Thames Water Utilities Limited Application for · PDF fileThames Water Utilities Limited Application for Development Consent ... DNP3 . Distributed Network ... Greater London Authority

Environmental StatementDoc Ref: 6.2.28

Glossary and abbreviationsAPFP Regulations 2009: Regulation 5(2)(a)

Box 15 Folder A January 2013

Hard copy available in

Thames Tideway Tunnel Thames Water Utilities Limited

Application for Development ConsentApplication Reference Number: WWO10001

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Environmental Statement

Thames Tideway Tunnel


List of contents

Environmental Statement glossary and abbreviations Volume 1 Introduction to the Environmental Statement Volume 2 Environmental assessment methodology Volume 3 Project-wide effects assessment Volume 4 Acton Storm Tanks site assessment Volume 5 Hammersmith Pumping Station site assessment Volume 6 Barn Elms site assessment Volume 7 Putney Embankment Foreshore site assessment Volume 8 Dormay Street site assessment Volume 9 King George’s Park site assessment Volume 10 Carnwath Road Riverside site assessment Volume 11 Falconbrook Pumping Station site assessment Volume 12 Cremorne Wharf Depot site assessment Volume 13 Chelsea Embankment Foreshore site assessment Volume 14 Kirtling Street site assessment Volume 15 Heathwall Pumping Station site assessment Volume 16 Albert Embankment Foreshore site assessment Volume 17 Victoria Embankment Foreshore site assessment Volume 18 Blackfriars Bridge Foreshore site assessment Volume 19 Shad Thames Pumping Station site assessment Volume 20 Chambers Wharf site assessment Volume 21 King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore site assessment Volume 22 Earl Pumping Station site assessment Volume 23 Deptford Church Street site assessment Volume 24 Greenwich Pumping Station site assessment Volume 25 Abbey Mills Pumping Station site assessment Volume 26 Beckton Sewage Treatment Works site assessment Volume 27 Minor works sites assessment

Glossary and abbreviations Environmental Statement contents

Page i



Glossary and abbreviations Environmental Statement contents

Page ii


Thames Tideway Tunnel


Glossary and abbreviations

List of contents

Section 1 Abbreviations Section 2 Glossary

Glossary and abbreviations Volume contents Page iii



Glossary and abbreviations Volume contents Page iv


1 Abbreviations 3G third-generation mobile telecommunications AADT annual average daily traffic AAWT annual average weekday total ABI Association of British Insurers ABV alcohol by volume ACE arts, culture and entertainment ACH air changes per hour ACoP Approved Code of Practice ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line AEOs acquisition extinguishment orders AEP Annual Exceedence Probability AFR accident frequency rate AI analogue input AL alluvium ALARP as low as reasonably practicable AM morning AMP4 Asset Management Plan 4 (2006/2010) AMP5 Asset Management Plan 5 (2011/2015) AMP6 Asset Management Plan 6 (2016/2021) AO analogue output AOD above Ordnance Datum AONB area of outstanding natural beauty APA archaeological priority area APZ archaeological priority zone AQEG the Air Quality Expert Group AQMA air quality management area AQMS Automatic Quality Monitoring Station AQMZ air quality management zone AQO air quality objective ARS artificial recharge scheme ASP activated sludge plant ASR aquifer storage and recovery

Glossary and abbreviations Section 1: Abbreviations Page 1


ASSI area of special scientific interest ATC automated traffic counter ATD above tunnel datum = -100mAOD AURN Automatic Urban and Rural Network AWB artificial water body BAP biodiversity action plan BAT Best Available Techniques (formerly BATNEEC/BTKNEEC) BATNEEC Best Available Technology not entailing Excessive Cost (now

BAT) BS British Standards BBS behavioural based safety bgl below ground level BGS British Geological Survey BH Borehole BIS Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (formerly DTI –

Department of Trade and Industry) BMWP biological monitoring working party BoCC Birds of Conservation Concern

BOD biological/biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 biological/biochemical oxygen demand – amount of dissolved

oxygen consumed in five days BP before present BPEO best practicable environmental option BPG best practice guidance BPIP Building Profile Input Program BPM best practicable means BRE the Building Research Establishment BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment

Method BRN the Blue Ribbon Network (see The London Plan) BS British Standard BSTW Beckton Sewage Treatment Works BT British Telecom BTEX ethylbenzene and xylenes BTKNEEC Best available technical knowledge not entailing excessive costs

(now BAT)



BTO British Trust for Ornithology BTS British Tunnelling Society c Circa CABE the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment CAD computer-aided design C&D Construction and Demolition C&I Commercial and Industrial Waste CAMS Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy CAT cable avoidance tool CBA cost-benefit analysis CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCI Community Conservation Index CCS Considerate Constructors Scheme CCS Community Consultation Strategy CCTV closed-circuit television CCV chalk crushing value CCW Consumer Council for Water CDE Construction, Demolition and Excavation CDA critical drainage area CDM Construction (Design and Management) CE&D Construction, Excavation and Demolition CEC Council of European Communities CEEQUAL Civil Engineering Environmental Quality CEH central engine house CEMP construction environmental management plan (sometimes called

site environmental management plan [SEMP]) CEMP Construction Environment Management Programmes CESWI Civil Engineering Specification for the Water Industry CFD computational fluid dynamics cfm cubic feet per minute CFMP Catchment Flood Management Plan CIRIA the Construction Industry Research and Information Association CL:AIRE Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments CLEA the Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment



CLG Department for Communities and Local Government (formerly ODPM)

CLR contaminated land report CMS construction method statement CO2 carbon dioxide CoCP Code of Construction Practice COD chemical oxygen demand COMAH Control of Major Accident Hazards CoP Code of Practice CoPA Control of Pollution Act 1974 COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations CPNI Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure CP control panel CPO compulsory purchase order CPP construction phase plan CPU central processing unit CPUE catch per unit effort CPZ controlled parking zone CRTN calculation of road traffic noise CRoW Countryside and Rights of Way (Act 2000) cSAC candidate Special Areas of Conservation CSO combined sewer overflow CTRL Channel Tunnel Rail Link (now known as High Speed 1 [HS1]) CTP compliance test procedure CTSA Counter Terrorism Security Adviser dB decibel dB(A) A-weighted decibel dBL linear decibel DAB daily activity brief DAS design and access statement DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport DCO development consent order DDA Disability Discrimination Act DDR Design development report



Defra Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DETR Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (now

DfT) DfT Department for Transport (formerly DETR) DGLA Department of Greater London Archaeology (Museum of London)

DI digital input DLR Docklands Light Railway DMP development management plan DMPD development management policies document DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (for air quality

monitoring/modelling) DNO Distribution Network Operator DNP3 Distributed Network Protocol DO dissolved oxygen DO digital output [MEICA] DoS/DOS degree of saturation DPD development plan document DS dissolved sulphides dSAC draft Special Areas of Conservation DTI Department of Trade and Industry (now BIS) DTM digital terrain models DTM digital terrain mapping DWF dry weather flow DWI Drinking Water Inspectorate DWP Department for Works and Pensions DWS Drinking Water Standards EA Environment Agency EA PPG Environment Agency Pollution Prevention Guidance EAWR Electricity at Work Regulations EC European Commission/European Community (formerly EEC) EcIA Ecological Impact Assessment EDF Electricité de France (energy company) EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community (now EC) EFRA Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee



EH English Heritage EHO environmental health officer EIA environmental impact assessment EICA electrical, instrumentation, controls, automation EIP/EiP examination in public ELMP Ecology and Landscape Management Plan ELTR East London Transit route ELWA East London Waste Authority EM&WS Excavated Materials and Waste Strategy EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMOA excavated material options assessment EMOS excavated material option suitability EMP environmental management plan EMR Electro-magnetic radiation EMS environmental management system EN English Nature (now Natural England) EOEF extra over efficient flow EOR Engineering Options Report EPA Environmental Protection Act 1990 EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPB earth pressure balance EPBM earth pressure balance machine EPH extractable petroleum hydrocarbons EPP emergency preparedness plan EPRP emergency planning and response plan EPS European Protected Species EqIA Equality Impact Assessment EQS Environmental Quality Standard ES Environmental Statement ESIC engineering site incident control EtherNet/IP Ethernet Industrial Protocol EU European Union eVDV estimated vibration dose value EWC European Waste Catalogue FAQ frequently asked questions



FARL Fawley Aquatic Research Ltd FAS Flood Alleviation Scheme FCV flow control valve FEH Flood Estimation Handbook FESL Fugro Engineering Service Limited FFD Freshwater Fish Directive FIDOR frequency, intensity, duration, offensiveness, receptor FOGG fat, oil, grease and grit FRA flood risk assessment FST final settlement tank FTFT/FFT flow to full treatment GAC generic assessment criteria GARDIT General Aquifer Research Development and Investigation Team GCG Geotechnical Consulting Group GDO general development order GDP Growth Domestic Product GDR geotechnical data report GEP good ecological potential GhG greenhouse gas GiGL Geographical Information for Greater London GiGL Greenspace Information for Greater London GI ground investigation GIR Ground investigation report GIS geographical information system GLA Greater London Authority GLAAS Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service GLHER Greater London Historic Environment Record (formerly GLSMR) GLSMR Greater London Sites and Monuments Record (now GLHER) GLVIA Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment GMU geotechnical mapping unit GOMMS The Guidance on the Methodology for Multi-Modal Studies GPDO The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted

Development) Order 1995 GPR ground-penetrating radar GPRS general packet radio service



GQA General Quality Assessment (EA water quality classification) GRP glass-reinforced plastic (fibreglass) GSHP ground source heat pump GSPZ groundwater source protection zone(s) GWB groundwater body GWMU groundwater management unit GWSI generic written scheme of investigation GWT groundwater table H&S health and safety H2S hydrogen sulphide ha hectare(s) HA Highways Agency HAP Habitat Action Plan HAVS hand-arm vibration syndrome HAZOP hazard and operability HDV heavy duty vehicle HEA historic environmental assessment HER historic environment record HGL hydraulic grade level (alternatively, hydraulic grade line) HGV heavy goods vehicle HIA health impact assessment HIAB Hydrauliska Industri AB Company HIV high integrity valve HL high level HLPS high lift pumping station HMI human-machine interface HMP heritage management plan HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (now part of OPSI) HMWB heavily modified water body HPA Health Protection Agency HPD high pressure dilatometer HQ headquarters HR human resources HRA Habitats Regulations Assessment HSE Health and Safety Executive



HSI Habitat Suitability Index

HSP health and safety plan HSSE health, safety, security and environment HTC Hammersmith Town Centre HV high voltage HWR Hazardous Waste Regulations (England and Wales) 2005 IA impact assessment IBM Individual Based Modelling IC interception chamber ICA instrumentation, control and automation ID internal diameter IDD intact dry density IEEM Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management IEMA Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment IFAS integrated fixed-film activated sludge ILSP integrated logistic support plan IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 I/O input/output IP Internet Protocol IPC Infrastructure Planning Commission IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ISO International Organisation for Standardisation JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee kg kilogram(s) km kilometre(s) Ko coefficient of earth pressure kPa kilopascal(s) KPI key performance indicator kVA kilovolt-ampere kW kilowatt LA local authority LA90 noise levels that are exceeded for the 90% of time under

consideration LAeq equivalent continuous sound level (the main unit for assessing

occupational noise)



LAFmax maximum A-weighted sound pressure level LAARC London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre LAS London Ambulance Service LAQM local air quality management LAQN London Air Quality Network LB Lambeth Group LB London borough LBAP local biodiversity action plan LBB&D London Borough of Barking and Dagenham LBC listed building consent LBN London Borough of Newham LBPG London Best Practice Guidance LBTH London Borough of Tower Hamlets LCA landscape character area LCCP London Climate Change Partnership LCK Lewes Chalk l/d litres per day l/s litres per second LDA London Development Agency LDF local development framework LDS local development scheme LEL lower explosive limit LEMP landscape and ecology management plan

LESC London Electric Supply Corporation LEZ low emission zone LFEPA London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority LGV light goods vehicle LHA local highway authority LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging LISI London Invasive Species Initiative LL low level LLAU limits of land to be acquired or used LLFAs Lead Local Flood Authorities LLS1 Low Level Sewer No.1 LLS1(N) northern Low Level Sewer No.1



LLS1(S) southern Low Level Sewer No.1 LMB Lower Mottled Beds LNR local nature reserve LOI local operator interface LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations LOP local operator panel LoWR List of Waste Regulations 2005 LP The London Plan LPA local planning authority LSB Lower Shelly Beds LtB Laminated Beds LTGDC London Thames Gateway Development Corporation LTI London Tideway Improvements LTT London Tideway Tunnels LTTG London and Tideway Treatment Group LU London Underground LV low voltage LVMF London View Management Framework LYR London Youth Rowing m metre/metres m/s metres per second m2 square metres m3 cubic metres m3/s cubic metres per second M&E mechanical and electrical Ma million years MAAD Maximum Assessed Available Drawdown MAGIC Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside mAOD metres above Ordnance Datum mATD metres above tunnel datum mbgl metres below ground level MCA Maritime and Coastguard Agency MCC motor control centre MCC mechanical control centre MCZ Marine Conservation Zone



MD managing director MDD maximum dry density MEICA mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, controls, automation MFTFT maximum flow to full treatment MG made ground mg milligram(s) Mg megagrams mg/l milligram(s) per litre MGV medium goods vehicles MH manual handling MI6 Secret Intelligence Service (interchangeable with SIS) MIPU Major Infrastructure Planning Unit (forthcoming government

replacement for the IPC) Ml/d or ML/d megalitres per day mm millimetres MMO Marine Management Organisation MMP Materials Management Plan MN meganewton MN/m2 meganewton per square metre MOD Ministry of Defence MOL Metropolitan Open Land MOLA Museum of London Archaeology (formerly MoLAS Museum of

London Archaeology Service) MOZ major opportunity zone MP medium pressure MPa megapascal(s) MS method statement MSDS material safety data sheet MSW municipal solid waste MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether MVA megavolt-ampere MW megawatt MWh megawatt hours MWMS municipal waste management strategy N nitrogen



N/A Not applicable NAQIA National Air Quality Information Archive (now UK Air Quality

Information Archive [no acronym]) NAQS National Air Quality Strategy (now Air Quality Strategy [no

acronym]) NCR National Cycle Route NE Natural England (formerly English Nature) NERA National Economic Research Associates NERCA Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 NESR North East Storm Relief NEC noise exposure category NFCDD National Flood and Coastal Defence Database NGO non-governmental organisation NGR Ordnance Survey National Grid reference NHM Natural History Museum, London NH4-N ammoniacal nitrogen NHSE Northwest Holst Soil Engineering NIHHS The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances

(Regulations 2002) NLARS North London Artificial Recharge Scheme NLL1 Northern Low Level Number 1 sewer NLL2 Northern Low Level Number 2 sewer NMC natural moisture content NMR National Monuments Record NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compounds NNR National Nature Reserve NO nitric oxide NO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O nitrous oxide NOX oxide(s) of nitrogen NOS Northern Outfall Sewer NPMG TW Network and Process Modelling Group (formerly known as

Thames Water’s Sewer Modelling Group [SMG]) NPPF National Planning Policy Framework NPS National Planning Statement NPS national policy statement



NPV net present value NR Network Rail NRA National Rivers Authority NRMM non-road mobile machinery NS natural strata NSA British Geological Survey’s National Seismological Archive NSIP nationally significant infrastructure project NSRA National Small-bore Rifle Association NTS non-technical summary NVZ nitrate vulnerable zone NVC the National Vegetation Classification OAWSI Overarching Archaeological Written Scheme of Investigation OC odour control OCU odour control unit OD Ordnance Datum (mean sea level at Newlyn in Cornwall) ODA Olympic Delivery Authority ODPM Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (succeeded in 2006 by CLG) Ofwat The Water Services Regulatory Authority (the Government’s

regulator of UK water companies) OHP occupational health plan OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series OMC optimum moisture contents ONS Office for National Statistics OPSI Office of Public Sector Information (includes HMSO) OS Ordnance Survey OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OUe

OWSI European odour unit Overarching Written Scheme of Investment

PAC powdered activated carbon PACT powdered activated carbon treatment PAH Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (or polynuclear aromatic

hydrocarbons) PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme PAT portable appliance testing PCA Pre-Construct Archaeology



PCA Principal Component Analysis PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls PCIP preconstruction information pack PDRs permitted development rights PDL previously-developed land PEI preliminary environmental information PEIR Preliminary environmental information report PEL probable effect level PFT picket fence thickener pH a measure of acidity and/or basicity of a solution PICP pollution incident control plan PID proportional, integral and differential (controller) PIP project information paper PLA Port of London Authority PLC programmable logic controller PLoS Pedestrian Level of Service PM afternoon PM particulate matter PM2.5 particulate matter with constituent particle aerodynamic diameter

of less than 2.5 µm PM10 particulate matter with constituent particle aerodynamic diameter

of less than 10 µm PMO Project Management Organisation PMR Project Manager’s Representative PMT Project Management team POS public open space PPC pollution prevention and control PPE personal protective equipment PPG Planning Policy Guidance PPGs Pollution Prevention Guidelines ppm parts per million ppmv parts per million volume PPS/G planning policy statement/guidance PPS Planning Policy Statement PPV peak particle velocity



PR09 Periodic Review of Water Price Limits 2009 PRF procurement request form PRIS Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, Reading

University PRoW public rights of way PS pumping station pSAC possible Special Areas of Conservation PSC power supply complex PSD particle size distribution PSI potential strategic importance pSPA potential Special Protection Area PSR Preferred Scheme Report PST primary settlement tank PSTN public switched telephone network PTAL public transport accessibility level PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations PVC polyvinyl chloride PWS public water supply PXA Post-excavation Assessment and report QPE quarterly population estimates QRA quantitative risk assessment RA risk assessment RAMS risk assessment and method statement Ramsar The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance RAS return activated sludge RBCA risk-based corrective action RBG Royal Borough of Greenwich RBKC Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea RBMP River Basin Management Plan RCM Responsible Client Manager RDA Redundancy analysis RDB red data book RFRA Regional Flood Risk Assessment RFRA Regional Flood Risk Appraisal RGB red green blue



RHS Royal Horticultural Society RIA regulatory impact assessment RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences

Regulations RO reverse osmosis RPG regional planning guidance RQD rock quality designation RQO river quality objective RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSS regional spatial strategy RTC real-time control RTD River Terrace Deposits [geology] RTD resistance temperature detector [MEICA] RTMP river transport management plan RTU remote terminal unit rWaste FD Revised Waste Framework Directive SA sustainability appraisal SAC Special Areas of Conservation SAM scheduled ancient monument SAR strategic alternative review SBI Site of Borough Importance (for nature conservation) SBP self-boring pressure-meter SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SCI statement of community involvement SCI Sites of Community Importance SCK Seaford Chalk SCL sprayed concrete lining/lined SCM site conceptual model SDIP Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal SDP sludge digestion plant SEE Site environmental engineer SEMP site environmental management plan (also known as construction

environmental management plan [SEMP]) SEA strategic environmental assessment SEIPH South East Institute of Public Health



SFRA strategic flood risk assessment SGVs Soil Guideline Values SI Statutory Instrument SINC Site of Importance for Nature Conservation SIS Secret Intelligence Service SLA service level agreement SLD single line diagram SLINC Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation SLL1 South Low Level Number 1 sewer SLM sound level meter SMG Sewer Modelling Group (Now known as TW Network and Process

Modelling Group) SMI Site of Metropolitan Importance SMINC Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation SMP System Master Plan SMR sites and monuments record SMS Safety Management System SNCI Site of Nature Conservation Importance SNCO Statutory Nature Conservation Organisation SO2 sulphur dioxide SOCC species of conservation concern SOCC statement of community consultation SOLAR Strategic Overview Long term Asset and Resources SOS1 Southern Outfall Sewer 1 SOS2 Southern Outfall Sewer 2 SP stated preference SPA special protection areas SPD/G supplementary planning document/guidance SPG sludge-powered generator SPL significant pollutant linkage S-P-R source-pathway-receptor SPT standard penetration testing SPZ source protection zone (for groundwater) (alt GSPZ) SR storm relief SRBX spontaneous report by exception



SRN Strategic Road Network SSAWSI Site-specific Archaeological Written Scheme of Investigation SSM site selection methodology SSME situation subject matter expert SSR site suitability report SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SSWSI site specific written scheme of investigation STAR Strategic Tunnel Alternative Review STST selective tidal stream transport STW sewage treatment works SuDS sustainable drainage systems SVOC semi volatile organic compound SW Scott Wilson SWMP site waste management plan (waste) SWMP surface water management plan (water) SWSR South West Storm Relief t tonne TA transport assessment TAG Transport Analysis Guidance – WebTAG TAS Thames Archaeological Survey TBC to be confirmed TBM tunnel boring machine TCA townscape character area TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite (from Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol) TCR temporary construction railway TD tunnel datum TDP Thames Discovery Programme TE2100 Thames Estuary 2100 Study TEBP Thames Estuary Benthic Programme TEL threshold effect levels TEM toluene extractable material TfL Transport for London TFRM Tideway Fish Risk Model TGLP Thames Gateway London Partnership



TGB Thames Gateway Bridge TH Tower Hamlets THC total hydrocarbons THM trihalomethanes THP total petroleum hydrocarbons TIA traffic impact assessment TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen TLRN Transport for London Road Network TM traffic management TMP traffic management plan TN target notes TOA Tideway Operating Agreement TON total inorganic nitrogen TP trial pits TPA Thames Policy Area tpa tonnes per annum TPH total petroleum hydrocarbon TPI third-party infrastructure TPO tree preservation order TSF Thanet Sand Formation TSO The Stationery Office TSS total suspended solids TTAG Thames Tideway Advisory Group TTD Thames Tidal Defence TTGDC Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation TTM temporary traffic management (measures) TTQI Thames Tideway Quality Improvements TTSS Thames Tideway Strategic Study TTTT Thames Tunnel Tideway & Treatment TV Television TTWA Travel to work area TW Thames Water TWG Technical Working Group TWRME Thames Water Ring Main Extension TWUL Thames Water Utilities Limited



TZ Target Zero UCS uniaxial compressive strength UDP unitary development plan UEL upper explosive limit UK United Kingdom UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service UKCIP UK Climate Impacts Programme UKCP UK Climate Projections UKHO United Kingdom Hydrographic Office UKTAG UK Technical Advisory Group UKWIR UK Water Industry Research UMB Upper Mottled Beds UN United Nations UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe US USB

United States Upper Shelly Beds

UPM Urban Pollution Management UPN Upnor Formation UPS uninterruptible power supply UWWTD Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive UWWTR Urban Waste Water Treatment (England and Wales) Regulations

1994 UXO unexploded ordnance VDV vibration dose value VHT variable head permeability test VHV views of heritage value VNEB OA Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Opportunity Area VOCs volatile organic compounds VOWD Value of Work Done VPN virtual private network VSD variable speed drive VSP vertical seismic profiling WAC Waste Acceptance Criteria WAG Welsh Assembly Government Waste FD Waste Framework Directive



WAT working at height WCA Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 WDPD waste development plan document WeBS Wetland Birds Survey Web Tag Web Based Transport Analysis Guidance (now just TAG) WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment WERF Water Environment Research Foundation WFD Water Framework Directive WHO World Health Organisation WHS Wandsworth Historical Society WIA Water Industry Act 1991 WITS Water Industry Telemetry Standards WMP waste management plan WPA waste planning authority WQ water quality WQM water quality model WRAP Waste & Resources Action Programme WRAP winter rainfall acceptance potential WRc WRc plc (formerly Water Research Centre) WSI written scheme of investigation WSRA Water Services Regulation Authority WTP willingness to pay WWT Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust WW2 World War 2 XRD x-ray diffraction ZSL Zoological Society London ZTV zone of theoretical visibility ZVI zone of visual influence µg microgram µm micrometre



2 Glossary

Term Description 1,3-butadiene A volatile organic compound and suspected human

carcinogen.

24-hour mean concentration

The average (mean) of the hourly concentrations measured for each pollutant over any 24 consecutive hours.

90%ile A figure that 90 per cent of the data is lower than.

above ordnance datum

Ground elevation is measured relative to the mean sea level at Newlyn in Cornwall, referred to as Ordnance Datum (OD), and heights are reported in metres above or below OD.

abstraction Removal of water from a source of supply (surface or groundwater).

abutment scour Erosion of an area at the foot of an abutment feature due to the reduced cross-sectional channel area and force of water.

acoustic enclosures An enclosed structure installed around plant or machinery to reduce or attenuate noise.

acquiring authority A body with compulsory purchase powers. In the case of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project, Thames Water would be the acquiring authority once a DCO with compulsory purchase powers is approved.

acquisition cost The cost of acquiring an interest in a property, either by agreement or by compulsory purchase. The acquisition cost includes the value of the property, disturbance compensation, owner’s fees and other reasonably incurred losses and costs.

acquisition of new rights

An acquisition of something less than the freehold, eg, rights of temporary occupation or rights of access (temporary or permanent).

acquisition risk The risk of failure to acquire a property via agreement or compulsory purchase.

activated sludge An aerobic bacteria culture formed in aeration tanks at activated sludge treatment works.

activated sludge plant

See ‘aeration tanks’ below.

adit An underground passageway that is open at one end only.

admixtures Materials that are added to modify the properties of materials including sprayed concrete, such as accelerators, plasticisers and retarders.

advanced tree Trees planted before the main construction activities

Glossary and abbreviations Section 2: Glossary Page 23


Term Description planting commence.

aeration tanks/plant Tanks in which sewage undergoes biological treatment. Influent to the aeration tanks is settled sewage from the primary sedimentation tanks. At the head of the aeration tanks, this is blended with activated sludge returned from the final settlement tanks. This blended mixture is referred to as ‘mixed liquor’. Within the aeration tanks, the natural biological treatment process is accelerated by injecting large quantities of air. This can be either by means of mechanical surface aerators or diffuser domes through which air is pumped.

aesthetic Aesthetic effects are associated with human sensory or emotional values and judgements. They often relate to environmental effects on human receptors through the senses of sight, smell, taste, and sound.

aggradation The increase in land elevation due to the deposition of sediment.

aggregate Coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete. The aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material.

air management structures

Collective term for ventilation equipment

air pollutants Amounts of foreign and/or natural substances occurring in the atmosphere that may result in adverse effects on humans, animals, vegetation and/or materials.

Air Quality Management Area

Areas where the local authority has determined that the national air quality objectives are not likely to be achieved by the relevant deadlines.

air quality sensitive receptors

People, property or designated sites for nature conservation that may be at risk from exposure to air pollutants that could potentially arise as a result of the proposed development.

air treatment chamber

A structure containing carbon that absorbs odour from air flowing out of a tunnel, without the assistance of mechanical pumping.

alluvium Sediment lain down by a river. Alluvium can range from sands and gravels deposited by fast-flowing water and clays that settle out of suspension during overbank flooding. Other deposits found on a valley floor are usually included in the term alluvium (eg, peat).



Term Description ambient Of the surrounding area or environment. For noise, for

example, it is the totally encompassing sound in a given situation at a given time, usually composed of sound from many sources near and far.

ammonia The initial product of the decay of nitrogenous organic wastes and the breakdown of animal and vegetable wastes within the wastewater entering the sewage treatment works. Ammonia rapidly depletes oxygen dissolved in water. The sewage treatment works process removes the majority of ammonia prior to effluent discharge.

amorphous Without real or apparent crystalline form. Lacking definite form or shape. Glass, amber and plastics are amorphous substances.

amount The proposed floor space for each proposed use (DCLG Guidance on information requirements and validation, March 2010).

anaerobic environment

An aquatic environment with little available oxygen.

ancient monument A monument protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

ancillary use A subsidiary or secondary use or operation closely associated with the main use of a building or piece of land.

anisotropy The quality of exhibiting properties with different values when measured along axes in different directions.

Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)

A flood with a 0.5 per cent Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) has a one in 200 year probability of occurring in a given year.

annual mean concentration

The average (mean) of the hourly pollutant concentrations measured or predicted for a one-year period.

anoxic Relating to or marked by a severe deficiency of oxygen in tissues or organs.

anthropogenic Originating as a result of human activities.

anticline A fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core.

apparatus Sewers, mains, pipes, cables, any other equipment or structure belonging to Statutory Undertakers, which they require to perform their duties.



Term Description appeal The process whereby a planning applicant can challenge an

adverse decision, including a refusal of permission. Appeals can also be made against the planning authority’s failure to issue a decision within a given time, against conditions attached to permission, against the issue of an enforcement notice and against refusals of listed building and conservation area consents. In England and Wales, appeals are processed by the Planning Inspectorate

aquiclude An impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater.

aquifer A permeable geological stratum or formation that is capable of both storing and transmitting water in significant amounts. A permeable strata, either through intergranular and/or fracture permeability, that is capable of supporting water supply and/or river base flow. There are two types of aquifers, principal and secondary, depending on whether they are regionally or locally important.

aquitard A semi-permeable horizon that retards but does not fully prevent groundwater movement to or from an adjacent aquifer.

aragonite A usually white, yellowish or pink orthorhombic mineral that can occur in many different colours. Aragonite occurs as acicular (needle-like) or tabular crystals, or as fibrous aggregates. It is found in gypsum deposits, at the tips of calcite crystals, in mollusc shells and pearls, and in living reef structures. It is a polymorph of calcite.

archaeological priority area/zone

Area of archaeological priority, significance, potential or other title, often designated by the local authority.

area of outstanding natural beauty

A landscape whose distinctive character and natural beauty are so outstanding that it is in the nation's interest to safeguard them. There are 40 AONBs in England and Wales. These are designated by reason of their flora, fauna, historical or cultural associations, or scenic views.

argon (Ar) A colourless, odourless, inert gas that constitutes approximately one per cent of the Earth's atmosphere, from which it is commercially obtained by fractionation for use in electric light bulbs, fluorescent tubes and radio vacuum tubes, and as an inert gas shield in arc welding.

artesian (Of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure.



Term Description asset An existing or proposed/planned physical object, whose

stability, form or function is responsive to ground movements to such an extent that these responses need to be fully understood and investigated prior to commencing construction works.

asset control limits Predetermined values of structural response (typically movements and strains) that where experienced in practice trigger specific countermeasures on the part of the contractor in an emergency preparedness plan.

Asset Management Plan (AMP)

A plan agreed with Ofwat on a five-yearly basis for the management of water and wastewater assets. AMP4 covered the investment period of April 2005 to March 2010. AMP5 covers the period of April 2010 to March 2015.

Atterberg limits A basic measure of the nature of a fine-grained soil. Depending on the water content of the soil, it may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each state, the consistency and behaviour of soil is different and thus so are its engineering properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined based on a change in the soil's behaviour. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and between different types of silts and clays.

Atterberg scale A geometric and decimal grade scale for classification of particles in sediments based on the unit value of 2 millimetres and involving a fixed ratio of ten for each successive grade. Subdivisions are geometric means of the limits of each grade.

A-weighted decibel A-weighted decibels, abbreviated dBA, or dBa, or dB(a), are an expression of the relative loudness of sounds in the air as perceived by the human ear.

background concentration

The contribution to the total measured or predicted concentration of a pollutant that does not originate directly from local sources of emissions.

basal Base, bottom or minimum.

basal sands The Upnor Beds (the lower unit of the Lambeth Group) and the Thanet Sand Formation.

base case An assessment of a future case, without the project, in a particular assessment year.

baseflow The component of river flow derived from groundwater sources rather than surface run-off.

baseline The existing conditions against which the likely significant effects of a proposed development are assessed.

baseline Pollutant concentration for any scenario with the proposed



Term Description concentration development not in operation.

bat detector An electrical device used to detect the echolocation of bats, which can then be used to determine the species of bat based on the pattern of the echolocation.

bathymetric Of or relating to measurements of the depths of oceans or lakes.

beneficial use The use of excavated material for a positive purpose including recycling, use in industrial processes, use in development, land remediation, habitat creation and landfill restoration.

benthic invertebrates Invertebrates found within or on a riverbed.

bentonite An absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, in general, impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. Mixed with water, it forms slurry, commonly used as a drilling fluid and for ground support in tunnelling.

benzene A volatile organic compound and suspected human carcinogen.

best-estimate volume loss

An assessment of volume loss that is considered to be readily achievable using industry best-practice construction techniques in uniform ground conditions. A parameter used in risk-based ground movement calculations.

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD/BOD5)

The amount of dissolved oxygen used by micro-organisms in the biological process of metabolising organic matter in water. The more organic matter there is (eg, in sewage and polluted bodies of water), the greater the BOD. The greater the BOD, the lower the amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fish. The BOD is therefore a reliable gauge of the organic pollution of a body of water. It is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during five days of incubation at 20°C.

biodiversity

Biological diversity – or ‘biodiversity’ – is the term given to the variety of plant and animal species in a given environment and the natural patterns they form.

bioturbation The stirring or mixing of sediment or soil by organisms, especially by burrowing or boring.

blower house A building containing air blowers to provide process air for the aeration tanks.



Term Description Blue Ribbon Network (BRN)

The Blue Ribbon Network, which is part of the London Plan, includes the River Thames, the canal network, and other tributaries, rivers and streams within London and London's open water spaces, such as docks, reservoirs and lakes. It includes culverted (or covered over) parts of rivers, canals or streams.

borehole A hole drilled into the ground for geological investigation or for the exploitation of geological deposits or groundwater. An abstraction borehole is a well sunk into an aquifer from which water is pumped.

brickearth Windblown dust deposited under extremely cold, dry, post-glacial conditions, suitable for making bricks.

British Standard Produced by the BSI Group in order to set up standards of quality for goods and services.

Bronze Age 2,000 to 600 BC.

brown roof A roof that supports a wide variety of plant and animal species and reduces storm water run-off.

brownfield land/brownfield site

Previously developed land and premises that may be partially occupied or used. It is most commonly associated with derelict urban land with redundant industrial buildings. Excludes agriculture or forestry land.

building recording Recording of historic buildings to document buildings, or parts of buildings, that may be lost as a result of demolition, alteration or neglect. Four levels of recording are defined by Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and English Heritage. Level 1 (basic visual record); Level 2 (descriptive record), Level 3 (analytical record), and Level 4 (comprehensive analytical record).

Building Research Establishment Limited (BRE)

The trading name of Building Research Establishment Limited. Originally known as the Building Research Station and later the Building Research Establishment. Formally a government establishment, BRE became a private company in 1997. As well as research, BRE undertakes testing and consultancy.

bund An embankment which acts as a visual or noise screen.

bunding Also called a bund wall, bunding is a separated area within a structure designed to prevent inundation or breaches of various types.

cable duct Pipework (generally below-ground) in which a cable is housed.

caisson A watertight chamber that is open at the bottom and contains air under pressure used to carry out construction work under water.



Term Description calcareous Composed of or containing calcium or calcium carbonate.

Calcareous rocks contain as much as 50 per cent calcium carbonate.

calcrete Also called hardpan, calcium-rich duricrust, a hardened layer in or on a soil. It is formed on calcareous materials as a result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions.

campshed An area of stone, concrete or timber lain on the river/sea bed that is exposed at low tide to allow vessels to rest safely and securely in place.

capture zone An area from which groundwater is drawn.

carbon dioxide (CO2) A chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in the Earth's atmosphere in this state. CO2 is a trace gas that makes up 0.039 per cent of the atmosphere.

carbon filters Filters that would remove odours before air is released from the main tunnel.

carbon footprint The total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organisation, event, product or person, often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs, emitted.

carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or organic materials. In humans, it prevents the normal transportation of oxygen in the blood.

carbonaceous The defining attribute of a substance rich in carbon.

cast in situ concrete Concrete (mass or reinforced) that requires a ‘shutter’ or similar temporary works to facilitate the casting process, until the concrete has gained sufficient strength to dispense with any temporary works.

catchment The area from which surface water and/or groundwater collects and contributes to the flow of a river, abstraction or other specific discharge boundary. Can be prefixed by ‘surface water’ or ‘groundwater’ to indicate the specific nature of the catchment.

Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy (CAMS)

The Environment Agency’s strategy for water resources management in England and Wales through licensing water abstraction. CAMS is used to inform the public on water resources and licensing practice; provide a consistent approach to local water resources management; and to help balance the needs of water-users and the environment.

catenary A curve formed by a perfectly flexible, uniformly dense and inextensible cable suspended from its endpoints.



Term Description cerchar abrasivity index/test

A test that measures rock abrasivity in order to determine cutter wear and costs.

cetaceans Whales, dolphins and porpoises.

chainage In the case of roads or other linear infrastructure, a chainage is established, often to correspond with the centre line of the road. During construction, structures are then located in terms of chainage, offset and elevation. Offset is said to be ‘left’ or ‘right’ relative to someone standing on the chainage line looking in the direction of increasing chainage. Plans often show plan views (viewed from above), profile views (a ‘transparent’ section view that collapses all section views of the road parallel to the chainage) or cross-section views (a ‘true’ section view perpendicular to the chainage). In a plan view, chainage generally increases from left to right, or from the bottom to the top of the plan. Profiles are shown with the chainage increasing from left to right, and cross-sections are shown as if the viewer is looking in the direction of increasing chainage (so that the ‘left’ offset is to the left and the ‘right’ offset is to the right).

Chalk In England, Chalk topographically forms what are known as the 'Downs' in southern and eastern counties. It is comprised of a sequence of mainly soft, white, very fine-grained, extremely pure limestones that are commonly 300 to 400m thick. These rocks consist mainly of coccolith biomicrites formed from the skeletal elements of minute planktonic green algae, associated with varying proportions of larger microscopic fragments of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods. In the project area, chalk is firm, white, fine-grained limestone with conspicuous semi-continuous nodular and tabular flint seams.

change of use A change in the way land or buildings are used. Planning permission is usually necessary in order to change from one ‘use class’ to another.

chemical oxygen demand (COD)

A measure of the capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite. COD is related to biochemical oxygen demand; however BOD only measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microbial oxidation and is most relevant to waters that are rich in organic matter.

chert A fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. It varies greatly in colour (from white to black), but most often manifests as grey, brown, greyish brown and



Term Description light green to rusty red; its colour is an expression of trace elements present in the rock, and both red and green are most often related to traces of iron (in its oxidized and reduced forms respectively).

clast A rock fragment or grain that results from the breakdown of larger rocks.

claystone A geological term used to describe a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of clay-sized particles (less than 1/256 millimetre in diameter). Claystone does not refer to rocks that are laminated or easily split into thin layers called clay shales. Claystones are a fully-hardened material that is distinct from mudstones, which are partly hardened muds that slake when wetted.

clinker A general name given to waste from industrial processes – particularly those that involve smelting metals, burning fossil fuels and using a blacksmith's forge which usually result in a large build-up of clinker around the tuyère. Clinker often forms a loose, black deposit that can consist of coke, coal, slag, charcoal, grit and other waste materials.

closed face techniques

Applicable to the use of full face TBMs for tunnel construction where access to the tunnel face is not generally available, and is usually accessed by planned intervention only through a lock/access door.

Code of Construction Practice (CoCP)

A document that sets out control measures to be adopted during the construction period.

cofferdam A temporary wall that is constructed around the outside of a working area within a river that is then pumped dry. The inside of the cofferdam can be filled to create a safe working area.

collecting system A system of conduits that collects and conducts urban wastewater.

combined sewer A sewer that conveys both rainwater and wastewater of domestic or industrial origin.

combined sewer overflow (CSO)

A structure, or series of structures, that allows sewers that carry both rainwater and wastewater to overflow into a river when at capacity during periods of heavy rainfall. The flows are discharged to river in order to prevent the sewers backing up and flooding streets or houses. Flows may discharge by gravity or by pumping.

comminute To reduce to powder; pulverize.

Community Conservation Index

Method for evaluating invertebrate communities based on species rarity, diversity and abundance.



Term Description (CCI)

Community Strategy A strategy prepared by a local authority to improve local quality of life and aspirations under the Local Government Act 2000.

compliance statement

A document prepared for each third-party asset that records how the asset owner’s concerns have been addressed and how the basis of the asset assessments will be verified during construction.

compulsory purchase The acquisition of property using statutory powers where the agreement of the owner is not required.

Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO)

An order that authorises the compulsory purchase of interests in land.

computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

One of the branches of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyse problems involving fluid flows.

conceptual model A simplified representation or qualified description of the behaviour of the hydrogeological system. A quantitative conceptual model includes preliminary calculations and flow and mass balances.

concretion A rounded mass of mineral matter found in sedimentary rock.

condition factors Numerical values applied to calculated structural effects of bridges (eg, stresses, strains, deformations) to reflect the physical condition of a structure as compared to the ‘as new’ condition. These factors are typically used to reduce the allowable load capacity of a structure to reflect its condition at the time of the assessment.

condition survey A survey of an asset that is undertaken prior to construction works that may affect the asset. A further survey can be carried out once construction is complete, if required.

conditioning (ie, screening conditioning)

Washing and dewatering of screenings to ensure that the screened out material meets the criteria for disposal.

conditions (or ‘planning conditions’)

Conditions attached to a planning or DCO permission to limit, control or direct the manner in which a development is carried out.

confining layer Units of low permeability that bound an aquifer (Schwartz & Zhang, 2003).

confirmation of DCO The point at which the minister approves the DCO. The powers contained in the DCO may then be used (assuming there is no appeal).



Term Description confluence A gathering, flowing, or meeting together at a juncture or

point.

connection culvert A covered channel structure to connect the interception chamber to the drop shaft.

connection tunnel A tunnel that connects a drop shaft to the main tunnel.

conservation area An area designated by a local authority or English Heritage that has special architectural or historical interest. Defined in the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as “an area of special architectural and historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.”

conservative volume loss

An upper-bound estimate of volume loss generally based on historic ‘open face’ tunnelling in London. A parameter used in risk-based ground movement calculations.

consolidation tanks A tank in which a liquid containing suspended solid material is stored to enable gravity to separate the solid material from the carrier liquid. Often, the liquid is withdrawn over weirs at the top of the tank, allowing the suspended solid material to be removed as a concentrated liquid.

construction control limits

Predetermined values of construction performance (typically volume loss values) that, when exceeded, trigger specific countermeasures on the part of the contractor/third-party asset owner detailed in the emergency preparedness plan.

construction site The area of a site used during the construction phase.

contaminated land Land that has been polluted or harmed in some way rendering it unfit for safe development and usage unless decontaminated.

contraction scour Erosion of a river bed area due to a reduced cross-sectional channel area and force of water.

coquina An incompletely consolidated sedimentary rock, technically a subset of limestone. It is mainly composed of mineral calcite and often includes some phosphate in the form of seashells or coral.

core strategy Every local planning authority should produce a core strategy, which includes an overall vision that sets out how the area and the places within it should develop. These are relatively new documents that are a key part of the local development framework.

crawler crane A mobile crane, usually with caterpillar tracks.

Cretaceous A geologic period and system from circa 145.5 ± 4 to 65.5 ± 0.3 million years (Ma) ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows on the Jurassic Period and is followed by



Term Description the Paleogene Period of the Cenozoic Era. It is the youngest period of the Mesozoic Era and, at 80 million years, is the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon. The end of the Cretaceous defines the boundary between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. In many languages this period is known as ‘chalk period’. The Cretaceous is divided into Early and Late Cretaceous epochs or Lower and Upper Cretaceous series.

Crown land An interest in land owned by a Crown body, such as a central government department, the Duchy of Lancaster or the Duchy of Cornwall.

CSO site A site that contains the CSO interception chambers, connection culverts and the drop shaft from which the connection tunnel is built. Each site needs to be able to provide enough space for all construction-related activities, which would vary depending on the diameter of the shaft and method of tunnel construction.

culvert A covered structure that conveys a flow under a road, railroad or other obstruction. Culverts are mainly used to divert stream or rainfall run-off to prevent erosion or flooding on highways.

cumulative effects In the EIA, those effects that arise from the Thames Tideway Tunnel project with other non-Thames Tideway Tunnel projects

curtilage An area of land or structures around a dwelling or other structure.

cut Excavated material to be reused as part of the project as ‘fill’ or removed off-site.

damage category assessment

Categorisation of buildings subject to ground movement, based on predicted tensile strains.

database of assets A database that tracks the interface issues for each asset, from establishment of predicted ground movements through the assessment process to mitigation works, final inspection and close-out.

dB LAeq,T An equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level that has the same energy as a fluctuating sound over a specified time period T.

de-aeration chamber An area within the shaft and/or associated pipe work where air is removed from liquids.

de-aeration ducting The connection between the de-aeration tunnel back to the CSO drop shaft.

de-aeration tunnel An area within the tunnel where air is removed from liquids (horizontal de-aeration).



Term Description Decibel (dB) Logarithmic ratio used to relate sound pressure level to a

standard reference level.

depressurisation Dewatering or lowering hydraulic pressures in a confined aquifer.

Design and Access Statement

A statement to be submitted as part of an application for development consent that covers the concepts and principles of design and addresses access issues.

Design Council CABE

An enterprising charity comprising the Design Council and the Centre for Architecture and Built Environment (CABE) that provides advice and support on all aspects of design, including architecture.

Design Development Report (DDR)

Design development reports describe the process behind the development of the proposed designs of the permanent above-ground elements of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project and the integration of these elements into the surrounding environment.

design reviews Hosted by the Design Council CABE and undertaken in consultation with the local planning authorities and pan-London stakeholders, these two-stage reviews have provided independent advice and guidance on the emerging design of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project sites.

dessication The state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.

detention tank A tank built to store run-off and release it at a controlled rate so that the peak flow is reduced and the flow is spread over a longer period.

determinands Influencing or determining elements or factors.

determination The process by which an appropriate authority reaches a decision on whether a proposed development requires planning permission.

development Development is defined under the 1990 Town and Country Planning Act (as amended) as “the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operation in, on, over or under land, or the making of any material change in the use of any building or other land”. Most forms of development require planning permission.

development brief The document to be used to guide the detail design of individual plots within the site and the controls on future operational activities.



Term Description Development Consent Order (DCO)

An order under the Planning Act 2008 approving a development that is or forms part of a Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project. The order can grant planning permission and compulsory purchase powers. The order is granted by the Government ministers.

development plan In London, this refers to the LPA/local authorities’ unitary development plan, core strategy, other development plan documents and the London Plan.

development plan document (DPD)

Development plan documents are a statutory element of the local development framework and are subject to independent examination by an inspector. DPDs include the following types of documents: • core strategy: sets out the long-term vision and

overarching policies for the borough • site-specific land allocations and policies • area action plans (where needed): set out the planning

framework for areas of significant change and conservation areas

• general development control policies • a proposals map: illustrates the spatial extent of policies.

dewatering The removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation, filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter press as part of various industrial processes. Construction dewatering is a term used to describe removal or draining groundwater or surface water from a riverbed, construction site, caisson or mine shaft, by pumping or evaporation.

dewatering wells A system used to locally lower groundwater levels around a worksite to provide stable working conditions when excavating.

diadromous Species that migrate through the estuary to spawn, such as eel (Anguilla anguilla) or smelt (Osmerus eperlanus).

diaphragm wall A diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete retaining wall constructed in situ. A deep trench is excavated and supported with bentonite slurry, and then reinforcing material (normally steel) is inserted into the trench. Concrete is poured into the trench and only after this can excavation in front of the retained earth commence.

discharge point to river

Where combined sewage is released into the river.



Term Description discretionary purchase cost

The cost of acquiring a property that is affected by works and where the owner has met the eligibility criteria under Thames Water’s hardship scheme.

dissolved oxygen level

Indicator of water quality – a higher level is preferable.

disturbance compensation

Compensation to cover costs of relocation from a property that is needed for works and has been acquired.

domestic wastewater Wastewater from residential settlements and services that predominantly originates from the human metabolism or household activities.

downcutting Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion, is a geological process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream bed or the valley floor.

downhole test A method to determine soil stiffness properties by analysing direct compressional and shear waves along a borehole approximately 30m deep.

downthrow The sinking of rocks on one side of a fault plane.

drawdown A lowering of the water level in a borehole or aquifer, usually in response to abstraction.

drawpit A chamber on a cable duct used to draw cable into or out of the cable ducts.

Drinking Water Standards

Legal standards set in the Europe in the Drinking Water Directive 1998 together with UK national standards to maintain wholesomeness of potable water.

drive (shaft) site Drive(shaft) sites lie at the start of tunnel drives and accommodate the majority of tunnelling activities. At these sites, Thames Water would construct a shaft and build the tunnel boring machine (TBM) at the bottom. The TBM would then be used to construct the tunnel by excavating the ground.

drive/drive option A possible tunnelling option.

drop shaft A circular, vertical concrete structure to drop flows from a CSO to a main tunnel.

drowned outfall Where the proposed primary drainage channels have a permanent water level in line with the water level in the receiving watercourse.

dry well A chamber from which liquids are excluded. Often used to describe a part of a pumping station housing pumps and pipework that is not designed to be submerged.



Term Description duricrust A thin, hard layer on or near the surface of soil, usually a few

millimetres to a few centimetres thick.

dust Coarse particulate matter (between 1µm and 75µm in diameter) produced as a result of abrasive activities during the construction phase of a development.

early medieval AD 410 to 1066, also referred to as the Saxon period.

earth pressure balance (type of TBM)

A mechanised tunnelling method in which spoil is admitted into the tunnel boring machine via a screw conveyor arrangement, which allows pressure at the face of the tunnel boring machine to remain balanced without the use of slurry.

ecology The relationship between organisms and their environment.

effect The result of an impact on a particular resource or receptor.

effluent Treated wastewater discharged from a sewage treatment works.

electrical and control kiosk

A structure that houses electrical and control equipment

elevation The actual façade of a building, or a plan showing a drawing of a façade.

embedded measures Measures to prevent/avoid or reduce adverse environmental effects and provide beneficial effects which are part of the proposed development.

emergency preparedness plan

A plan prepared for each asset where required, which details actions to be taken at each trigger level that links directly to the outcomes of risk workshops.

encroachment With regards to the Thames Tideway Tunnel project, this refers to the extent that proposed structures extend into the river or foreshore.

en-echelon Describing parallel or subparallel, closely-spaced, overlapping or step-like minor structural features in rock, such as faults and tension fractures that are oblique to the overall structural trend.

environmental design measures

See ‘embedded measures’

environmental impact assessment (EIA)

The process for identifying the environmental effects (positive and negative) of proposed developments before development consent is granted. The aim of EIA is to prevent, reduce or offset the significant adverse environmental effects of development proposals, and enhance positive ones. The output of the EIA process is an Environmental Statement.



Term Description environmental quality standards (EQS)

The concentration of chemical pollutants assessed to have detrimental effects on water quality in terms of the health of aquatic plants and animals. EQS are established in the Water Framework Directive (Annex V) through testing the toxicity of the substance on aquatic biology.

Environmental Statement (ES)

A document to be prepared following an EIA that provides a systematic and objective account of the EIA’s findings, prepared in accordance with the Infrastructure Planning EIA Regulations 2009.

environmental topics Specialist studies of the Environmental Statement divided into individual topics, eg, historic environment, aquatic ecology, air quality, etc.

Eocene The Eocene Epoch, which lasted from approximately 56 to 34 million years ago (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the Eocene is marked by the emergence of the first modern mammals. The end is set at a major extinction event called Grande Coupure (the ‘Great Break’ in continuity), which may be related to the impact of one or more large bolides in Siberia and in what is now Chesapeake Bay. As with other geologic periods, the strata that define the start and end of the epoch are well identified, although the exact dates are slightly uncertain.

equivalent reinstatement

A basis of compensation for specialised property that uses the costs of reinstating the property elsewhere (rather than market value, which is the normal basis of compensation).

estuarine That which is formed or deposited in an estuary.

estuarine resident A species that remains in an estuary for its complete lifecycle.

European Waste Catalogue

The European Waste Catalogue classifies waste materials and categorises them according to what they are and how they were produced. It is referred to in a number of European Union directives and European Commission decisions regarding waste management.

eutrophication The enrichment of water by nutrients especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life. This produces an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned.

evaluation A limited programme of non-intrusive and/or intrusive



Term Description (archaeological) fieldwork that determines the presence or absence of

archaeological features, structures, deposits, artefacts or ecofacts within a specified area.

examination in public (EIP/EiP)

This is designed to test the soundness of documents produced as part of a local development framework or London Plan. A development plan document is considered sound if it has been based on good evidence and prepared in accordance with procedures, including those outlined in the statement of community involvement and PPS12. Whether or not there are comments in support of or opposed to policies produced, this examination considers all policies and the inspector’s report is binding.

excavated material The earth/soil/ground material removed when shafts, tunnels and other structures are excavated. Excavated material can be either topsoil, subsoil or other material, such as rock, etc.

excavation (archaeological)

A programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with defined research objectives that examines, records and interprets archaeological remains, retrieves artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area. The records made and objects gathered are studied and the results published in detail appropriate to the project design.

exchange land Land that is acquired by an acquiring authority in order to reprovide open space needed for works.

exothermic A chemical or physical reaction that is accompanied by the release of heat.

fault A structural planar fracture or discontinuity within lithological strata due to strain or compression in which significant displacement is observable.

fault zone A region (metres to kilometres wide) that is bounded by major faults within which subordinate faults may be arranged variably or systematically. Single fault zones are marked by fault gouge, breccias, or mylonites.

fill Material required to raise existing ground levels. This may comprise ‘cut’ material generated within a site or imported material.

final effluent Treated liquid that results from a treatment process, at the point of discharge to a watercourse.

final settlement The process stage in a sewage treatment works where ‘mixed liquor’ is treated prior to discharge of the final effluent. Within the final settlement tanks, suspended material in the mixed liquor (known as activated sludge) is allowed to settle. The activated sludge is then continuously withdrawn from the bottom of the tanks.



Term Description findspot The location at which an item is found.

fissure grouting Injecting grout into fissures in Chalk in order to reduce its permeability.

flint A form of chert (silica, SiO2) found in chalk deposits, flint is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of silica-bodied organisms.

flood plain Generally low-lying areas adjacent to a watercourse or the tidal lengths of a river or sea where water flows in times of flood or would flow but for the presence of flood defences.

flood risk assessment

An assessment of the likelihood of flooding in a particular area in order to carefully consider development needs and mitigation measures.

fluvial The processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms they create.

fluviatile Of, relating to, or occurring in a river.

foraminiferans Common name for members of the class Foraminifera – large, shelled ameboid protozoans belonging to the phylum Sarcodina. Most foraminiferan shells are calcareous, but some are siliceous or built of sand grains.

forbs Herbaceaous flowering plants that are not grasses, sedges or rushes.

foreshore Ground uncovered by a river when the tide is low.

foul water sewer A sewer that conveys wastewater of domestic or industrial origin, but little or no rainwater.

fracture A breakage in a rock mass that may be present at any scale, but is generally used for large-scale discontinuities.

free phase contamination

Hydrocarbons that form a discrete layer within groundwater, either floating on the groundwater surface or at the base of a groundwater body.

frequency, intensity, duration, offensiveness, receptor (FIDOR)

Factors that determine the severity of an odour as defined by the Environment Agency including frequency, intensity, duration, offensiveness, receptor.

Freshwater species A species that spends its complete lifecycle primarily in fresh water.

friable Referring to the property of a substance capable of being easily rubbed, crumbled, or pulverized into powder.



Term Description fully engineered design (FED)

A design that is supported by engineering calculations that are compliant to relevant national and European design codes (including reports defining best practice, eg, CIRIA reports) and have included parametric studies of possible variables (geotechnical parameters, construction tolerances, material and workmanship variations, construction stages and influence of adjacent works, including mitigation works). The design also includes risk assessments, instrumentation, monitoring and predetermined contingency plans.

functional requirements

Operational requirements look at the interface between the Lee Tunnel and Thames Tideway Tunnel. Regulatory requirements will be reviewed. Engineering and planning teams will carry out various studies of technical standards for the project.

future baseline The situation that would prevail if a proposed development does not proceed, also known as ‘base case’ (see earlier entry). Impacts and effects are generally predicted against the base case.

General Aquifer Research Development and Investigation Team (GARDIT)

General Aquifer Research Development and Investigation Team (Thames Water, the Environment Agency and the London Underground with the support of organisations such as the Corporation of London, Envirologic, the Association of British Insurers (ABI) and BT.

glauconite An iron potassium phyllosilicate (mica group) mineral of a characteristic green colour, with very low weathering resistance and very friable. Normally considered a diagnostic element indicative of continental shelf marine depositional environments, with slow rates of accumulation.

global warming The gradual increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere, believed to be due to the greenhouse effect, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Graben A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults; the result of a block of land being downthrown, producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching.

green belt Designated land – primarily open land – around built-up areas, designed to limit urban sprawl and define town and country areas. It is protected land by this designation with a strong presumption against development.

green chains A series of open spaces within an urban area, usually following existing physical features of the land, such as



Term Description streams and rivers, linked by a pedestrian route.

green corridor An area that forms visual and vegetated links, often along transport routes between open areas. These links may provide opportunities for the dispersal of wildlife and improvement of landscape and amenity.

Green Flag A benchmark national quality standard for parks and green spaces in the UK.

greenfield settlement The term used to describe predicted movements at the ground surface, calculated on the premise that the ground is a ‘green field’ (ie, free of development) used as a starting point for ground movement calculations.

greenfield sites Land not previously developed, can include agricultural land.

greenhouse gas (GhG)

Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect.

grit lagoons Lagoons to which grit separated from a main flow in constant velocity grit channels is discharged. Gravity settlement within the lagoons allows supernatant liquids to be returned to the works drainage system and grit to be deposited on the lagoon bed for periodic removal and disposal. The grit lagoons at Crossness Sewage Treatment Works have been decommissioned.

ground investigations Information gathering and collation regarding existing geotechnical ground information to enable the design process (eg, boreholes, groundwater monitoring, trial holes, etc).

ground treatment A range of measures to improve the properties of the naturally occurring ground or to counter the potential pore water pressure changes arising from underground working/excavations in order to facilitate tunnel or shaft construction and/or reduce ground movement caused by works.

groundwater All water below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil. Water contained in underground strata, predominantly in aquifers.

groundwater body Distinct volume of groundwater within an aquifer or aquifers

groundwater rebound The rise in groundwater level that occurs after cessation of abstraction.



Term Description groundwater table (GWT)

The groundwater table, usually called the water table, is the depth at which the ground becomes saturated, or filled to maximum capacity, with water.

grout A material that is commonly injected in a fluid state to improve the engineering properties of poor ground conditions, fill voids (eg, between a structural tunnel lining and cut ground), or as a material for repairing damaged segments.

grouting A thin, coarse mortar poured into various narrow cavities, such as rock fissures, to fill them and consolidate the adjoining objects into a solid mass.

gypsum A very soft mineral composed of calcium sulphate dehydrate. Gypsum is moderately water-soluble and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits a retrograde solubility, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. It is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks.

habitable rooms Living rooms, studies, bedrooms, kitchen-diners and larger kitchens, generally used in connection with density assessments and assessment of daylight and sunlight levels for residential amenity.

habitat wall A wall that acts as a wildlife resource for insects and small mammals to feed, shelter and procreate.

Harwich Formation Dark brown, lightly glauconitic clay with localised fine sand.

haul roads Temporary roads provided within a contractor’s site area to allow the transportation of material around the site.

hazardous waste Waste that is harmful to human health or the environment, either immediately or over an extended period of time.

health and safety documentation

Health and safety and Construction Design and Management document production for enabling items, preliminary design and reference design (eg, Construction Design and Management documents for topographical surveys, boreholes, etc).

health and safety reviews

Review of proposed designs or solutions to ensure health and safety and Construction Design and Management opportunities are maximised in the proposed solution (eg, on-going Thames Water Operations input, hazardous operations, buildability reviews).

hectare (ha) A unit of area, defined as 10,000m2, primarily used in the measurement of land.



Term Description heritage asset A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape

positively identified as having a degree of significance that merits consideration in planning decisions. Heritage assets are the valued components of the historic environment. They include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).

Heritage Statement Description of the significance of the heritage assets affected, and the contribution of their setting to that significance (Policy HE6 of PPS5).

historic environment Above-ground and buried heritage assets that are considered to be significant because of their historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. They might comprise below and above-ground archaeological remains, buildings, structures, monuments or heritage landscapes within or immediately around proposed development sites.

historic environment record (HER)

An archaeological and built heritage database held and maintained by the county authority. Previously known as the Sites and Monuments Record.

historic parks and gardens

A park or garden of special historic interest graded I (highest quality), II* or II as designated by English Heritage.

Holocene The Holocene is a geological epoch that began approximately 12,000 years ago (10,000 14C years ago). According to traditional geological thinking, the Holocene epoch continues to the present. It is part of the Quaternary period. It has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1, and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.

Holywell Nodular Chalk

Generally hard nodular chalks with thin flaser marls that may have significant proportions of shell debris in parts. The inter-bedded coloured marl and chalk succession characteristic of the Plenus Marls Member is found at its base. Above this, the Melbourn Rock Member is distinguishable by its lack of shell material.

home zone A designated residential area with streets designed to operate primarily as a space for social use.

homogeneous That which has the same composition throughout; uniform.

horizon A horizontal layer of sedimentary deposits of a certain period, usually marked by characteristic fossils.

hydraulic conductivity A constant of proportionality in Darcy’s law that allows the calculation of the rate of groundwater flow from the hydraulic gradient. For a unit hydraulic gradient, the higher the hydraulic conductivity, the higher the rate of groundwater flow.



Term Description hydraulic grade line In hydrologic terms, a line whose plotted ordinate position

represents the sum of pressure head plus elevation head for the various positions along a given fluid flow path, such as along a pipeline or a groundwater streamline.

hydraulic gradient The rate of change of groundwater level per unit distance in a given direction in an aquifer. Groundwater flows in the direction of the decline in hydraulic gradient.

hydrocarbon An organic compound that consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons occur naturally in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains.

hydrogen (H2) A colourless, odourless, non-metallic, tasteless, highly combustible diatomic gas that produces water when burned. Naturally occurring elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth but can be produced artificially, mainly from steam reforming from natural gas.

hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

A colourless, poisonous, flammable gas with the characteristic foul odour of rotten eggs. It often results from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers (anaerobic digestion).

hydrogeology The area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).

hydrograph A graph that plots water flow or level against time, applicable to both surface water and groundwater.

hydrology The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

hydrostatic head When generating hydropower, the head is a general term used to describe the distance that a given water source has to fall to reach the point at which power is generated.

impact A physical or measurable change to the environment that is attributable to the project.

impermeable surface Surfaces or ground unable to absorb rainfall eg, concrete, most tarmac surfaces and hardstanding.

impersistence A transitory existence or occurrence that lasts only a short time; the inability to sustain a movement.

induration Hardening or being hardened.

infiltration The process whereby water seeps into a pipe via imperfections such as cracks, etc.



Term Description InfoWorks CS Urban drainage network modelling software.

Infrastructure provider

Infrastructure provider means any body appointed (by the Secretary of State for the Environment) as an infrastructure provider for the authorised project or part(s) of the authorised project under Section 36B of the Water Industry Act 1991 (as amended by Section 35 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010).

inlet pumping station A structure that contains pumps to lift sewage into a sewage treatment works.

instrumentation and monitoring specification

An approach to instrumentation and monitoring that includes roles and responsibilities, triggers and action plans, a regime to control construction works and the specification of instruments.

interception chamber A structure constructed around an existing combined sewer that diverts storm water from the sewer into a new system of structures to transfer storm water flow to a sewage treatment works. Transferring the flow from the existing sewer to the sewage treatment works requires a series of other structures including: • connection culvert: a covered channel structure to

connect the interception chamber to the drop shaft • drop shaft: a vertical circular structure used to drop the

flow down to the main tunnel level and connect the connection culvert to the connection tunnel

• connection tunnel: a tunnel that connects the drop shaft to the main tunnel

• main tunnel: the tunnel that transfers the flows from the connection tunnels to Abbey Mills Pumping Station, where they are transferred to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works via the Lee tunnel

• pumping station: a vertical circular structure with pumps at the bottom is used to lift storm water flows up to the sewage treatment works.

interceptor sewer A sewer that captures spillages from existing sewers and transports them to be properly treated.

intermediate site A site that contains intermediate shafts to support construction of the main tunnel with activities such as secondary lining. Each site needs to provide enough space for all construction-related activities, which vary depending on whether the concrete for the secondary lining is made on-site or delivered to the site by lorries (also see reception site).

Iron Age 600 BC to AD 43.



Term Description iron pan A hard layer of precipitated iron salts often found below the

surface of sands and gravels.

jacked caisson A caisson is a retaining, water-tight structure open to the air. A jack is used to push the caisson into the ground and the internal area is then excavated.

karst Karst is formed when rainwater picks up carbon dioxide from the air and dead plant debris in the soil, then percolates through cracks and dissolves the rock. The bedrock becomes saturated with water at a certain level, and dissolving continues as the water moves sideways along bedding planes (horizontal cracks between rock layers) and joints (or fractures) in the rock itself. These conduits enlarge over time and move the water via a combination of gravity and hydraulic pressure, further enlarging the conduits through a combination of solution and abrasion of water on the surrounding rock.

Kg CO2 eq Kg CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) expresses the potency of gases as a common unit. For example, methane is assessed to have a global warming potential 23 times higher than carbon dioxide over 100 years. Therefore one tonne of methane is equivalent to 23 tonnes of carbon dioxide and can be expressed as 23 CO2 equivalents.

LA10(T) The LA10 is the A-weighted sound level that is exceeded for one-tenth of a time period T. For example, the level that is exceeded for a total of six minutes in an hour.

LA90(T) The LA90 is the A-weighted sound level that is exceeded for 90 per cent of a time period T.

LAeq(T) Equivalent continuous sound level is a notional steady sound level that causes the same A-weighted sound energy to be received as that due to the actual and possibly fluctuating sound over a period of time T. It can also be used to relate periods of exposure and noise level. For example, halving or doubling the period of exposure is equivalent in sound energy to a decrease or increase of 3dB(A) in the sound level for the original period.

LAmax The maximum sound level measured on the A-weighted scale occurring during an event.

Lambeth Group A complex sequence of highly variable inter-bedded sediments that includes clay, sands, pebble beds and Shelly beds.

lamina (pl. laminae) A thin plate or layer, especially of bone or mineral.

laminated beds Fine to coarse sand or clay with occasional black organic matter.



Term Description landscape character areas

Areas of landscape that have a broadly homogeneous pattern of topography and drainage, vegetation cover, settlement, land use and visual structure.

later medieval AD 1066 to AD 1500.

launch shaft or drive shaft

The shaft from which a tunnel boring machine is ‘launched’ ie, starts from. Excavated material is removed from and segments are fed into the tunnel at the launch/drive shafts.

layout The way buildings, routes and open spaces are placed or laid out in relation to each other on the ground.

lead A metallic element which, in the form of its compounds, can be retained in the human body with clinical and subclinical effects. Lead in the air arises mainly from antiknock additives to petrol.

Lee Tunnel The Lee Tunnel comprises a storage and transfer tunnel from Abbey Mills Pumping Station to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works and the interception of the Abbey Mills CSO.

Lee Tunnel The Lee Tunnel project, currently under construction, will intercept the Abbey Mills Pumping Station CSO, store and then transfer flows to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works.

Lewes Nodular Chalk Hard to very hard nodular chalks and hardgrounds with inter-bedded soft to medium hard chalks and marls, with more abundant softer chalks towards the top.

licence Formal permit that allows the holder to engage in an activity, subject to conditions specified in the licence itself and the legislation under which it was issued.

lignite A soft, brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable matter has proceeded further than in peat but not as far as in bituminous coal. It is geologically younger than higher-grade coals, originating mainly in the Tertiary period.

lignitiferous Producing or containing lignite; lignitic.

limits of deviation (LODs)

Land boundary limits within which the permanent tunnel would be located.

limits of land to be acquired and used (LLAU)

Land boundary limits around the worksites encompassing both the permanent works and their associated construction facilities and activities to build them.

linear views Protected viewing corridors towards St Paul’s Cathedral framed by objects in the landscape, as described in the London View Management Framework.

lining A structural member that is used in tunnels or shafts (vertical or inclined) to withstand ground and hydrostatic loads, both internal and external (eg, PCC, in situ, SGI).



Term Description listed buildings A structure of architectural and/or historical interest included

on the Secretary of State’s list, which affords statutory protection. Such buildings are subdivided in to Grades I, II* and II (in descending importance).

listric Curved, spoon-shaped.

lithology The physical characteristics of a rock, including colour, composition and texture.

local air quality management (LAQM)

Local areas in which the local authority determines that national air quality objectives are not likely to be achieved by the relevant deadlines.

local authority and statutory consultation and scoping opinion

Local authority and statutory consultee consultation preparation, events and review of responses for the scoping opinion.

local development framework (LDF)

A collection of planning documents prepared by a local planning authority that outline the management of development and land use in a borough.

local plan An area-specific plan to interpret and apply the strategy set out in the structure plan to provide a detailed basis for the control of development to provide a basis for co-ordinating new development, and to bring planning issues before the public.

locally listed buildings

Buildings designated by the local planning authority as having local significance, which are included on a local list. Although such buildings are not statutorily protected, in general close scrutiny will be given to any development affecting them as a recognised heritage asset.

London clay Fine sandy-silty clay to silty clay.

London panoramas Protected viewing corridors towards St Paul’s Cathedral across substantial parts of London, as described in the London View Management Framework.

London Plan The London Plan is the strategic spatial planning document for London produced by the Mayor of London. It sets out a fully integrated, economic, environmental, transport and social framework for the development of the capital to 2031, and forms part of the development plan for greater London.

London Tideway Improvements (LTI)

London Tideway Improvements comprises three major engineering schemes to help prevent sewer overflows and improve water quality in the River Thames. This includes upgrades to all five major sewage works in London, and construction of the Lee Tunnel and the proposed Thames Tideway Tunnel.

London Tideway Tunnels (LTT)

London Tideway Tunnels comprises two separate projects: the Lee Tunnel project and the Thames Tideway Tunnel



Term Description project, which will be developed separately. The purpose of the projects is to improve water quality in the Thames Tideway and the River Lee by reducing CSO discharges. This is necessary to ensure compliance with the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.

lower aquifer Consisting of the Upnor Beds (the lowest unit of the Lambeth Group), the Thanet Sand Formation and Chalk.

made ground Artificial deposit. Archaeologists differentiate between modern made ground, containing identifiably modern inclusions such as concrete (but not brick or tile), and undated made ground, which may potentially contain deposits of archaeological interest.

magnetometer survey

A type of geophysical survey that works on the premise that the world has a relatively static magnetic field, and cultural (and some natural) forces interrupt that field. Magnetometer surveys measure the irregularities in the magnetic field in a given area. The magnetic properties of the soil can be changed by activities such as burning, and cut features are sometimes filled by the magnetised soil; this provides a measurable differentiation to the background soil. A magnetometer survey typically detects ditches, large pits, kilns, hearths, ovens, ceramic dumps and occasionally walls.

main tunnel The large diameter tunnel from Acton Storm Tanks to Abbey Mills.

main tunnel site A site from which the main tunnel would be built. Each site needs to provide enough space for all construction-related activities, which would vary depending on the type of tunnel boring machine used and whether the site is a drive site, double drive site or reception site.

marine juvenile A species that spawns at sea but spends part of its lifecycle in an estuary.

Marine Policy Statement

The framework for preparing marine plans, which is applicable to all UK waters. It provides direction for new marine licensing and other authorisation systems, and sets out the general environmental, social and economic considerations that must be taken into account in marine planning.

marl A calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone that contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite.



Term Description maximum available drawdown

Maximum available drawdown is defined as the difference between a pumped water level and the depth of the pump or the difference between the pumped water level and the top of the Thanet Sand Formation; whichever is the least of the two values.

Mesolithic 12,000 to 4,000 BC.

metadata Key data attributed to electronic copies of information to facilitate quick referencing in the future.

methane (CH4) An odourless, colourless, flammable gas; the major constituent of natural gas that is used as a fuel and is an important source of hydrogen and a wide variety of organic compounds.

method statement Under Construction Design and Management regulations, a method statement must be prepared for each task prior to work commencing on-site. The statement provides details of how the task will be carried out and include possible risks or dangers, along with methods of control to be established to ensure safety.

Metropolitan Open Land (MOL)

A London-specific designation that protects strategically important open spaces within the built-up capital and affords the same level of protection as greenbelt land.

MI6 A name adopted in the 1930s as a ‘flag of convenience’ for the Secret Intelligence Services (SIS). Although no longer in official use, it remains the preferred title for the SIS in the press.

micrometre (µm) One-millionth of a metre. Alternative abbreviations include µ and micron.

microtunnelling A technique for installing pipes by pipe jacking using a steerable, remote-controlled tunnel boring machine. Spoil is removed by auger or as a slurry.

minded to grant Local planning authority resolves to grant planning permissions subject to completion of planning agreements.

ministerial procedure A procedure whereby a minister decides whether a statutory undertaker may compulsorily purchase the land of another statutory undertaker.

minor aquifer Aquifers of intermediate permeability and capable of sustaining locally important groundwater abstractions, which may also provide base flow to surface watercourses.

mitigation design report

A report that must be prepared for each asset that requires mitigation works. It comprises the detailed design and mitigation works identified in the Stage 3 assessment report.



Term Description mitigation measures Measures to avoid/prevent or reduce effects which are not

embedded into the project

mixed use (development)

Provision of a mix of complementary uses, such as residential, community and leisure uses, on a site or within a particular area.

Modelling Simulation of a proposed design (eg, hydraulic modelling of a drainage network, physical modelling of drop shafts or odour modelling, etc).

moderately conservative volume loss

An assessment of volume loss that is considered to be readily achievable by standard, good construction practice. A parameter used in risk-based ground movement calculations.

monitoring Monitoring, recording and collection of data (eg, CSO spill frequency, vehicle or pedestrian traffic movements or building settlement monitoring before or during construction).

monitoring and making representations on planning policy

On-going monitoring and updates on planning policy changes by plan-making authorities.

morphology The branch of geology that studies the characteristics, configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms.

nature conservation The protection, management and promotion of wildlife habitat for the benefit of wild species, as well as the communities that use and enjoy the habitat area.

Neolithic 4,000 to 2,000 BC.

New Pit Chalk Formation

Non-nodular chalk, massively bedded, with fairly regularly developed marl seams and sporadic flints.

nitrogen (N2) A colourless, odourless, relatively unreactive gaseous element that forms 78 per cent (by volume) of the air. It occurs in many compounds and is an essential constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is used in the manufacture of ammonia and other chemicals and as a refrigerant.

nitrogen dioxide (and oxides)

A product of combustion processes. Nitrogen dioxide is associated with adverse effects on human health.

non-aquifer A formation of relatively low permeability that is unable to support any sustained groundwater abstraction.

non-technical summary (NTS)

A report that briefly describes the main points discussed in an Environmental Statement in a clear manner

noticing and consents

Phase one – preparation, submission and securing necessary approvals for the numerous information gathering processes (eg, WIA notices, NRSWA for boreholes, etc).



Term Description Phase two – securing necessary approvals from third-parties to facilitate the construction process (eg, approval in principles, legal agreements, etc).

oedom Compression/swelling.

Office of the Deputy Prime Minister

A government department previously responsible for planning functions. Planning is now the responsibility of Communities and Local Government. Communities was created on 5 May 2006 with a powerful remit to promote community cohesion and equality, as well as responsibility for housing, urban regeneration, planning and local government.

offset A ridge that projects from a range of hills or mountains; or (in faults) the magnitude of displacement between two previously aligned bodies.

offset Within the EIA, measures that offset/compensate for adverse effects, eg, providing habitat or suitable ecological improvement off-site.

oil interceptor An underground tank split into sections and connected into a drainage system that contains oil and prevents it being discharged into rivers and streams, etc.

olfactometry Odour panel sampling carried out in laboratory conditions.

open space

All space of public value, including landscaped public areas, playing fields, parks and play areas as well as areas of water such as rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs that offer opportunities for sport and recreation or provide visual amenity.

operational phase Once construction work is complete and the tunnel system is in use.

optimism bias A term used to describe the demonstrated, systematic tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic regarding project costs, duration and benefits.

orthogonal That which has a set of mutually perpendicular axes meeting at right angles.

outcrop Part of a rock formation or mineral vein that appears at the surface of the earth; that which protrudes through the surface of the earth.

outlier A portion of stratified rock separated from a main formation by erosion; an outcrop of rocks entirely surrounded by older rocks; a part situated away from a main or related body.



Term Description outline application A general application for planning permission to establish

that a development is acceptable in principle, subject to subsequent approval of detailed matters. Does not apply to changes of use and listed building consents.

overflow weir chamber

Used to manage and divert overflows from an existing sewer into the new system of connection culverts, CSO drop shafts and tunnel.

overlooking The outlook from a development or building over adjoining land or property.

oxygen (O2) A colourless, odourless, highly reactive gaseous element: the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (49.2 per cent). It is essential for aerobic respiration and almost all combustion and is widely used in industry.

Palaeocene A geologic epoch that lasted from approximately 65.5 to 56 million years ago (65.5 ± 0.3 to 55.8 ± 0.2 Ma). It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The Palaeocene Epoch immediately followed the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous, known as the K-T boundary (Cretaceous - Tertiary), which marked the demise of the dinosaurs (except their descendants, modern birds) and much other fauna and flora.

palaeoenvironmental Related to past environments, ie, during the prehistoric and later periods. Such remains can be of archaeological interest, and often consist of organic remains such as pollen and plant macro fossils, which can be used to reconstruct the past environment.

Palaeogene A geologic period and system that began 65.5 ± 0.3 and ended 23.03 ± 0.05 million years ago and comprises the first part of the Cenozoic Era. This period consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epochs.

Palaeolithic 700,000 to 12,000 BC.

palstave A Middle Bronze Age axe.

paramoudra Flint nodules with a hollow centre and the appearance of a doughnut (torus). They can be found in columns resembling a backbone. These flints are trace fossils of the burrows of an organism – bathicnus paramoudrae – otherwise unknown except for these relics.

parapet A wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony or other structure.

Part 1 claim Claim for off-site compensation under the Land Compensation Act 1973 Part 1. It provides compensation for the impact on the value of a property caused by physical



Term Description factors from the completed works (eg, noise, light, smell).

particulate matter Solid particles or liquid droplets suspended or carried in the air that remain once deposited onto a surface. The term includes all size fractions of suspended matter such as dust, PM10 and PM2.5.

pathogenic organisms

Creatures capable of producing disease.

peak particle velocity A measure of ground vibration magnitude; the maximum instantaneous particle velocity at a point during a given time interval in mm/s.

pedogenesis The process by which soil is created; also known as soil evolution (formation).

pelagic invertebrates Invertebrates that are found in the water column.

penstock A gate used to control wastewater flow.

perched water Unconfined groundwater that is separated from an underlying main body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone.

periglacial Any place where geomorphic processes related to freezing of water occur.

permeability A measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids.

permeable surface Surfaces or ground able to absorb rainfall, eg, open textured ground, soil, grassed areas, open spaces.

permitted development

Permission to carry out certain limited forms of development without needing to make an application to a local planning authority, as granted under the terms of the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 2010.

pH A measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

piezometer A small-diameter observation well used to measure the hydraulic head of groundwater in aquifers; a standpipe, tube, vibrating wire piezometer or manometer used to measure the pressure of a fluid at a specific location in a column.

piezometric head The level or pressure head to which confined groundwater rises in a piezometer that is open to the atmosphere.

piezometric surface The level or head to which groundwater would rise in a piezometer if free to seek equilibrium with the atmosphere.

piling blanket Granular or similar material placed on the ground to provide a stable base over which piling rigs can manoeuvre to construct foundation plies.



Term Description pipe jacking Technique for installing pipes (tunnels) in the ground in

which the pipe is pushed forward from a drive shaft by hydraulic jacks and excavated material is removed by auger or as a slurry. Pipe jacking is a form of trenchless technology as no open cut trenches are required to install the pipes or build the tunnel.

planar Flat or two-dimensional.

planning condition A condition attached to a planning permission.

Planning Inspectorate

An independent body that examines applications for development consent for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects.

planning obligations and agreements (Section 106)

A legal agreement between a planning authority and a developer, or an undertaking offered unilaterally by a developer, that ensures that certain extra work related to a development is carried out.

planning policy guidance/planning policy statements

Planning policy guidance notes and planning policy statements, which have replaced the former, are prepared by the Government following public consultation to explain statutory provisions and provide guidance on planning policy and the operation of the planning system. They also explain the relationship between planning policies and other policies that have an important bearing on issues of development and land use.

Pleistocene The epoch from 2,588,000 to 12,000 years BC covering the recent period of repeated glaciations.

PM10 PM10 is any particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10µm. Particulate matter of this size is respirable.

PM2.5 PM2.5 is any particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5µm. This size fraction of particulate matter is respirable and has been strongly linked to adverse effects on human health.

Poisson’s ratio The ratio, when a sample object is stretched, of the contraction or transverse strain (perpendicular to the applied load) to the extension or axial strain (in the direction of the applied load).

Pollution Incident Control Plan

Written procedures put in place for dealing with spillages and pollution.

polyelectrolyte A chemical used to aid coagulation and separation of dissolved or fine particulate material.



Term Description porous Containing void spaces. Most sedimentary rocks are porous

to some extent, and the term is commonly applied in a relative sense, generally restricted to rocks that have significant effective porosity.

post decision Discharge of planning conditions and implementation of Section 106 agreements.

pre-application discussions

Meetings and consultation with relevant local authorities and statutory stakeholders prior to submitting an application for development consent.

precast concrete segmental lining

Tunnel or shaft lining composed of precast, usually reinforced, concrete elements (segments) designed to form a specific shape, normally circular.

preferred site Sites assessed as most suitable following a review of the suitability of shortlisted sites, having regard to engineering, planning, environment, property and community considerations.

preliminary design Before the sites were certain, an outline design process to develop provisional solutions and allow optioneering of sites to determine the final selection of sites or solutions.

Preliminary environmental information report (PEIR)

A document that sets out initial environmental information. It is subject to pre-application consultation under the Planning Act 2008.

preliminary treatment The initial treatment stage in a sewage treatment works where physical separation techniques are used to remove larger objects and grit to ensure that sewage is amenable to treatment.

preparation of application

Production of all documentation to be completed for an application for development consent.

preparation of the application and supporting documents

All the processes, activities and actions required to collate an application for development consent and supporting documentation.

preservation by record

Preservation by recording and advancing understanding of an asset’s significance. This is a standard archaeological mitigation strategy in which heritage asset remains are fully excavated and recorded archaeologically and the results are published. For remains of lesser significance, preservation by record might comprise an archaeological watching brief.



Term Description preservation in situ An archaeological mitigation strategy in which nationally

important (whether designated or not) heritage assets are conserved in situ for future generations, typically through modifications to design proposals to avoid damage or destruction of such remains.

primary sedimentation

The second stage in a sewage treatment works in which gravity is used to separate suspended sewage solids from the incoming flow. Fats, oils and greases are also removed by flotation in this process.

primary treatment Treatment of urban wastewater by a physical and/or chemical process that involves settlement of suspended solids or other processes in which the BOD5 of the incoming wastewater is reduced by at least 20 per cent before discharge and the total suspended solids of the incoming wastewater are reduced by at least 50 per cent.

principal aquifer A geological stratum that exhibits high inter-granular and/or fracture permeability. This stratum has the ability to support water supply and/or river base flow on a strategic scale. In most cases principal aquifers equate to aquifers previously referred to as major aquifers.

public open space Urban space designated by a local development framework where public access may or may not be formally established that fulfils or may fulfil a recreational or non- recreational role.

public realm Any publicly-owned area, including streets, pathways, parks, publicly accessible open spaces, and public and civic facilities.

Public Right of Way Route to which the public has right of access.

public sewer A sewer that is owned and maintained by a UK water and sewerage undertaker.

public transport accessibility level (PTAL)

A method of measuring how accessible a location is to rail, tube and bus services.

public water supply A term used to describe the supply of water provided by a water company.

pumping station A vertical structure with pumps used to lift water up to a higher level

putty chalk Putty chalk (clay characteristics) near the surface of a unit above firm to soft non-nodular chalk with flint (Upper Chalk undivided) above hard nodular chalk with flints (Lewes Chalk).

pyretic At a higher temperature than is normal or desirable.



Term Description pyrite (FeS2) An iron sulphide with a metallic lustre and a pale-to-normal,

brass-yellow hue, also known as ‘fool's gold’ because of its resemblance to gold. Pyrite is the most common of the sulphide minerals and is usually found associated with other sulphides or oxides in quartz veins, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock, in coal beds, and as a replacement mineral in fossils.

Quarternary The most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic timescale of the ICS. It follows the Tertiary Period, spanning 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary includes two geologic epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene epochs.

QUESTS Model A WRc plc estuary water quality modelling package comprised of water quality and hydrodynamic components.

Ramsar site Sites identified under the Ramsar Convention (the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) relating to the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value.

raw sludge Sewage solids that have settled out during primary sedimentation. These particles collect and form sludge.

RDB 3 The rarest and most threatened species are often listed in the Red Data Book of Insects1, within which there are three categories: taxa in danger of extinction are referred to as RDB 1 species; those considered to be vulnerable and likely to move into the endangered category are listed as RDB 2; and rare species are listed as RDB 3.

reach A section of river between two points.

real-time control Live data is used to manipulate control equipment in order to best manage the flow of storm water and sewage within a system’s capacity.

rebound Sprayed concrete material that does not adhere to the tunnel surface.

reception site A main tunnel site that would contain the shaft from which a tunnel boring machine would be ‘received’ ie, ends up. The tunnel boring machine would be removed from the tunnel via the shaft at the reception site.

receptor A person, animal, plant, eco-system, property, surface or groundwater environment, or historic environment that may be impacted by a project.

1 Bratton, (1991) Red Data Book for Insects



Term Description receptor site A site that would utilise excavated material from the Thames

Tideway Tunnel project.

recharge Water that percolates downwards from the surface to replenish the water table.

recreational water users

People who use the river for leisure, eg, rowers.

red route The red route is a network of roads designated by Transport for London to carry heavy volumes of traffic, which is essential for the movement of traffic and public transport. It mainly comprises major routes into and around London. Transport for London is responsible for enforcing the red routes, which include clearways, parking and loading bays, bus lanes, yellow box junctions and banned turns.

redundancy analysis A form of regression analysis which provides information on the influence of environmental variables on the composition/abundances of invertebrate assemblages.

reference design Once sites are certain, a design process to develop selected sites and the final solution.

referencing information

Information regarding property ownership, usually sourced from the Land Registry.

regeneration The economic, social and environmental renewal and improvement of rural and urban areas.

reinforced grass An area of grass reinforced with a mesh to improve load bearing capacity and wear resistance.

residual effects Residual effects are impacts that remain despite mitigation measures.

resolution to grant A formal resolution by a local planning authority to grant planning permission, usually conditional upon the completion of Section 106 agreements.

response zone The section of a borehole that is open to the host strata (EA, 2006).

review of other supporting documents produced

A review of documents produced to support a planning application.

risk assessment Assessment of the risks associated with an activity or object and possible accidents involving a source or practice. This includes assessment of consequence.

Risk of Damage, Category 2

Building damage classification for slight damage in accordance with Boscardin and Cording.



Term Description River Basin Management Plans (RBMP)

Management plans that outline the state of water resources within a River Basin District relevant to the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.

river prospects Protected viewpoints with broad prospects over the River Thames, as described in the London View Management Framework.

river terrace deposits Extensive alluvial sand and gravel deposits laid down in a braided river system in river terraces since the Anglian glaciations.

Roman AD 43 to AD 410.

run-off Run-off is the movement of rain water over land. Run-off consists of precipitation that does not evaporate, transpire or penetrate the surface to become groundwater. Excess run-off can lead to flooding, which occurs when there is too much precipitation.

S.10 claim Claim for off-site compensation, under S.10 of the Compulsory Purchase Act 1965, caused by physical interference with public or private property rights.

safeguarded wharf A wharf that is protected by the Mayor of London and the Port of London Authority, to ensure that it is retained as a working wharf and protected from redevelopment into other uses.

saline intrusion Entry of brackish or salt water from the sea or an estuary into an aquifer. This may be natural or induced by excessive or uncontrolled groundwater abstraction.

salmonid Of or related to the fish family Salmonidae, which includes salmon, trout and char.

saturated zone The zone in which the voids in a rock or soil are filled with water at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

scale The height, width and length of proposed buildings in relation to their surroundings.

scheduled monument An ancient monument or archaeological deposit designated by the Secretary of State as a ‘Scheduled Ancient Monument’ and protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

scoping exercise An exercise undertaken to determine which elements to include in an Environmental Statement.

scoping opinion The formal view of the determining authority on the range of topics and issues to be considered by the environmental impact assessment.



Term Description scoping report A document that sets out the proposed approach to the

environmental impact assessment, including the range of processes, desktop studies, actions, topics and issues to be addressed.

scour Movement of riverbed materials due to the force of the water.

scour hollows A complex erosional form scoured into the solid strata; ice core mounds formed within the permafrost.

screening opinion The formal view of the determining authority on the need to undertake an environmental impact assessment.

screenings Materials removed by screens.

screens As part of the wastewater treatment process, screens are used to physically remove larger objects, including floating debris, from the incoming flow to ensure that sewage is amenable to treatment.

Seaford Chalk The upper unit of the White Chalk, comprising firm to soft non-nodular Chalk with flint beds. Thin marl seams are found towards the base but are absent higher up. A hard ground marks the top of the Seaford Chalk.

secant piles Alternate piles in-filled with concrete to form a water-tight retaining wall. A sub-surface barrier installed around construction sites in order to control inflows of shallow groundwater typically composed of intersecting concrete or overlapping shafts of concrete.

secondary aquifers Either permeable strata capable of supporting local supplies or low permeability strata with localised features such as fissures. The term ‘secondary aquifer’ replaces the previously used name of ‘minor aquifer’. There are two classes of secondary aquifer. ‘Secondary A’ are capable of supporting water supplies at a local rather than strategic scale and ‘Secondary B’ are lower permeability layers that may store and yield limited amounts of groundwater due to localised features such as fissures, thin permeable horizons and weathering.

secondary lining A second, internal lining of the tunnel to provide additional strength.

secondary treatment The biological treatment of settled sewage, utilising micro-organisms to oxidise the biochemical oxygen demand.



Term Description Section 106 agreement

A legal agreement under Section 106 of the 1990 Town and Country Planning Act. Section 106 agreements are legal agreements between a planning authority and a developer and related parties as necessary, or undertakings offered unilaterally by a developer, that ensure that certain extra works related to a development are undertaken.

SEEP/W[1] A finite element software product for analysing groundwater associated with diaphragm walls (http://www.geo-slope.com/res/seepw2007.pdf)

segment assembly factory

A construction site at which large concrete blocks/slabs used to construct tunnels are produced.

segments Multiple precast concrete segments made in factories that are joined together to build a tunnel. Shafts are also sometimes constructed from segments.

seismic Relating to or caused by earthquakes or artificially produced earth tremors.

sensitive asset An asset that has limited scope to accommodate the effects of ground movements without adverse effects. This may be due to age, value (heritage and financial), ownership, location, form, function and nature, and construction materials.

sensitive receptor A person, animal, plant, eco-system, property, surface or groundwater water or historic environment that may be effected by the treatment, handling or use of excavated materials.

settled sewage Sewage after suspended solids have settled during primary treatment.

settlement Predicted ground movements arising from construction.

sewage derived litter Rubbish that originates from sewage, such as toilet paper.

sewage or wastewater

Water-borne wastes from domestic uses of water, derived from households, trade and industry.

sewerage A system of pipes to collect and transport domestic and industrial wastewater.

sewerage undertaker A statutory undertaker for sewerage who is responsible for sewerage maintenance.

shaft Duct, pipe or vertical tunnel.

shear A form of fault in rocks. In fluid dynamics, refers to the shear stresses and responses thereto in fluids.



Term Description shear box An apparatus that can determine the resistance of a rock or

soil to shearing. The soil is placed into a layered box. While a normal force is applied to the top layer, the bottom layer is pulled out sideways. The shear strength of the soil is the force that needs to be applied to deform the sample.

sheet or secant pile wall

A sub-surface barrier installed around construction sites in order to control inflows of shallow groundwater typically composed of intersecting concrete or overlapping shafts of concrete.

shortlisted sites Sites that were identified following an assessment of a long list of sites in accordance with the Site selection methodology paper (SSMP).

side scan sonar survey technique

A technique used for mapping underwater topography and identifying features on the surface of river and lake bottoms. The technique is capable of providing data to over 1,000 feet on both sides of a moving vessel. Consists of towing a transmitter/receiver (towfish) from a moving vessel. The towfish transmits high intensity, high frequency bursts of acoustic energy into the water. Objects or topographic features on the river bottom produce echoes that are received by the towfish. Generally, hard materials provide high amplitude echoes and soft, fine-grained materials provide weak signals. The signals are processed and printed on a graphic recorder or stored in a digital format. Side scan sonar produces a visual representation of the bottom of the body of water.

signature ventilation column

The project’s own specially designed ventilation column (a ventilation column is a vertical pipe through which air is released).

significant asset A bridge, tunnel, river wall, listed building, building taller than 16m or consisting of four or more storeys, or buildings that house movement-sensitive equipment.

silt A granular material of a grain size between sand and clay derived from soil or rock. Silt may occur as a soil or as suspended sediment (also known as suspended load) in a surface water body. It may also exist as soil deposited at the bottom of a water body.

SIMPOL3 A WRc environmental modelling package that simulates flow and water quality in response to rainfall and temperature variations.

SINC (Grade B) Site of Nature Conservation Importance (Grade II of borough importance).

SINC (Grade L) Site of Nature Conservation Importance (Grade I of local importance).



Term Description SINC (Grade M) Site of Nature Conservation Importance (Grade III of

Metropolitan importance).

site definition The initial stage to define the area of interest for each main tunnel sites, CSO sites, system modification sites or other construction sites, ie, agreeing the area of study for topographical and other survey works, or information requests from third-parties, etc. The area of interest included working area, compound, access route, etc, as necessary. The definition of the area of interest enabled the instruction of surveys, information requests, etc.

site investigation Information gathering and collation regarding existing site features to enable the design process (eg, topographical survey, buried services survey, third-party asset information).

site strip Materials such as hardstanding and vegetation including incidental topsoil (including potential contaminated soil).

sites and monuments record

A resource and repository of information regarding the archaeological and historic landscapes under the care of an organisation such as the National Trust and local authorities.

Sites of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI)/Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC)

Locally important sites for nature conservation adopted by local authorities for planning purposes and identified in the local development plan.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

An area given a statutory designation by Natural England or the Countryside Council for Wales due to its nature conservation value.

slag A partially vitreous by-product of smelting ore to separate the metal fraction from the unwanted fraction. It can usually be considered to be a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide, but can contain metal sulphides and metal atoms in the elemental form.

slipway A sloping surface leading down to a body of water from which boats may be launched.

sludge Sediment deposited during the treatment of sewage.

sludge powered generator

A process in which thickened, dewatered sludge is incinerated to generate electricity for the sewage treatment works. Ash resulting from the process is disposed of off-site.

sludge thickening The process by which sludge is mechanically dewatered prior to treatment in a liming plant or sludge powered



Term Description generator.

slurry Normally a mixture of bentonite and water to form a dense liquid capable of supporting open excavations, such as bored piles and diaphragm walls. Also used in slurry tunnel boring machines to support the face and transport excavated material through a pumped system.

Slurry TBM (type of TBM)

Slurry tunnel boring machines - a mechanised tunnelling method using slurry to support the face and transport excavated material through a pumped system. The slurry is normally a mixture of bentonite and water which forms a dense liquid capable of supporting open excavations.

smectite Any of a group of clay minerals of which montmorillonite and saponite are members.

socio-economic receptors

People (both individually and communally) and the socio-economic systems they support.

sound level meter An instrument for measuring sound pressure level.

source control Methods of managing and reducing storm water run-off at site level.

Source Protection Zone (SPZ)

A Source Protection Zone is an area designated by the Environment Agency to show the risk of contamination from potentially polluting activities around groundwater sources such as wells, boreholes and springs used for public drinking water supply.

spalling The crumbling away of the face of bricks or stone blocks. This may be due to a number of reasons such as poorly maintained guttering leading to soaking brickwork or repeated frost cracking.

special land Land within the definitions set out in section16 to 20 of the Acquisition of Land Act 1981. It includes statutory undertaker’s land, National Trust land, council land, commons, open space and ancient monuments. If such land is to be acquired by means of compulsory purchase powers, a special parliamentary procedure may be required.

special parliamentary procedure

Once a compulsory purchase order or development consent order is confirmed, it must be approved by Parliament if it includes some types of special land. A special parliamentary procedure is used to seek this approval.

specimen trees Specially selected large trees with a height over 7m and a girth over 50cm when planted.

spill event A spill occurrence isolated by at least 24 hours of no spill before and after.



Term Description sprayed concrete lining (SCL)

A structural element formed by the application of a mixture of cementitious material, aggregate, water, fibre or other types of reinforcement and admixtures, projected into place from a nozzle at high velocity to produce a dense, homogenous mass that is applied directly to the ground surface in one or more layers.

statutory Required by law.

storage and transfer tunnel

A sewer that captures spillages from existing sewers and transports them to be properly treated. It should be noted that wastewater is only stored in the tunnel for a temporary period until it can be pumped out at Beckton Sewage Treatment Works

storativity The volume of water released for a unit change in water level in a confined aquifer.

storm water Rainwater that funnels into sewers and mixes with sewage and is either treated at sewage works or overflows into rivers.

stratigraphy The study of stratified rocks including their nature, occurrence, classification and relationship to each other.

stratigraphy (adj. stratigraphic; stratigraphical)

The study of rock strata, especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks.

stratum (pl. strata) Layers of rock, including unconsolidated materials such as sands and gravels.

striated Marked with striae; striped, grooved, or ridged.

subartesian (Of water) rises naturally in a well to a height that is appreciably higher than that of the surrounding water table but does not flow out of the well.

submission of an application for development consent

Submission, monitoring and consultation of an application for development consent during the determination period.

sulphur dioxide (SO2) A colourless gas with a choking smell, which is the main product of the combustion of sulphur in fuels. Globally, much of the sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere comes from natural sources; however in highly developed and heavily populated regions, the greater part comes from combustion of sulphur-containing fossil fuels such as coal and oil.

superficial deposits Geological deposits typically of Quaternary age. May include stream channel and floodplain deposits, beach sands, talus gravels, glacial drift and moraine.

superposition The superposition principle states that the net response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the



Term Description sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually.

supratidal The marginal zone above the level of high tide.

surface water A general term used to describe all water features such as rivers, streams, springs, ponds and lakes.

surface water run-off Water that travels across the ground and hard surfaces rather than seeping into the soil eg, from paved roads and buildings.

surface water sewer A sewer that conveys surface water.

suspended solids The small solid particles that remain in suspension within a liquid.

sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS)

A drainage system that controls the quantity and speed of rainwater run-off from a development as defined in the Environment Agency and London Plan hierarchy.

swathe bathymetric survey technique

A technique that uses a multibeam echo sounder to provide a high-resolution survey across a wide area. The data obtained from this process can be viewed as contour plots, greyscale surface maps or three-dimensional images that allow easy visualisation of the survey area.

syncline A fold in rocks in which the rock layers dip inward from both sides toward the axis.

Telemac The base hydraulic model for the project is the Telemac model, which can be run for the base case (‘without development’) or with temporary and permanent new structures in place.

temporary works Works required to facilitate construction, including any works left in place after completion (eg temporary steel piles that do not need to be removed).

Tertiary Period A geologic period 65 million to 1.8 million years ago between the Secondary and the Quaternary periods.

Thames Path A designated footpath that follows the route of the River Thames.

Thames Policy Area A planning policy designation designed to conserve and enhance the character and setting of the tidal Thames.

Thames Tideway Tunnel project

The Thames Tideway Tunnel project comprises a main tunnel that would run from west to east London that would be integrated with the existing sewerage system via connection tunnels in order to control 34 ‘unsatisfactory’ CSOs. These tunnels would then store and transfer the intercepted flows to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works. The project comprises two principal elements:



Term Description • tunnels: o the main tunnel o connection tunnels.

• sites: o main tunnel sites o CSO sites o Beckton Sewage Treatment Works o system modification sites.

Thames Water Thames Water Utilities Ltd. The Draft Development Consent Order (DCO) contains an ability for Thames Water to transfer powers to an Infrastructure Provider (as defined in article 2(1) of the DCO) and/or another body, with the consent of the Secretary of State.

Thanet Sand Coarsening upward sequence of well-sorted fine grained sand that has a higher clay/silt content towards the lower part of the sequence, and evidence that intense bioturbation has removed bedding structures.

the application The application for development consent

thickening plant Plant designed to reduce the liquid content of any flow in order to increase the solids content. It is mostly used to reduce the volumes of sewage sludge prior to treatment.

third-party liaison Consultation/liaison with third-parties regarding information gathering processes (eg, requests for third-party information, access for site investigations, consultation with highway management units regarding ground investigations, etc).

tidal excursion The length of river channel that is swept by water from a discharge point in one tidal cycle. In the case of the tidal Thames, this is considered to be 13km up and downstream of the river’s discharge point.

Tideway The tidal area of the Thames (ie, from Teddington to the Thames Estuary).

Tideway Fish Risk Model

Tool developed by Thames Water to assess the effects of lapses in water quality caused by CSO discharges on fish populations in the tidal Thames.

topography The study and description of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons, and asteroids, especially as depicted in maps.

townscape/cityscape The general appearance of a built- up area, for example a street, town or city.



Term Description townscape/streetscape

The urban landscape.

transmissivity The ability of rock to transmit water – a function of its hydraulic conductivity and thickness.

Transport Assessment (TA)

A formal assessment of traffic and transportation issues relating to a proposed development. The findings are usually presented in a report that accompanies an application for development consent.

Transport for London Road Network (TLRN)

The 580km network of major roads administered by Transport for London. It accounts for five per cent of London’s roads but carries 33 per cent of the traffic.

Transport for London Road Network (TLRN)

The network of major or ‘strategic’, high capacity roads managed by Transport for London.

tree preservation orders

A designation of trees that significantly contribute to the amenity value of an area. An application must be submitted to the local authority before any works are carried out on a tree protected by a TPO designation, including routine maintenance.

triaxial shear test A common method of measuring the mechanical properties of many deformable solids, especially soil, sand, clay, and other granular materials or powders.

trigger level A predetermined value that can be measured (eg, by survey processes) from a stable baseline due to construction works. Where a trigger level is exceeded, a series of pre-set actions should be followed. Trigger levels and pre-set actions are normally set out in safety case assurance documentation for construction works.

truncate Partially or wholly remove. In archaeological terms, remains may be truncated by construction activities.

trunk sewer A sewer that receives a number of tributary sewers and serves a large area.

Tube a manchette

A hollow long retractable sleeve through which grout is injected into soils to compensate for loss of volume during ground movement. A bore is drilled for their insertion.

tunnel alignments The horizontal and vertical routes of a tunnel.

tunnel boring machine (TBM)

A machine that has a circular cross-section used to excavate tunnels through a variety of geological conditions.

tunnel datum A datum based on Ordnance Datum used to design tunnels that pass below sea level. By using a lower datum as the base point, negative numbers can be avoided in calculations, which eliminates a possible source of mistakes.



Term Description turbidity Thickness or opaqueness caused by the suspension of

matter.

typical working hours The typical working hours during construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project are expected to be: Standard: 8am to 6pm weekdays, 8am to 1pm

Saturdays* Extended standard: 6pm to 10pm weekdays, 1pm to 5pm

Saturdays Continuous: 24 hours a day, 7 days a week** * Standard working hours would also include (subject to agreement with the local authority): • a short period (up to 1 hour) before works commence and

after they finish to allow workers to prepare for work and check the site

• 1pm to 5pm Saturday and 10am to 4pm Sunday for equipment and machinery maintenance.

**The main activities that would take place 24 hours a day would be below-ground or enclosed.

typical year A typical year relates to an actual year, eg, the corresponding meteorological dataset for 1979-80, which was the year used in the modelling. The corresponding meteorological dataset provides a better indication of conditions than a recent year of data in which the meteorological data may not be consistent with a rainfall event leading to the tunnel emissions.

ultra low sulphur diesel

Fuel that meets the specification in EN590:2004.

underground pressure release chamber

An enclosed space below ground where air is released to the atmosphere when pressure within a tunnel exceeds a set value.

unitary development plan (UDP)

A statutory plan that sets out the planning policies of a London authority. It is currently being replaced by the local development framework.

unproductive strata Rocks that are generally unable to provide usable water supplies and are unlikely to have surface water and wetland ecosystems dependent on them.

uplift The vertical elevation of the Earth’s surface in response to natural causes. Broad, relatively slow and gentle uplift is termed warping or ‘epeirogeny’, in contrast to more concentrated and severe ‘orogeny’, the uplift associated with earthquakes and mountain building.

Upnor Formation Variably bioturbated fine to medium-grained sand with glauconite, rounded flint pebbles and minor clay, with



Term Description distinctive pebble beds, base and top.

upper aquifer Comprising the water bearing strata above the London Clay, namely the River Terrace Deposits and the Alluvium.

upper mottled beds A bluish-grey mottled with greenish-brown clay.

upper shelly beds Contain shell fragments within flinty gravel or sandy clay.

urban wastewater Domestic wastewater or the mixture of domestic wastewater with industrial wastewater and/or rainwater run-off.

Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 1991 (UWWTD)

The overall aim of the UWWTD is to protect the environment from the adverse effects of urban wastewater discharges.

urbanisation Agglomerations of buildings and infrastructure for human accommodation and commercial, social and industrial activities, which leads to the reduction of permeable areas.

Utilities/utility assets Assets belonging to utility companies, including Thames Water, that range from aged, rigid cast-iron pipework to flexible cables and ductwork. Liaison with utility companies to acquire third-party asset information, facilitate required diversion applications and procure new supplies. Apparatus which is defined and referenced by the owner for management purposes

utilities A basic service such as electricity, gas, or water

Utilities Statement A report that outlines the utilities that would be required for the construction and operation of the project and considers how existing utility assets would be affected.

valve chamber An underground structure on the sewer system that contains valves used to isolate the flow between different parts of the sewerage system. For example, flap valves prevent flow from the river travelling back up the sewer or into tunnels.

ventilation building A building that contains fans and filters to remove and treat air from the tunnel.

ventilation column A vertical pipe through which air is released.

ventilation duct Pipework (generally below ground) through which air moves.

ventilation structure An above-ground or below-ground structure that is part of the tunnel ventilation system.

venturi A constricted section of pipe designed to reduce pressure when a fluid flows through it

vibration dose value The equivalent level of vibration experienced over a period of time.

View Management The Mayor of London’s policy framework to protect and



Term Description Framework manage designated strategically important views of London

and its major landmarks.

volume loss The volume of the settlement trough at the ground surface expressed as a percentage of the theoretical excavated tunnel volume. Values applied to the calculation of ground movements can be considered ‘conservative’, ‘moderately conservative’ or ‘best estimate’.

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE)

The WEEE directive aims to reduce the amount of electrical and electronic equipment going to landfill and to encourage reuse, recycling and recovery of such equipment.

wastewater or sewage

Water-borne wastes from domestic uses of water, derived from households, trade and industry.

watching brief (archaeological)

An archaeological watching brief is a formal programme of observation and investigation conducted during any operation carried out for non–archaeological reasons.

Water Framework Directive (WFD)

A European Commission (EC) Directive that seeks to improve water quality in rivers and groundwater in an integrated way (2000).

water table The level below which the ground is saturated with water. The water table elevation may vary with recharge and groundwater abstraction.

waterbird Waterbird is a species that is listed in the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) methodology – British Trust for Ornithology, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust.

weir A dam in a watercourse or sewer that alters and manages the flow.

wet weather discharges

Spillages of storm sewage due to bad weather.

wet well The part of a pumping station that receives and stores incoming sewage flow before it is removed by pumps.

white chalk subgroup Chalk that contains flints with discrete marl seams, nodular chalk, sponge-rich and flint seams throughout. Flint typology and marl seam incidence is important for correlation. It comprises Seaford Chalk, Lewes Nodular Chalk, New Pit Chalk and Holywell Nodular Chalk.

wildlife corridor Strips of land (for example, along a hedgerow) that are conserved and managed for wildlife, which usually link more extensive areas of wildlife habitat.



Term Description with development scenario

A theoretical future scenario that incorporates the development proposals of the application (also known as ‘development case’).

without development (no-development) scenario

A theoretical future scenario that defines the situation that would exist without the proposed development. It forms the future baseline (also known as ‘base case’) against which the ‘with development’ scenario can be assessed

works All construction work associated with the construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project.

worksite Site on which construction works are carried out.

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

X-ray diffraction yields the atomic structure of materials and is based on the elastic scattering of x-rays from the electron clouds of the individual atoms in the system.

Young’s modulus A measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material; the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds. It can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of material.

zero waste Making the most efficient use of resources by minimising demand for primary resources and maximising the reuse, recycling and recovery of resources instead of treating them as ‘waste’ with no innate value. Any waste management solution is likely to result in a small amount of waste from which no value can be obtained that would need to be landfilled.

zone of deviation An area within which above-ground structures may be located, eg, vent columns

zone of influence An area contained by a 1mm vertical movement contour defined in the Environmental Statement that accompanies the application.


Copyright notice Copyright © Thames Water Utilities Limited January 2013. All rights reserved. Any plans, drawings, designs and materials (materials) submitted by Thames Water Utilities Limited (Thames Water) as part of this application for Development Consent to the Planning Inspectorate are protected by copyright. You may only use this material (including making copies of it) in order to (a) inspect those plans, drawings, designs and materials at a more convenient time or place; or (b) to facilitate the exercise of a right to participate in the pre-examination or examination stages of the application which is available under the Planning Act 2008 and related regulations. Use for any other purpose is prohibited and further copies must not be made without the prior written consent of Thames Water. Thames Water Utilities LimitedClearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading RG1 8DB The Thames Water logo and Thames Tideway Tunnel logo are © Thames Water Utilities Limited. All rights reserved. DCO-DT-000-ZZZZZ-060228

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