compounds of six metals: arsenic, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and nickel. Cadmium is not emitted from motor vehicles. The source of these HAP emissions are trace amounts of these compounds in engine oil or fuel that come from additives, impurities , and products of engine wear and oil consumption. No additional mobile source controls are anticipated. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/toxics.htm

Question 29: Provide information, as required by article 3, paragraph 1, on measures taken to reduce emissions of the heavy metals listed in annex I from their level in the reference year set in accordance with that annex. Please indicate the reference year for each metal.

Austria. Please see replies to Q.s30–33 for details.

Bulgaria. Bulgaria is expecting to decide on 1998 as its reference years for the emissions of cadmium and lead and 1990 for mercury.


Canada. Mercury: Canada-wide Standards for incinerators and base metals smelters; mercury containing lamps (1990 baseline); and dental amalgam waste (base year 2000); Chlor-Alkali Mercury Release Regulations specify limits for releases to ambient air; Canada/US Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy (1988 baseline); North American Regional Action Plan (1990 base year); New England Governors / Eastern Canadian Premiers (1998 baseline) Lead; Secondary Lead Smelter Release Regulations limit the concentration of particulate matter containing lead emitted into the ambient air; Use of compounds containing lead is regulated under the Hazardous Products Act, the Food and Drug Act and the Pest Control Products Act; Migratory Bird Regulations ban use of lead shot for hunting of most migratory game birds in wetland areas Metals in General; The voluntary Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics program (1988 base year).

Croatia. Croatia’s emissions of lead, mercury and cadmium (1990-1998) are decreasing and Croatia can provide possible explanations for the changes.

Czech Republic. Ministry of the Environment Decree No. 117/1997 Coll., as amended, lays down the emission limits for particulate matter and heavy metals. Determination of the emission limits contributed to reducing HM emissions, especially in recent years. Compared to the reference year of 1990, by 2000 emissions of Cd had decreased by 34.3%, of Hg by 48.9% and of Pb by 60% (with a gradual decrease in the lead content in petrol and an increase in production and sale of unleaded petrol). The implementing regulations for the new Clean Air Act, which came into force on June 1, 2002, contain emission limits in accordance with the Protocol, and are harmonized with the EC Directive. The requirements of the Protocol are also respected in Act No. 76/2002 Coll., on Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC), which is to come into force on Jan. 1, 2003. The sale of leaded automobile petrols was terminated by Jan. 1, 2001 on the basis of Ministry of Transport and Communications Decree No. 244/1999 Coll. and according to Act No. 56/2001 Coll. Unleaded petrol may contain a maximum of 0.005 g/l lead.

Production of Pb by individual kinds of transport (t) Kind of transport

Year

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Individual automobile

204 177 177 172 141 129 122 121 115 71 54

Aircraft 17 17 25 17 17 6 7 6 5 8,5 8,5 Highway freight*

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 12 18 15

Transport, total 221 194 202 189 158 135 129 141 132 98 78 *Since 1997, petrol-powered vans have also been included amongst highway freight automobiles.

Denmark. The use of cadmium as surface treatment, as a pigment and as a stabilizer in plastics has been banned (with some delays) since 1983. The content of cadmium in phosphorous fertilizers has been limited since 1989. A general ban (with delays and exemptions) on lead compounds in products and bans on specific uses of metallic lead in products were introduced in 2000. A general ban on mercury in products (with delays and exemptions) was introduced in 1994.


Finland. According to the emission inventory the emissions to air of the three heavy metals under the protocol were in the base year 1990; lead 326,1 tonnes, cadmium 6,3 tonnes and mercury 1,1 tonnes. By the year 2000 the emissions of lead have been reduced by 99 per cent, emissions of cadmium by 77 per cent and emissions of mercury by 45 per cent from the 1990 level. The emission reductions have been achieved by specifying emission limit values for heavy metals in the individual permit for each installation and due to the changes in metal processes or due to taking more effective cleaning measures to reduce particles and heavy metals in the in the waste gases.

Germany. The reference year for the HM emission reductions is 1990. Requirements on the reduction of Heavy Metals emissions are laid down in particular in the TA Luft, 13. BImSchV and 17. BImSchV. They cover besides Hg, Cd and Pb also Tl, As, Co, Ni, Se, Te, Sb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pt, Pd, Rh, V and Sn. The establishment and operation of installations particularly liable to cause harmful effects on the environment are subject to licensing. These plants are listed in the 4th ordinance (4. BImSchV). Detailed provisions relating to the licensing procedure are laid down in the 9th ordinance (9. BImSchV). Measures for elimination and use restrictions of Heavy Metals in Products are regulated on the basis of the Chemicals Act: The Ordinance on the Prohibition of Chemicals and the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances cover the placement on the market and the use of certain hazardous substances, preparations, and products. Currently, provisions on compounds of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Sn are in force. Of equal importance as direct regulatory measures to control air emissions is an efficient use of energy. The measures initiated to this end are listed in the Federal Government’s National Climate Protection Programme of Oct. 2000. For the full name of regulations see the annex. Requirements on the reduction of Heavy Metals emissions are laid down in particular in the TA Luft, 13. BImSchV and 17. BImSchV. They cover besides Hg, Cd and Pb also Tl, As, Co, Ni, Se, Te, Sb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pt, Pd, Rh, V and Sn. The establishment and operation of installations particularly liable to cause harmful effects on the environment are subject to licensing. These plants are listed in the 4th ordinance (4. BImSchV). Detailed provisions relating to the licensing procedure are laid down in the 9th ordinance (9. BImSchV). Measures for elimination and use restrictions of Heavy Metals in Products are regulated on the basis of the Chemicals Act: The Ordinance on the Prohibition of Chemicals and the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances cover the placement on the market and the use of certain hazardous substances, preparations, and products. Currently, provisions on compounds of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Sn are in force. Of equal importance as direct regulatory measures to control air emissions is an efficient use of energy. The measures initiated to this end are listed in the Federal Government’s National Climate Protection Programme of Oct. 2000. For the full name of regulations see the annex.

Hungary. Placing on the market of the leaded petrol was banned on 1st of April 1999.

Italy. Italy’s emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury are decreasing since 1990. This is principally due to the introduction of emission reduction measures of dust in energy and industrial processes, to the use of cleaner fuels, to the phase out or substitution of heavy metals in certain products. In particular, the progressive reduction of the use of leaded petrol has leaded to a substantive reduction in lead emissions.

Latvia. The reference year for lead, cadmium and mercury is 1990. Emission levels were not set. Cabinet of Ministers Regulations No.158 on restriction and prohibits for use and marketing of hazardous chemical substances and hazardous chemical products (in force starting

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 9 from 01.01.2001.) define the list of the substances and products, including those containing heavy metals, and restrictions for their use. The air-monitoring network of Latvia is involved in the EUROAIRNET system.

Liechtenstein. No emission inventories for heavy metals are available yet. However, several measures taken during the last years make it sure that the emissions have been reduced. Such measures are the emission limitations according to the Ordinance on Air pollution, introduction of gas for heating purposes and the phasing out of leaded petrol.

Netherlands. The reference year for each metal is 1990. The emission levels in 1990 were 1.9 tons (Cd), 3 tons (Hg) and 272 tons (Pb) and are constantly monitored. Since 1982 a national emission registration exists for air and water. According to the latest Environmental Balance, the emission levels in 1999 were 1.0 ton (Cd), 0.5 ton (Hg) and 35.4 ton (Pb) respectively. Examples of measures: Decrees on emission limit values for combustion plants (Bees A & B), permits using BAT and the Netherlands Emission Guidelines (Q 54), covenants with industry (integrated environment task) and a Long-Term program on Crop Protection.

Norway. Emission limits are given in all permits to industry, sometimes including a duty to evaluate and possibly substitute the raw materials. The applied limits may be more stringent then those given in annex V. An extensive survey on HM-emissions from the metallurgical industry was performed in 2000 and 2001. A revision of existing emission limits may be considered. Implementation of the EU-directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC) aims at the use of BAT in existing sources by 2007. Emission controls for crematories are under consideration. The reference year is 1990 for all 3 heavy metals. Figures from 1999 indicate that he emissions of lead have been reduced by 90 % in the period from 1990 to 1999, while the reduction for cadmium and mercury is in the range of 30 - 35 %.

Poland. The Protocol on heavy metals does not determine obligatory annual emission ceilings for the three heavy metals (cadmium, lead and mercury), but requires not to exceed the emission levels of the reference year(s). According to the “National strategy for the reduction of heavy metal emissions” Poland has chosen the following reference years for heavy metal annual emissions:

1985 – for cadmium, 1985 – for lead, and 1988 – for mercury. So far, the emission reduction levels achieved by Poland for these metals in 1999 compared to the years above are as follows: for cadmium – app. 56.5%, for lead – app. 62.8%, and for mercury – app. 31.7%. Prognoses for the year 2010, regardless some assumed increase in mercury emissions but not exceeding the level of the year 1988, are optimistic – introduction of emission standards to major categories of emission sources, changes in energy sectors, the use of product control measures, among other measures, should bring satisfactory results in Poland.

Switzerland. Switzerland applies the precautionary principle, i.e. preventing emissions by as much as technically feasible and economically acceptable. There are no other reduction targets for heavy metals. The reference year for each metal is 1990.

United Kingdom. Please see reply to previous question.


United States. The U.S. has a national program that establishes emission standards for over 170 stationary source categories, including all the source categories identified in Annex II. These standards apply to sources that emit 10 tpy or more of a single hazardous air pollutant (HAP) or 25 tpy or more of a mixture of HAP. The standards focus on reducing emissions of 188 HAP, including cadmium, lead, and mercury and their compounds. The emission limit values required by the standards are established at levels that reflect the use of best available techniques, similar to those identified in Annex III. As a result of this program the U.S. has reduced emissions of cadmium, lead, mercury and their compounds, as described below. 1990 base year (tones/year): Cd: 180; Pb: 2996; Hg: 187 1996 base year (Mg): Cd: 142; Pb: 2383; Hg: 170

Question 30: Report, as required by article 3, paragraph 2 (c), on progress made towards applying best available techniques to existing stationary sources. In your reply, list the source categories in your country that are considered to be major stationary source categories under the Protocol, taking into account its article 1 (Definitions) and annex II. For each source category state the control techniques applied using annex III to the Protocol as guidance. A Party may, as an alternative, have applied different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions. Should this be the case, please describe the strategies and any progress made.

Austria. Without prejudice to the future determination of the reference year it may be assumed that all categories of Annex II are major source categories. According to the Industrial Code and the Clean Air Act for Steam Boilers, a license for each new or modified installation is required. The determination of emission limit values and/or measures according to best available technology is carried out in the licensing procedure; these provisions have been introduced in the 80s. For several categories of (new and existing) stationary emission sources explicit emission limit values and BAT requirements have been set by ordinance, see Q.31.

Bulgaria. Bulgaria completely applies Annex II to the Protocol. By applying Directive 96/61/EC /IPPC/, BAT will be introduced to these categories of sources starting from 2003. For the installations from metallurgy and chemical industries 8 Pilot Permits are already issued. Over 200 licenses will be issued to the end of 2007.

Canada. Emission standards for most industrial sources are set and enforced provincially. National emission guidelines are developed jointly by the federal and provincial governments with industry and other interested parties which can result in instruments which become de-facto minimum national standards. The Canada-Wide standards and CEPA Strategic Options Processes will help to identify the BAT for different source categories. While generally avoiding a prescriptive approach, Canadian standards, limits, permits and guidelines are based on what can be reliably achieved technologically, with specific technologies considerations entering into a formulation of performance expectations. Sources may opt for alternatives to BAT as long as performance expectations are met. Where provinces regulate, they generally do not prescribe the specific technology but allow industry to determine how they will achieve required limits.

Croatia. Croatia applies BAT to seven existing stationary sources.

Czech Republic. Q.30 The main stationary sources of HM emissions in the Czech Republic are considered to consist in sources in the categories given in Annex II of the Protocol. The implementing regulations for the new Clean Air Act, No. 86/2002 Coll., contain emission

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 11 limits for these substances in accordance with the Protocol. The following technologies are employed in the individual categories: cat. 1 wet scrubber (in the framework of removal of sulphur from combustion gases) for sources with an input of over 50 MW, electrostatic precipitators cat. 2 textile filters, scrubbers cat. 3 electrostatic precipitators, textile filters cat. 4 electrostatic precipitators, textile filters cat. 5 scrubbers, textile filters cat. 6 scrubbers, textile filters cat. 7 textile filters, electrostatic precipitators, adsorption on active carbon cat. 8 electrostatic precipitators, textile filters cat. 9 special BAT cat. 10 textile filters, electrostatic precipitators, adsorption on active carbon, scrubbers cat. 11 textile filters, electrostatic precipitators, adsorption on active carbon, scrubbers Act on IPPC No. 76/2002 Coll. was adopted for implementation of the best available techniques and a web site has been created - www.ippc.cz - where these techniques are gradually introduced; the existing EU information will be provided by the end of 2003.

Denmark. See answer to questions 28.

Finland. The most significant heavy metal emission sources in Finland are primary non-ferrous metal industry, iron and steel industry and energy production. In early 1990's road traffic was the most significant source of lead emissions in Finland but after phasing out the use of leaded gasoline lead emissions from road traffic have been zero since 1994. Finnish expert reports on best available techniques in copper production and by-production of precious metals, in zinc production, in nickel production and in ferrochromium production have been prepared in 1999 and sent to be taken into account when preparing the EU-wide BAT Reference Documenents for each sector under the IPPC Directive. The national documents identify the BAT for reduction of emissions and energy use in these processes.

Germany. The principle of applying state-of-the-art techniques to new and existing installations is established by law. For source categories, limit values and applied techniques, see question 31.

Greece. Actuellement, en Grece existe-t-il des sources fixes de trois categories : les installations de combustion, les acieries et les autres industries metallurgiques. Les mesures antipollution se limitent a l'utilisation de filtres pour retenir les poussieres des gaz de combustion. La loi precise les normes a respecter. Des mesures plus rigoureuses seront adoptees dans le cadre de l'application de la Directive 96/61/CE.

Hungary. The source categories in Hungary are in compliance with CORINAIR. Applying best available technics to existing stationary sources is forced by Governmental Decree 193/2001. (X. 19.).

Italy. Italy applies the EC Directive 96/61 regarding Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), with Law 4/08/99 n.372. Based on such directive, all the existing plants considered in the directive have to be authorised within 2007 according to BATs requirements.

Latvia. Category 1. There were 28 combustion installations with a net rated thermal input exceeding 50 MW in the year 2001. Coal was not used there. Measures to reduce pollution (particulates): fuel with smaller ash content, flue gas treatment (installation of battery cyclones), multistage fuel switching, flue gas recirculation. Category 3. There is one installation “Liepâjas Metalurgs” for the production of secondary iron and steel with a capacity 57.2 tonnes per hour. It is envisaged to switch from the open furnace to the electric arc furnace. Category 7. There is one

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 12 installation “Brocçni” for the production of cement with a maximum capacity 960 tonnes per day. It does not use secondary fuels (waste oil or waste tyres).

Liechtenstein. With regard to major stationary source categories, all the categories listed in Annex II do not exist in Liechtenstein. Therefore combustion plants with a heat input less than 20 MW have to be assumed as the major stationary source category.

Netherlands. The principle of applying state-of-the-art technology to existing installations is established by law and implemented by environmental licenses. See also Q.54 and Annex, table 5.1

Table 5.1. Progress made towards applying BAT to existing sources (HM) (ad. Q30)

Control measures Source category

1 ESP Combustion installations 2 Wet dedusting Roasting / sintering installations 3 ESP Installations for production of iron and steel 4 FF Ferrous metal foundries 5 FF Installations for production of copper, lead and zinc

form ore 6 FF Installations for smelting of copper, lead or zinc 7 ESP Cement clinker installations 8 ESP / FF Installations for glass production 9 - Installations for chlor-alkali production 10 ESP / wet dedusting Installations for incineration of hazardous/medical

waste/municipal waste ESP = electrostatic precipitator FF = fabric filter

Norway. Source categories (as in annex II) 1 Will be reported later 2 Only one Zn-production plant in operation. SO2 recovery plant installed catching the roster waste gas. 3 Waste gas filters (fabric filter). 4 Waste gas filters for most installations. 5 New permit based on BAT will be issued in 2002 and enforced by 2004/05 6 Casting of Zn; waste gas filters installed. 7 ESP. The cement production plants use waste and hazardous waste as co- fuel. 10 Advanced waste gas cleaning systems (in accordance with EU-directive) . 11 Advanced waste gas cleaning systems. in accordance with EU-directive).

Poland. The use of best available techniques (BAT), lately has become mandatory by introducing the new Act on Environmental Protection Law. An overall inventory on a national level on the use of best available techniques is not available yet. At present also there would be some difficulty in the interpretation of the term “BAT” in trying to identify the processes used case by case in individual plants. For effects see Q.29.

The list the source categories considered to be major stationary source categories in Poland are as follows:

�� fuel combustion processes for energy production


�� steel and iron production (incl. sinter plants, coke production);

�� non-ferrous metal production (lead, zinc, copper and aluminium);

�� production of construction materials (production of cement and crystal glass)

�� non-ferrous alloys (non-iron alloys, production of lead batteries);

�� chemical industry (production of phosphorus fertilisers)

�� transport;

�� waste incineration.

Switzerland. Switzerland has a list of source categories that are considered major stationary source categories under the Protocol, taking into account article 1 (Definitions) and annex II to the Protocol.

United Kingdom. BAT is already applied in the UK for all major stationary source categories in the Protocol, under Pollution Prevention and Control and Local Air Pollution and Control regimes.

United States. Please refer to the control techniques listed in the table in the answer to question 31.

Question 31: Report, as required by article 3, paragraph 2 (d), on progress made towards applying the limit values specified in annex V to existing stationary sources. In your reply, list the source categories in your country that are considered to be major stationary source categories under the Protocol, taking into account its article 1 (Definitions) and annex II. For each source category, state the limit values applied or to be applied, the units and statistical treatment, and the pollution control measures applied. For limit values to be applied, please indicate when they will come into effect. You are encouraged to use the table format suggested below. A Party may, as an alternative, have applied different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission reductions. Should this be the case, please describe the strategies and any progress made.

Austria. Concerning major source categories see reply to Q.30. Sector specific emission limit values have been set explicitly by law for several sectors: · For the metals of Annex I and for further heavy metals: Combustion of waste and hazardous waste, production of iron and steel, production of non ferrous metals, casting of metals, production of glass, production of cement; · for particulate matter in general also for other sectors as for steam boilers, industrial boilers except steam boilers and sinter plants. These limit values are in force for new and existing sources. Details of the regulations cannot be listed due to the limited space of the Questionnaire.

Bulgaria. ELV for solid particles and heavy metals, that include lead, cadmium and mercury are established for nine categories of sources by Regulation 2 from 1998. By applying Directive 96/61/EC since 2003 ELV will be based on BAT. The existing installations have to meet the ELV for new ones till 1 January 2007. The applying of ELV to some definite large

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 14 combustion plants is expects to finish till 2012. For incineration of waste the ELV are in accordance with the Directives 89/369/EEC and 94/67/EC. New installations for waste co-incineration since 2002 are in compliance with Directive 2000/76/EC.

Canada. Canada has selected the option of reducing annual atmospheric emissions by 50 % from the 1990 base year for each of the three Heavy Metals (cadmium, lead and mercury). Atmospheric emissions information on these three substances will be provided to demonstrate Canada’s achievement of the 50% reduction target later in 2002.

Croatia. Croatia has four source categories with specific limit values.

Czech Republic. The limit values for existing stationary sources in the categories of sources according to Annex II of the Protocol were laid down in the implementing regulation to the Act valid to June 1, 2002 and are given for solid pollutants in mg/m3, which comply with the ELVs given in Annex V to the Protocol. ELVs were laid down for the sum of Pb, Sb, Mn, V, Sn and Cu and for the sum of Co, Ni, Cr, As, Cd and Se in category 8 and for the sum of Hg, Tl and Cd, the sum of As, Ni, Cr and Co and the sum of Pb, Cu and Mn in categories 10 and 11. The limiting specific production emissions in category 9 (for which Annex II does not lay down a limiting value) for mercury are 2 g/t of chlorine produced as the annual average determined from the monthly averages and, for new sources, 1 g/t of mean annual chlorine production. In 2001, the two existing plants in category 9 in the Czech Republic attained specific production emissions of less than 1 g Hg/t and less than 2 g Hg/t of production capacity, respectively. The limit values according to the new Clean Air Act No. 86/2002 Coll., (legal force from June 1, 2002) will comply with Annex V of the Protocol and the EU Directives.

Denmark. For municipal waste incineration plants, a revised guideline was published in 1993, The figures are given in the table for the sum of both gas and solid phases. For industry and energy plants new guidelines were published in 2001.

Source category Limit values Unit & statistical treatment

Pollution control measures applied

Incineration plants Pb: 1 mg/m3 1 hour value over a year

Flue gas treatment,

Incineration plants Cd + Hg: 0.2 mg/m3 1 hour value over a year

Flue gas treatment,

Industry Hg: 0.1 mg/m3 1 hour value Optional Industry Pb: 1 mg/m3 1 hour value Optional Energy plants, heavy fuel oil

2 - 50 MW: Cd: 0,1 mg/m3, Hg: 0.1 mg/m3 1 hour value oil quality

Energy plants, heavy fuel oil

>50 MW: Hg and Cd: 0.1 mg/m3, 1 hour value

oil quality or flue gas treatment

Energy plants, coal >5 MW: Hg & Cd: 0.1 mg/m3, Pb: 5 mg/m3 1 hour value flue gas

treatment


Finland. No other specific limit values for heavy metal emissions than for waste incineration have been adopted in Finland for existing sources. The general regulations for waste incineration includes limits values for both new and existing sources. In Finland there is only one waste incineration plant for municipal waste and one plant for hazardous waste. The permit procedure as described in para Q28 applies also to existing installations. Emission limit values for heavy metals have been specified for existing plans and these permit regulations have to be based on BAT.

Germany. Germany has national emission standards on HM for all relevant stationary sources. They are promulgated in the TA Luft, the 13. BImSchV and the 17. BImSchV. The limit values in the table below are valid for new and existing sources. For existing installations transition periods (on average 5 years) were applied, depending on the impact potential of the emitted substances and the amount emitted.

Source category Limit values Unit & statistical treatment


Boilers >50 MW - - - solid/liquid/gas 50/50/5 mg dust/m³, daily average, 5-7%O3 ESP, FGD, FF solid fuels except coal or wood 0.5 Sum:As,Pb,Cd,Co,Cr,Ni -

special fuel oils 2 Sum: As,Pb,Cd,Co,Cr,Ni - General HM ELVs, industry TA Luft 0.2 Sum: Cd,Hg,Tl -

- 1 Sum: As,Co,Ni,Se,Te - - 5 Sum:Sb,Pb,Cr,CN,F,Cu,Mn,Pt,Pd,Rh,V,Sn - Chlor-alkali-industry 1.5 g Hg /tCl -

Waste incineration 10/30 mg dust/m³, daily/½hour average, 11%O2

ESP; wet scrubber, FF, activated carbon filters

Waste incineration continued 0.05/0.5 Sum: Cd,Tl / Sum: Sb,As,Pb,Cr,Co,

Cu,Mn,Ni,V,Sn as above

Waste incineration continued 0.03/0.05 Hg as above

Greece. La Grece impose des valeurs limites a toutes les sources beneficiant d'une autorisation. Les valeurs different selon que les autorisations ont ete delivrees avant ou apres 1982.

Hungary. Joint Ministerial Decree 14/2001. (V. 9.) KöM-EüM-FVM prescribes emission limit values to stationary sources in its Annex V depending on the toxicity and the mass flow of the substances.


Italy. The Ministerial Decree of 12 July 1990 established emission limit values for all existing plants. These must satisfy the standards no later than 31 December 1997 (31 December 2002 for large combustion plants). The Ministerial Decree of 19 November 1997 modified ELVs for existing incineration plants.

Liechtenstein. No installations of the size listed in annex II exist in Liechtenstein. The Ordinance on Air Pollution (OAP) sets general emission limit values for heavy metals. These are maximum values not to be exceeded without prescribing the techniques to be applied. However the emission standards are based on the state of the art.

Source category Limit values 1/ Units & statistical treatment 2/


3/ Lead emitters 5 mg/m3 (Art. 5

OAP) At a mass flow of 25 g/h or more

Cadmium emitters 0.2 mg/m3 (Art. 5 OAP)

At a mass flow of 1 g/h or more

Mercury emitters 0.2 mg/m3 (Art. 5 OAP)

At a mass flow of 1 g/h or more

1/ Refer to the limit values specified in annex V to the Protocol. 2/ The statistical treatment can be a percentile (e.g. 95 percentile), a daily average, a monthly average, etc. 3/ Refer to annex III to the Protocol concerning control techniques.

Netherlands Source category Limit values Units &

statistical treatment

Limit value derived from

Pollution control measures

1 Combustion installations

Particulate 5 HM none

mg/m3 8 hour average

GBR ESP

2 Roasting / sintering installations

Particulate 10-25 (Zinc) Particulate 40-75 (iron) HM none

mg/m3 mg/m3 8 hour average

NeR Wet dedusting

3

Installations for production of pig iron and steel

Particulate 5-50 HM none


NeR ESP

4 Ferrous metal foundries



NeR FF

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 17 5 Installations for

production of copper, lead and zinc form ore

Particulate 10 Hg 0.2 Cd 0.2 Pb 1.0

mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 8 hour average

NeR FF

6 Installations for smelting of copper, lead or zinc



NeR FF

7 Cement clinker installations

Particulate 15 Hg 0.05 Pb 1.0

mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 8 hour average

NeR ESP

8 Installations for glass production

Particulate 0.3 HM none

kg/ton glass Year average

NeR ESP / FF

9 Installations for chlor-alkali production

Particulate none Hg 1.5

g/ton Cl2 Year average

NeR -

10 Installations for incineration of hazardous/medical waste

Particulate 5 Hg 0.05 Cd+Th 0.05 HM incl. Pb 0.5


GBR ESP / wet dedusting

11 Installations for incineration of municipal waste

Particulate 5 Hg 0.05 Cd+Th 0.05 HM incl. Pb 1


GBR ESP / wet dedusting

GBR= General Binding Rule (i.e. decree) ESP = electrostatic precipitator FF = fabric filter NeR = Netherlands Emission Guidelines

Poland. Lately emission limit values for fuel combustion energy sources have been extended by waste incineration. So far in Poland the main criteria for determining emission ceilings for an individual enterprise has been the ambient air pollution concentration in the vicinity of the emission source. Each case was evaluated individually and a decision on permissible emission levels was issued on the basis of the limit values for ambient air quality standards (a list of over 170 air pollutants, incl. mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, manganese, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, bismuth, cerium, with their limit concentrations is

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 18 included in a separate regulation). This effect approach is used for all emission sources, except for fuel combustion installations. Changes in this approach are being considered. At present air emission standards are prepared for selected industrial sources (iron and steel production, foundries, cement production, thermal metallurgical processes, coke production, crude oil refineries, production of sulphuric and nitric acid, production of fertilisers).

According to the updated “National strategy for the reduction of heavy metal emissions” it would be necessary to establish emission limit values for the following source categories and processes: sinter plants, pellet plants, blast furnaces, electric arc furnaces, production of copper and zinc, production of lead, cement industry, chlor-alkali industry, glass industry and waste incineration. In the case of emission limit values for fuel combustion processes changes are needed in the existing limit values for particulate emissions for solid and fuels.

Switzerland. Switzerland has limit values for six source categories. Emission limitations are in principle achieved through ELVs. Emission standards are usually based on the state of the art (BAT). A medium-sized, economically sound industrial plant is used as the criterion for assessing the economic feasibility of emission limitation.

Source category Limit values

Unit & statistical treatment


all mercury emitters 0.2 mg/m3 mass flow > 1 g/h, sum not specified

all cadmium emitters 0.1 mg/m3 mass flow > 0.5 g/h, sum not specified

all lead emitters 5 mg/m3 mass flow > 25 g/h, sum not specified

United Kingdom. The limit values in the Protocol are in line with UK BAT and BATNEEC requirements. However to make the emission limit values legally binding it is proposed that they be included in a revision of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and the Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000. This is an issue that is currently under consultation with the public.

United States

Source category

Limit values Units & statistical treatment


Electric utility steam generating units–oil and coal-fired units >25 MWe

Rule under development. Proposal on or before December 15, 2003.

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP), fabric filter or scrubbers are usually employed.

Hospital, Lead -limit values range from 0.85 mg/dscm at 70% reduction Electrostatic

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 19 Medical and Infectious Waste Incinerator

11% O2 to 7.12 mg/dscm at 11%O2 Cadmium - limit values range from 0.11 mg/dscm at 11% O2 to 2.85mg/dscm at 11% O2 Hg - limit values range from 0.39 mg/dscm at 11% O2 to 5.34 mg/dscm at 11% O2

65 % reduction 85% reduction

precipitator (ESP), fabric filter or scrubbers are usually employed.

Municipal Solid Waste Combustion

* Existing units with capacities above 250 tons/day - 24.2 mg/dscm PM at 11% O2; 0.057 mg/dscm Hg at 11% O2 * Existing units with capacities of at least 35 tons/day and no more than 250 tons/day [Note: Class I facilities have aggregate capacities greater than 250 tons/day; Class II facilities have aggregate capacities less than or equal to 250 tons/day.] - For Class I facilities � 19.2 mg/dscm PM at 11% O2; 0.057 mg/dscm Hg at 11% O2. For Class II facilities � 49.9 mg/dscm PM at 11% O2; 0.057 mg/dscm Hg at 11% O2.


Hazardous Waste Incinerators

PM - 34 mg/dscm; Hg - 130 g/dscm; Semi-volatile metals (cadmium and lead) - 240 g/dscm; Low volatility metals (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, and chromium) - 97 g/dscm; HCl and Cl2 - 77 ppmv

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP), fabric filter or scrubbers are usually employed..

Hazardous Waste Cement Kilns

PM - 0.15 kg/Mg dry feed and opacity less than 20 percent; Hg - 120 g/dscm; Semi-volatile metals (cadmium and lead) - 240 g/dscm; Low volatility metals (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, and chromium) - 56 g/dscm; HCl and Cl2 - 130 ppmv


Hazardous Waste Lightweight Aggregate Kilns

PM - 57 mg/dscm; Hg - 47 g/dscm; Semi-volatile metals (cadmium and lead) - 250 g/dscm; Low volatility metals (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, and chromium) - 110 g/dscm; HCl and Cl2 - 230 ppmv


Portland Cement Manufacturing

PM - 50 mg/m3 PM-0.15kg/Mg of feed (dry basis ) to kiln. 3-hour average

ESP or fabric filter

Glass Furnaces

Lead - 5 mg/m3 Inorganic arsenic- <2.7

Fabric filter


Mg/year, or reduce by 85% or more

Primary Lead Smelting

Smelter-wide limit of 500 grams of lead per megagram of lead metal produced. Fugitive dust control plan that details measures to control fugitive dust sources.

ESP, fabric filter, by-product sulfuric acid plant

Primary Copper Smelting

Nonsulfuric acid PM limit of 6.2 mg/dscm for flash smelting furnaces, slag cleaning vessels and batch converters Fugitives dust control plan that details measures to control fugitive dust sources.

By-product sulfuric acid plant

Primary Lead Smelting

Smelter-wide limit of 500 grams of lead per megagram of lead metal produced. Fugitive dust control plan that details measures to control fugitive dust sources.

Fabric filter and by-product sulfuric acid plant

Secondary Lead Smelting

Lead limit of 2.0 mg/dscm for all furnace types (blast, reverberatory, rotary and electric). Fugitive dust control plan that details measures to control fugitive dust sources.

Fabric filter or venturi scrubber

Question 32: Provide information, as required by article 3, paragraph 3, on the application of product control measures in accordance with the conditions specified in annex VI. You may wish to refer to your answer to question 6 in section 2 concerning unleaded petrol.

Austria. Leaded petrol is banned since 1 November 1993; mercury content in batteries is limited to 0.001 per cent for zinc carbon batteries and to 0.025 for alkaline manganese batteries.

Bulgaria. Pursuant to Regulation 17 from 1999, the content of lead in unleaded petrol is 0.013 g/l until 2003 and is being reduced to 0.005 g/l thereafter.

Canada. Canada will provide information on its leaded gasoline regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act to demonstrate compliance with the application of product control measures as they pertain to lead. Lead in gasoline for on-road vehicles was phased out in December 1990. Lead is still allowed in gasoline for aircraft, competition vehicles, and engines designed to use leaded gasoline and used to power farm machinery, boats and large trucks. Mercury is no longer deliberately used in the manufacture of most dry-cell batteries. The only batteries still containing mercury are button-cell batteries.

Croatia. Croatia expects to phase out leaded petrol in 2005.

Czech Republic. Q.32 According to Decree No. 244/1999 Coll. to Act No. 38/1995 Coll., the lead content in unleaded petrol is set at a maximum of 0.005 g/l, with legal force from 2000. The sale of unleaded petrol was terminated as of Jan. 1, 2001. Pursuant to Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on wastes, it will be prohibited to manufacture and import batteries and accumulators with

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 21 mercury contents of greater than 0.0005% wt. from 2003 and measures are imposed from 2002 on the management of batteries and accumulators containing mercury, cadmium and lead.

Denmark. As to unleaded petrol see answer to Q 6.

Finland. Government Decision (1988/1025) issued in 1988, on the lead and benzene content of motor petrol included national regulations through which lead content of marketed petrol intended for on-road vehicles was reduced to 0,013 g/l. The regulations came in force 1 September 1989. Since 1993 only unleaded petrol has been available on market.

Germany. Leaded petrol has been phased out. The EU Directive 98/101/EC (on batteries) has been incorporated into national law (German Battery Ordinance). The provisions are more stringent than the HM Protocol’s :alkaline manganese batteries containing more than 5 ppm Hg must no longer be marketed.

Greece. Voir la reponse a la question 6.

Hungary. Placing on the market of the leaded petrol was banned on 1st of April 1999.

Italy. Leaded petrol has been phased out since 1 January 2002. According the Ministerial Decree of 23 November 2000 n. 434, the lead content of marketed petrol for on-road vehicles does not exceed 0.005 g/l (0.000 g/l since 1 January 2005), values more stringent than whose requested by the protocol. The Ministerial Decree of 20 November 1997, implementing the EC Directive 91/157,and the Ministerial Decree of 5 January 1999, implementing the EC Directive 91/157, introduced the limits stated in Annex VI of the protocol regarding the content of mercury in batteries.

Latvia. Cabinet of Ministers Regulations No.332 (26.09.2000.), harmonized with the Council Directive 98/70/EC, defines that lead content of marketed leaded gasoline used for on-road vehicles does not exceed 0.15 g/l. Lead content of unleaded gasoline does not exceed 0.005 g/l. The time of phasing out the use of leaded gasoline (about 0.5% of the total amount of gasoline used for on-road vehicles) is not yet decided.

Liechtenstein. Leaded petrol has been phased out. The lead content of unleaded petrol is limited to 5 mg/l. Based on the Customs Union Treaty with Switzerland all limitations set in the 1986 Swiss Ordinance relating to Environmentally Hazardous Substances, as for example the content of heavy metals in batteries, are also applicable in Liechtenstein.

Netherlands. Sale of leaded petrol stopped in 1997. In 1999 a decree on fuel quality came into effect, implementing 98/70/EG. Following voluntary agreements with industry since the 80s, the Battery Disposal Decree came into effect in 1995, implementing 91/157/EEC and setting limit values for mercury: 0.025% in alkaline batteries (0.05% for prolonged use) and no limits for mercury button cells. The 1998 Decree on Mercury Containing Products came into effect, prohibiting production and distribution of mercury containing products, except for cases where the Battery Disposal Decree is valid. Implementation of 98/101/EC is prepared.

Norway. According to "Regulations relating to quality of petrol and auto diesel to be used by on-road vehicles", laid down 22 March 2000, the lead content of marketed petrol intended for on-road vehicles shall not exceed 0,005 g/l. Old preserved on -road vehicles may use petrol with a

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 22 lead content of maximum 0,15 g/l, however, the sales must not exceed 0,5 % of total yearly consumption. According to "Regulations related to batteries harmful to the Environment", laid down 1 August 1990, last amended 13 July 2000, it is prohibited to produce, import, export or sell batteries with a mercury content of 5 ppm or more. Button cells containing less than 2 % mercury by weight are exempted from this obligation.

Poland. According to the new Act on Waste (adopted in 2001) some specific measures are considered mandatory, and in particular regarding batteries and car batteries containing certain amounts of mercury, cadmium or lead. Other obligations concerning heavy metal content in packaging materials are foreseen in the Act on Packaging and Packaging Waste (2001). Detailed requirements are set for limit values of the sum of cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium+6 in a packaging material (the value should not exceed 100 ppm). Some general requirements concerning products are included in the new acts: on environmental protection law and on the management of certain waste types, and on product charges and deposit fees. Permissible doses of mercury (from 5 to 16 mg of mercury per lamp) in 4 categories of lamps depending on the type of the lamp (fluorescent, sodium, ultraviolet) and its construction are set in a regulation of the Minister of Economy on product requirements with regard to protection of human health and the environment (1998). Since the beginning of 2002 Poland has ended its production of fuels containing lead.

Switzerland. Switzerland phased out the use of leaded petrol for on-road vehicles by 2000. The lead content of unleaded petrol is limited to 5 mg/l. There are regulations on importing and supplying batteries and accumulators and on obligations for returning and accepting used batteries.

United Kingdom. See question 6 for petrol. The mercury content of alkaline manganese batteries is regulated in the UK under Statutory Instrument number 232 on Batteries and Accumulators. These regulations are in line with the requirements of the Protocol.

United States. Thermostat manufacturers have developed a collection program to keep thermostats out of solid wastes at the end of their useful lives. Most agricultural applications of mercury compounds in bactericides and fungicides have been banned. The use of mercury as a wood preservative has ceased due to the use of polyurethane. The use of phenylmercuric acetate as a fungicide in interior latex paint was banned in 1990, and it's use in exterior paint was banned in 1991. Other product control obligations in the Protocol have been met through a ban on leaded fuel for highway vehicle use in 1996, and implementation of the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996.

Question 33: If applicable and as suggested in article 3, paragraph 4, describe briefly additional product management measures currently being applied and future measures being considered, taking into account annex VII to the Protocol.

Austria. Regulations exist for several products, most of them since the early 90ies: antifoulings must not contain mercury and arsenic; the use of pigments containing cadmium for paints and plastics and the use of cadmium for treatment of metal surfaces is prohibited; - the use of pesticides containing mercury and cadmium is prohibited; mercury, cadmium and arsenic content of fluorescent lamps is restricted; each producer, wholesaler and retail trader is obliged to take back used batteries and rechargeable batteries; for fluorescent lamps and equivalent lamps a

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 23 management scheme based on deposits exists; capture of amalgam in waste water of dental surgeries is compulsory.

Bulgaria. The relevant requirements of Directives 98/101/EC and 91/157/EC were transposed in the Bulgarian Legislation respectively by Council of Ministers Decree 134/2000 /SG 61/2000/ of the on the batteries and accumulators and Decree 260/2000 /SG 101/2000/ on luminescent and other containing mercury lamps / in force from 1 January 2001/.

Canada. Since 2000, Canada has embarked on a program to control mercury amounts in fluorescent lamps. We have also initiated programs to reduce mercury in Dental Amalgam Waste, clinical thermometers and auto switches.

Czech Republic. Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on wastes, lays down, in addition to measures on management of batteries and accumulators (see Q. 32), also measures on management of sludges (limiting values for heavy metal concentrations) and of wastes from the production of titanium dioxide and also lays down the obligation of re-acceptance of some products (e.g. mineral oils, accumulators and batteries, discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps), with legal force from Jan. 1, 2003. Additional measures on control of product quality are laid down by Act No. 157/1998 Coll., on chemical substances and chemical preparations. The new Clean Air Act, No. 86/2002 Coll., specifies fuels, whose burning in small combustion facilities can be prohibited in the framework of a certain territorial district.

Denmark. See answer to Q.29, 2b: See answer to Q29, 2d: No economic incentives or voluntary agreements are used, 3a: Most mercury-containing electrical components are banned, 3b: Most mercury-containing measuring devices are banned, 3c: The Danish EPA strongly supports Eco-labelling to promote the application of flourecent lamps with low or no mercury content, and subsidises the acquisition, 3d: Mercury dental amalgam is banned except for molars with wear on the filling, 3e: Mercury pesticides have been banned in Denmark - and in the EU - since 1989, 3f: Mercury in paint is banned.

Finland. Government Decision (1995/105) on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances, updated by Government Decision (1999/17) in 1999 includes regulations on placing on the market certain batteries and accumulators which contain mercury, cadmium or lead. The latest decision prohibits placing on the market batteries and accumulators containing more than 0,0005 weigh percent mercury. The EU Directives on batteries and accumulators containing dangerous substances (91/157/EEC and 98/101/EC) have been implemented by these Government Decisions.

Germany. Provisions concerning Heavy Metals in products are laid down in the ordinances under the Chemicals Act, including Cd as a dyeing agent in plastics, Cd in paints, Cd as PVC stabiliser, Cd as a metal surface treatment agent, Pb compounds in paints, Hg, As, and Tin-organic compounds in anti-fouling paints, Hg and As compounds for wood or textile impregnation, Hg, As and Tin-organic compounds in water treatment, and As in cleaning and pickling agents, paints, pesticides, glass production, textile industry, enamel production, metal surface treatment, production of pyrotechnical products, metal glues. In order to recover Hg from fluorescent tubes, German industry has set up recycling facilities. The use of Hg in thermometers in households has nearly vanished without administrative action. The German Battery Ordinance regulates in general the take back of all batteries, not only those containing hazardous pollutants.

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 24 Furthermore, three eco-labels for low-pollutant batteries have been developed. The eco-label for rechargeable alkali manganese batteries is designed to enhance the share of these environmentally friendly batteries (rechargeable and low-pollutant).

Italy. Italy has regulations for several products containing heavy metals (like paints, inks, cosmetics etc.). Concentration limits for lead, cadmium and mercury are applied for packaging. Labelling and information for safe use and waste handling are widely used, as well as programmes and regulations for collection, recycling and disposal of several products containing heavy metals.

Latvia. Cabinet of Ministers Regulations No.158 (see Q.29) define bans for use of mercury-containing paints to protect ships, nets and other fishery equipment from water-plants and/or animals, to preserve wood and to impregnate industrial textiles.

Liechtenstein. The 1986 Swiss Ordinance relating to Environmentally Hazardous Substances is also applicable in Liechtenstein. The Ordinance contains regulations for particular groups of chemicals. Among them, several regard emissions of hazardous substances into the atmosphere which may occur during production, use and waste treatment (e.g. CFCs, halogenated organic compounds, heavy metals). For batteries and fluorescent lamps collecting and recycling facilities are well established.

Netherlands. As result of the 1998 Decree on Mercury Containing Products, from Jan. 2003 such products are no longer permitted for trading and production. Products bought before 2003 can be sold as second hand product. Mercury use in laboratories or manufacturing is still allowed (also in pharmaceutical products, amalgam by dentists and products without alternatives). Partly due to EU legislation mercury content of specific products is controlled (also maximum HM content in packaging and mercury pollution from dentists). A 1999 decree implements 76/769/EC, limiting cadmium in pigment, colorant or stabilisers.

Norway. Regulations related to: a ban on thermometers containing mercury, 1998 (adoption year); - batteries implying an obligation on producer/importer to collect Ni/Cd batteries used in industry, 1990 - amended 2000. - limits for heavy metals in packing, 1997. - ban on shots containing lead, 2001. - marketing and use restrictions of certain dangerous substances and products, banning several applications of mercury and cadmium, including mercury in anti-fouling, wood preservation, textiles and industrial water treatment, cadmium in colour agents and cadmium plating, 1993 - last amended 2000. - scrapped electric and electronic equi - waste and drain water containing amalgam, 1993 Use of mercury pesticides, including seed treatment is banned.

Poland. Certain management requirements concerning products that become waste are included in the new Act on Waste (2001). They include:

�� a ban for landfilling tires;

�� establishing an inventory system for PCB products and PCB wastes;

�� specific waste management methods for certain types of waste (containing over 0.005% w/w of PCB; oil waste; batteries and car batteries containing over 0.0005% of mercury or 0.025% of cadmium or 0.4% of lead).


The Act on Packaging and Packaging Waste (2001) introduces a limit value of 100 ppm for the contents of the sum of 4 heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury and chromium+6 ) in the packaging material. Other requirements related mainly to economic mechanisms (product charges) are included in the Act on product fees and deposit charges (2001). Selected products, for which product or deposit charges are imposed, incl. lead acid and nickel-cadmium accumulators, different types of batteries, packaging material, cooling devices and equipment, oil, lead lamps and tires are listed in the annexes to this Act.

Switzerland. The Ordinance relating to Environmentally Hazardous Substances of 1986 regulates the import, production, supply, use and export of substances that may present a hazard to the environment. In addition to the general regulations, annexes to this ordinance contain special regulations for particular groups of chemicals. Among them are several of special interest regarding the emissions of hazardous substances to the atmosphere which may occur during production and use or during waste treatment (e.g. CFCs, halogenated organic compounds, heavy metals).

United Kingdom. N/A

United States. The U.S. EPA has considered encouraging the substitution/replacement of mercury-containing electrical devices, such as switches, relays and thermostats, with non-mercury-containing devices through voluntary programs and partnerships with manufacturers and the public. The U.S. EPA has considered encouraging the establishment of voluntary mercury take-back programs by the manufacturers and retailers of mercury-containing products. These programs encourage the collection of out-of-service materials by the manufacturer to ensure safe disposal or recycling at the end of the product's life, and ensure that the product is replaced with a non-mercury or low mercury containing substitute.

Question 34: Provide information, as required by article 4, paragraph 1, on measures taken to facilitate the exchange of technologies and techniques designed to reduce emissions of heavy metals, including but not limited to exchanges that encourage the development of product management measures and the application of best available techniques.

Austria. Information about measures to promote the exchange of technology related to air pollution control can be found in Q.25.

Bulgaria. Refineries apply technologies consistent with EC Directives for the quality of petrol. Introduction of BAT is realized on a commercial base by operators through the assistance of the Chamber of Commerce and by bilateral agreements with EU countries.

Canada. The Canadian Environmental Technology Advancement Centres are private sector, not-for profit corporations that help environmental enterprises demonstrate and deploy their technologies. Three centres foster the growth of the environmental industry in Canada by bringing innovative technical solutions to environmental problems while contributing to economic growth. CETACs work with environmental enterprises to accelerate the commercialization of their technology and support companies that address environmental issues such as pollution prevention and reduction of toxic products in the environment. A program delivered by the Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology Advancement is the Environmental Technology Verification Program, designed to accelerate the introduction and application of innovative environmental technologies

Questionnaire 2002, questions 28 - 36 Page 26 by providing independent validation and verification of technology performance claims. Established in 1996, Technology Partnerships Canada is an investment fund that contributes to supporting sustainable development in many areas of technology. Sustainable Development Technology Canada became officially operational in April 2002. This Foundation provides funding support for the development and demonstration of sustainable development technologies focused on climate change and clean air.

Czech Republic. Cooperation with the European IPPC Bureau is continuing. The criteria of environmental soundness (BAT) and energy savings or the use of untraditional energy sources are implemented in the framework of the research program of the Ministry of Industry and Trade to support technical projects. Act on IPPC No. 76/2002 Coll., which is concerned with the use of the best available techniques, is to come into force on Jan. 1, 2003. BAT (BREF) reference documents contribute to the potential for obtaining information on the best available techniques.

Denmark. A project supported by the Danish EPA on phasing out of mercury will be initiated in the Russiona Federation in 2002

Finland. Finnish expert reports on best available techniques in copper production and by-production of precious metals, in zinc production, in nickel production and in ferrochromium production have been prepared in 1999 and sent to be taken into account when preparing the EU-wide BAT Reference Documents for each industrial sector under the IPPC Directive. These national documents describe or identify the best available techniques for the reduction of emissions and energy use in the production of these four non-ferrous metals in Finland.

Germany. Germany (the Federal Environmental Agency) operates the internet system "Cleaner Production Germany" (www.cleaner-production.de), which provides information on projects of clean production and pollution prevention and control. Within a special programme (Beratungshilfeprogramm der Bundesregierung) Germany provides technical assistance to central and eastern Europe. Furthermore, Germany takes part in the Twinning Programme of the EC.

Greece. La Grece (pouvoirs publics et entreprises) participe aux travaux de la Communaute concernant la definition des meilleures techniques disponibles dans un certain nombre de secteurs industriels y compris la metallourgie. Plusiers campagnes/journees techniques pour la diffusion des previsions de la Directive 96/61/CE ont ete organisees avec la participation, entre autres secteurs, de la metallourgie.

Hungary. Governmental Decrees 21/2001. (II. 14.) on clean air and 193/2001. (X. 19.) on IPPC force the application of best available techniques for different technologies.

Italy. See answer to Q.7.

Latvia. The signing of the 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals facilitates the exchange of information and technologies. Information about heavy metals is included into the “Environment Report 2000”, published by Baltic Environmental Forum, into the “Environmental Indicators in Latvia” (2001), published by Latvian Environmental Agency as well as in the Latvian Environmental Agency internet homepage http://www.vdc.lv/chemical/saraxti/saraksti.htm. The air-monitoring network of Latvia is involved in the EUROAIRNET system to provide the exchange of information at the regional and international level.


Liechtenstein. Technology transfer is done on a commercial and consultants basis. No special activities at governmental level.

Netherlands. See reply to Q. 57.

Norway. For the time being the obligations under article 4 are taken care of through active participation in EU-working groups under the IPPC-directive. Authorities, industry and NGOs are participating in this work.

Poland, Requirements regarding the exchange of technologies and techniques, and the need for introducing best available techniques are included in the new framework Act on Environmental Protection Law. Introduction of new techniques and technologies is supported by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. Transfer of new environmental technologies is also one of the main issues included in multilateral and bilateral co-operation. Poland, within the EURECA Programme, participates in many projects aimed at the development of new technologies for air protection and environmentally oriented industrial technologies. The chemical sector of the industry is involved in the Responsible Care programme.

In a significantly advanced phase of implementation is the Programme for the Promotion of Quality, aimed at preparing enterprises to introduce series of ISO 45 000 and ISO 9000 standards. Environmental management systems are of interest to the Polish Centre for Testing and Certification. Together with the Polish Standardisation Committee it is involved in popularisation of the ISO 14 000 standards. A National Centre for Best Available Techniques (BAT) is expected to be established in the near future in Poland.

Switzerland. No special activity at the governmental level, rather on a commercial and consultancy basis.

United Kingdom. The UK carries out an extensive research programme on heavy metals. The UK reports annually on UK emissions of 10 heavy metals and have been invloved in the work of the UN Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections.

United States. Section 103 of the Clean Air Act, as supplemented by section 102((2)(F) of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), authorizes the exchange of information and technology internationally. Efforts to facilitate the exchange information regarding technologies used to control heavy metals are typically distributed via professional associations, meetings/conferences and journals, and websites. EPA 's Clean Air Technology Center website (http:/www.epa.goc./ttn/catc) includes information on control technologies for these and other pollutants.

Question 35: Provide information, as required by article 4, paragraph 2, on procedures established to create more favourable conditions to promote the exchange of technologies, such as facilitating contacts and cooperation.

Austria. See reply to Q.34.

Bulgaria. See the answers to questions 7 and 34.


Canada. Through the CETACs (see question 34), an environmental business directory is published, and there is Canadian participation at international events such as Pollutech. Also, the Canadian Technology Network links government labs and agencies, universities, community colleges, industry associations, technology centres and economic development agencies to provide Canadian companies with expertise, advice and information about how to meet technology challenges.

Czech Republic. In the framework of cooperation of the Czech Republic in the area of science and research at an intergovernmental level, support is provided for projects in the area of energy production, innovations at small and medium-sized companies, EUREKA and NATO programs and bilateral cooperation. Contacts to establish cooperation are encouraged through professional events held by scientific and technical institutions, e.g. the national conference on the "Air" with international attendance, held annually, and specialized workshops.

Denmark. The procudures established are in the form of bilateral or multilateral co-operation projects as grants.

Germany. See answer to question 34.

Greece. Voir la reponse a la question 34.

Italy. Italy established some conditions to favour the exchange of technology. Details are reported in the previous answer. Direct industrial contacts and co-operation, technical assistance and commercial exchange are widely used too.

Liechtenstein. No special activities at governmental level.

Netherlands. See reply to Q. 57.

Norway. See reply to Q.34

Poland. Advanced preparatory work is continued aiming at the establishment of the National Centre for Best Available Techniques(BAT), which will, inter alia, be involved in the introduction of BREF reference documents. Additionally, it is expected that integration processes within the European Union will create more favourable conditions to promote the exchange of technologies and will facilitate contacts and co-operation on a national and international level.

Switzerland. Switzerland has no special activity at the governmental level.

United Kingdom. N/A

United States. Efforts to facilitate the exchange of information regarding technologies used to control heavy metals are typically distributed via professional associations, meetings/conferences and journals, and websites.

Question 36: Provide information on activities undertaken with a view to encouraging research, development, monitoring and cooperation related to this Protocol, taking into account article 6.


Austria. Ambient air concentration of lead in particulate matter and deposition of lead and cadmium is monitored according to the Ambient Air Quality Law. Furthermore measurements of several heavy metals in soil and biomonitoring programs have been carried out. Research projects also dealt with e.g. the transfer of heavy metals, pollutant levels in eco-systems and analytical methods.

Bulgaria. The National Air Quality Monitoring System has 74 stationary stations, located in 39 populated areas. 43 of them are measuring lead and 6 - cadmium. The net expansion will continue in next years, while achieving compliance with Directive 96/62/EC /and the relevant Daughter Directives to it/.

Canada. Canada is engaged in a North America WET Deposition Mercury monitoring network. We have also established a Collaborative Mercury Research Network www.unites.uqam.ca/comern/ which aims to link environmental and health impacts. We are also determining the atmospheric contribution of mercury from the petroleum refining and combustion section. Canada also submitted information to, and is participating on the Working Group for the UNEP Global Mercury Assessment.

Czech Republic. Short-term and medium-term Governmental programs are carried out to monitor emissions and especially their effects and to prepare inventories of emissions, programs for implementation and evaluation of BAT and recycling and disposal of products containing heavy metals and programs to model pathways for heavy metals in the components of the environment (programs of the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Industry and Trade). State support for scientific activities and development of technologies is provided pursuant to Act No. 300/1992 Coll., as amended. An intersectoral professional group for heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants has been established at the Ministry of the Environment, with participation by workers from research, industry, health care, control authorities and bodies of the state administration. Members participate as experts in deliberations on specific legislative measures. The journal "Air Protection" (ISSN 1211-0337) is published with original scientific work, the results of programs and projects, monitoring and information for the state administration in the area of air protection. The Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic annually announces projects in the framework of the Program of Care for the Environment and projects in the framework of the Science and Research Program. These projects are completely or partly financed from the state budget. The national emission monitoring system of air pollutants is based on The Register of Emissions and Air Pollution Sources (REZZO). Monitoring of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the air is continuing at both the existing Czech EMEP monitoring stations.

Germany. The federal Government provides substantial funding for research and technical development on environmental protection. Monitoring: all plants subject to permit have to measure emissions including HMs and make the data available to the responsible authorities; Länder and local authorities measure air quality in densely populated areas; the Federal Environmental Agency measures in rural areas and long-range and transboundary air pollution. The heavy metals Cd, Hg, and Pb are measured at 8 EMEP stations of the Federal Environmental Agency based on PM10 and beginning on PM2.5. Germany participates in all Cooperative Programmes under the Convention.


Greece. Voir la reponse a la question 34. Certaines grandes sources de combustion (centrales thermique a lignite) sont obligees d'effectuer des mesures temporairespour surveiller les emissions de metaux lourds.

Italy. Research programmes were developed to monitor heavy metals in the environment, to evaluate the effects of heavy metals on human health and environment, evaluate the effects of the introduction of BATs, to establish critical loads, to study alternatives in the use of heavy metals in certain products, to develop programmes to collect, to recycle and to dispose products or waste containing heavy metals. Many programmes on research, development and demonstration on energy efficiency technologies and techniques, renewable energy sources and clean technologies were developed too.

Latvia. The guidelines for the assessment of emissions of heavy metals from the stationary sources were developed in the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development. The “Environmental Indicators in Latvia” (2001) show total emissions of heavy metals into air and wastewater, concentrations in precipitation, Pb concentration in air in Riga, import of materials containing heavy metals.

Leichtenstein. Monitoring of ambient air quality started in 1990. Since 2001 air quality monitoring is conducted in tight cooperation with the neighbouring Swiss Kantons.

Netherlands. Research resulted e.g. in manuals for calculation critical loads for HM for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To CCE results on critical loads for lead and cadmium in forest soils were submitted. The Netherlands participated in preparing international workshops on HM (Bad Harzburg and Schwering).

Norway. As part of the action plan developed for reduction of HM emissions (see Q.28) several deliberations related to the issues listed in article 6 are proposed. The levels of lead, mercury and cadmium is monitored in air, soil, water, vegetation, sediment and biota.

Poland. In 2001 a National Emission Centre has been established at the Institute of Environmental Protection in Warsaw. Various projects and research surveys covering the issues related to HM Protocol have been carried out and are still continued by different research institutes, universities, governmental institutions all over Poland. They include:

�� heavy metal emission inventories;

�� extending of the national environmental monitoring system;

�� research on new production technologies and emission control measures;

�� preparation of emission standards for industrial processes;

�� possible decrease in heavy metal content in products.

Switzerland. The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) comprises 16 monitoring stations that record pollution levels at different characteristic sites of the country. Measurements of total suspended particulates (TSP) indicate a 75% reduction in lead in TSP and a

Questionnaire 2000, questions 28 – 36 Page 31 50% reduction in cadmium in TSP concentrations between 1988 and 1997. HMs in mosses were assessed at 200 sites in 1990, 95 and 2000.

United Kingdom. See answer to Q34.

United States. The U.S.'s Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) objective is to develop a national database of weekly concentrations of total mercury in precipitation and the seasonal and annual flux of total mercury in wet deposition. The data will be used to develop information on spatial and seasonal trends in mercury deposited to surface waters, forested watersheds, and other sensitive receptors. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/mdn/.