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THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
‘RAINWATER HARVESTING TO COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE’
A STUDY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS INSTALLATIONS AT THREE RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MALAYSIA
Ir. Ellias SaidinPrincipal,
Perunding Ikatan, [email protected]
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCE - SUSTAINABILITY
One of the sustainable practice to conserve water
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
DEVELOPMENTIn rural areas, the practice of storing rainwater was discouraged with the implementation of government development policy to supply reticulated treated water to rural areas. It was also reported that rainwater were used in schools, mosque and community centers until by policy, new public buildings then were connected to existing reticulated supplies.( Uzir A Malik et al, 1991)
NECCESITYIn Malaysia, in 2006, the Ministry of Health reported that 29,865 RWH systems had been installed with almost 20,000 units installed in Sabah for rural water supply to isolated areas
The Minister of Education recently announced that in Sabah, 117 rural schools will be provided with rain harvesting system for water supply at a cost of RM66.65mil (STAR 14Jul2008).
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCERWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS FOR WATER RESOURCE
WATER RESOURCE AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIMEGroundwater: deep 10,000 yearsOceans 3,200 yearsGroundwater: shallow 100 to 200 yearsLakes 50 to 100 yearsGlaciers 20 to 100 yearsRivers 2 to 6 monthsSoil moisture 1 to 2 monthsAtmosphere 9 days
Source; Pidwirny, M. (2006). "The Hydrologic Cycle". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition.
RAINWATER
TASMANIAN RAIN is rainwater is captured on the pristine north west coast of the island of Tasmania, Australia. The water is collected just minutes of where the World Meteorological Organization records the world’s purest air. The rain, has traveled eastward via air currents over Antarctica and 10,000 miles of ocean. As a result, TASMANIAN RAIN contains only 17 parts per million of dissolved solids.TASMANIAN RAIN is collected by a custom-designed catchment facility, and the rainwater never touches the ground. http:www.tasmanianrain.com
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
RAINWATER TANK INSTALLATIONS IN AUSTRALIA
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
RAINWATER TANK INSTALLATIONS IN AUSTRALIA
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
QUALITY OF RAINWATER FOR DRINKING WATER
Rainwater tanks as main source of drinking water for 10.1% of Australian households in 2007.
Outside capital cities, 23.3% of households reported that their main source of drinking water was a rainwater tank
South Australia had 54.2% households outside the capital cities whose main source of drinking water was a rainwater tank.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
MINISTRY OF HEALTH – RURAL WATER SUPPLY
According to the Ministry of Health, in 2006, 29,865 RWH systems had been installed throughout Malaysia with almost 20,000 units installed in Sabah.
Monitoring on 54 units in Batu Pahat was done in 2006 and it was found that only 2Nos did not conform to the National Drinking Water Quality Standards; one due to high turbidity and the other had high coli forms count (Mohd Pauzee MT 2007).
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
THE EVER INCREASING DEMAND FOR WATER
Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2007
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
More Treatment Plants and chemicals??
More and Bigger Dams??More Inter-State
Pipelines??
Use % Lit/day L/monthPotential
RW/month
Toilet Flushing 30% 300 9,000 9,000
Baths and Taps 21% 210 6,300
Clothes Washing 13% 130 3,900 3,900
Showers 12% 120 3,600
Washing up 8% 80 2,400
Outdoor 7% 70 2,100 2,100
Drinking Water 4% 40 1,200
Others 5% 50 1,500
Total 100% 1,000 30,000 15,000
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
DOMESTIC RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL
( KLANG VALLEY FIGURES)
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
Month Rainfall (mm)
Jan 107
Feb 200
Mar 266
Apr 293
May 217
Jun 153
Jul 150
Aug 195
Sep 237
Oct 248
Nov 235
Dec 219
Total 2,520
AVAILABILITY
Total annual rainfall = 2500mm
Average D/S Link House Roof Area for harvesting Rainwater = 100 sq m.
Allow capturing efficiency of 75%
Vol of Rain Water = 2500 x 100 x 75%
= 188 cu. m per year
DEMAND
From consumption estimates, potential use of RW in a household is 15cu.m x 12months
= 180 cu. m per year
Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2007
1. The total water production from WTP in 2006 was 12,296 MLD 2. Domestic Consumption was 66% (8,115 MLD) 3. The potential of substitution of 55% of domestic consumption
with harvested rainwater amounts to 4,463 MLD 4. The average increase in water production from WTP for last 16
years was 470 MLD annually. 5. Theoretically, no necessity for new plants for next 9 years if the
full potential of rainwater harvesting is utilised
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
MANUALS, CODES & GUIDES
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATION
CONCLUSIONS
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
Roof Catchment
Gutter to be installed
Proposed Roof Catchment
Proposed Roof Catchment
Existing Roof Catchment
PRESENTATION CONTENTS
REVIEW OF RWH PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
RWH PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA
3 Nos. RESIDENTIAL RWH INSTALLATION
CONCLUSIONS
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
Many developed countries have recognized RWH as a sustainable source for domestic water supply.
In Australia where 99% of urban households are serviced by public mains, the Aust. Bureau of Statistic reported that in 2007, 19% of Australian households use rainwater tanks.
However in urban areas of Malaysia, RWH practice is adopted only by “environmentalists” and individuals’ conscious of their contribution towards sustainable living.
The Malaysian Green Building Index launched on 21st May 2009 promote sustainable development practices in Malaysia. Domestic water conservation practice (RWH is a water conservation practice) is recognized as part of sustainable developments to combat climate change and given a rating of 10% in the index criteria.
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
The above review has demonstrated the ad-hoc installations of Rainwater Harvesting Systems to three residential units.
The installation had their own constraints in during selection of the roof catchment's area and/or the tank size. Planning and technical advice before proceeding with construction of a building would have led to a more efficient harvesting of the rainwater available.
The installations above utilized pumps.A more sustainable system would be to design and select a higherlocation of the rainwater capture tanks for gravity distribution to the fixtures.
A water sampling program needs to be carried out to determine the quality and suitability of stored rainwater to be used in dwellings in urban Malaysia.
An optimized RWH system design is necessary to match the water demand, roof catchment's area and choice of tank volume so that the available rainwater shall be efficiently harvested for sustainable water consumption.
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge the kind cooperation of the following for their contributions towards the project study
Kenny Lim Eng KeongFeisal Fairish
Rtn Kong Ling TohPremier Amalgamated Sdn Bhd (water meters)
IR ELLIAS SAIDIN – 14th INTERNATIONAL RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2009