Thailand e-Government Status Report: 2016 · Thailand e-Government Status Report: 2016 unveils important statistics and indicators related to the development of Thailand’s e-Government,

Thailand e-Government Status Report: 2016

unveils important statistics and indicators related to the development of Thailand’s e-Government, including global indexes and indicators on the development and implementation of e-Government explained below.

1.Readiness of the Public and Business Sectors in Entering Digital Economy and Society 2. Readiness of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Network Availability 3. Readiness of e-Government 4. Information and Communication Technology Budgets of Government Agencies5. Information Technology Laws Related to e-Government6. Cyber Security 7. Global Indicators Related to e-Government

Considered an important source of information for efficient and appropriate develop-ment of e-Government, this report provides substantial information on developing Thai-land’s e-Government in various aspects, which can be used as preliminary references for several types of studies. This report is expected to benefit both public and private sectors in developing policies and strategies to cope efficiently with the existence of e-Government.

Contents

Readiness of the Public and Business Sectors in Entering Digital Economy and Society

Readiness of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Network Availability

Readiness of e-Government

Information and Communication Technology Budgets of Government Agencies

Information Technology Laws Related to e-Government

Cyber Security

Global Indicators Related to e-Government

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Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

PagePreface

Readiness of the Public and Business Sectors in Entering the Digital Economy and Society

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Chapter Thailand e-Government Status Report:2016

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Readiness of the Public and Business Sectors in Entering the Digital Economy and Society1. Readiness of the Public Sector in Entering the Digital Economy and SocietyLiving in the world of boundless communication, it is obvious Information and Com-munication Technology (ICT) has become more involved in people’s everyday lives and routine conduct of the public, business, and government sectors. Hence, the ICT infrastructure is the most essential and fundamental cornerstone for the development of Digital Economy and Society.

In the digital world, people are required to possess basic skills and the ability to ap-ply the use of computerized networks and ICT-based equipment efficiently in smart phones, the Internet, and computer. It was estimated that over 30 percent of Thai households are exposed to home computers in 2015. More than half (52.2 percent) of households across the country have accessed the Internet on a daily basis. The use of fixed-line telephones appeared to decline in the same year, decreasing from 18.6 percent in 2011 and 12.3 percent in 2015. Similarly, people were less attentive to using fax machines, comparing to 1.6 percent in 2011 and 1.4 percent in 2015 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: ICT systems and equipment preferred for household use during 2011-2015Source: Survey on the ICT systems and equipment used by Thai households in 2015, National Statistical Office

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Regarding Thai people’s behaviors using computerized networks and ICT-based gadgets (Figure 2), the use of three major types of ICT networks and equipment could be explained below:

Smart phone won the highest preference of use, followed by computer and the Internet. Obviously, most people (66.4-79.3 percent) possessed their own smart phones, one-third (32.0-34.9 percent) preferred to use a per-sonal computer, while one-tenth (23.7-39.3 percent) could access the Internet. However, people have had a greater interest in using the Internet since 2011, with a growth rate of 30.66 percent per year. In 2015, the use of the Internet appeared to be more popu-lar than the application of a computer. With affordable prices and greater convenience of use, the Internet and smart phones could achieve strong growth in the similar direction. Considering the development and the wide-spread use of computerized networks and

ICT-based equipment, (Figure 1) the house-hold sector began to rely on the Internet connection as people had personal com-puters at home. In 2011, about one-fifth (19 percent) of Thai households were exposed to the use of basic telephones. Later, accord-ing to the popularity of smart phones with Internet access, fixed-line telephones were ignored. In 2015, it was reported that only one-tenth (12.0 percent) of Thai households depended on traditional home telephones and fax machines. As the widespread accep-tance of the Internet took place in 2011, it increased from one-tenth (13 percent) to half (52.2 percent) of Thai households, referring to a statistical report during 2011-2015, ex-plained below:

Source: Survey on com-puterized networks and ICT-based equipment used by Thai households in 2015, National Statis-tical Office

Regarding the geographical aspect, preferences of the computer and the Inter-net varied between urban and rural com-munities. Obviously, people living in major cities across Thailand possessed a keen in-terest in accessing the Internet, compared to those dwelling outside municipalities. A statistical report conducted during 2011-2015 (Figure 3) unveiled that 44.3 percent and 36.0 percent of urban people, par-ticularly in 2011, used the computer and accessed the Internet, respectively. 25.5 percent of provincial dwellers used the computer and another 17.2 percent of the same group was exposed to the Internet. In 2015, it was reported that 42.6 percent and 49.4 percent of city people had a greater demand for computers and the Internet,

while 28.7 percent and 31.2 percent of upcountry citizens expressed their interest in the said categories of technology. This disparity was improved, as people living in major municipalities had used the comput-er more frequently than those dwelling in outer parts of municipalities, considered 13.9 percent reduced from the figure of 18.8 percent shown in 2011. Besides, there was a slight increase in the use of the Inter-net among city and upcountry people, with the figure of 18.2 percent in 2015 decreased from 18.8 percent in 2011, thanks to the ad-vancement of modern technology and in-novations that made ICT-based equipment more affordable; therefore, people were offered higher purchasing power.

According to people’s access to information and communication technology classified by region in 2015 shown in Figure 4, Thai people possessed 2.6 million basic telephones (12.8 units per 100 households), 0.3 million fax machines (1.5 units per 100 households), and 10.8 million computers (52.3 units per 100 households). Bangkok-based households used ba-sic telephone, fax machines, and computers per 100 households of 38.2 units, 4.9 units, and 103.7 units, respectively. People living in the central region were exposed to 13.8 units, 1.6 units, and 52.0 units, respectively. Meanwhile, communal households in the northern and southern regions were exposed to computerized networks and ICT-based equipment at the very similar rates. In contrast, local households in the northeastern region posted the lowest rates of accessibility and possession of such computerized networks and ICT-based equipment. The statistical report unveiled the difference of accessibility and pos-session of computerized networks and ICT-based equipment classified by region.


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In 2015, 34.9 percent and 39.3 percent of citizens in Thailand were exposed to computers and the Internet, respectively. However, to be classified by region, people living in Bangkok held the highest rates of using the computer and accessing the Internet, estimated around 52.3 percent and 60.6 percent, followed by those dwelling in the central region, with the rates of 34.9 percent and 43.1 percent, respectively. Regarding local people in the northern, southern, and northeastern regions, they appeared to be exposed to the computer and the Internet at similar rates, which were lower than the rates of possession and accessibility considering all citizens in the country, as shown in Figure 5 below.

Referring to the statistical report issued by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunica-tions Commission (NBTC), during 2011-2014, the number of registered mobile subscribers in Thailand had increased steadily from 116.97 percent to 144.91 percent.



In 2014, there were 97.10 million mobile subscribers, compared to 92.94 million or a rise of 4.48 percent seen in the previous year. It was anticipated that 83.05 million registered mobile subscribers would exist in 2015, decreased by 14.47 percent, due to the NBTC’s policy on prepaid SIM user registration and mobile service providers’ marketing strategy to expand their target markets. Following the rising demand for mobile phones during 2011-2014, the

Remark: f is the forecasted figure

mobile registration per 100 users was esti-mated to be around 116.97-123.53 percent, reflecting a person could possess more than one registered mobile number. However, it didn’t mean all Thai people possessed mo-bile phones. Those possessing more than one registered mobile number could be a person, a legal entity, or a business entre-preneur, considering the accessibility and thoroughness of mobile phone application explained in Figure 6.

Report on Thailand’s telecommunications indicators during 2014-2015

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Figure 7 unveiled a huge demand for mobile phones over the past few years. As the growth rate fell from 9.77 percent in 2012 to 4.48 percent in 2014, the rate was expect-ed to be retained in 2015, partly resulting from consumers’ decision to discontinue mo-bile services anticipated to be around 14.47 percent. In consequence, mobile subscrib-ers possessing more than one registered mobile number had been expected to increase.

The digital age has encouraged people of all ages to use the Internet in several efficient and productive ways, and it has become a basic communication network that no one can ignore. Several countries across the globe have strived constantly to develop excellent Internet-related ser-vices to be ready for the existence of dig-ital technology. To keep pace with such advancement, Thailand has upgraded its Narrowband Internet to be substituted by Broadband Internet backed by the Digital Subscriber Line or xDSL technology. In 2014, the number of registered high-speed Internet users had increased to 5.69 million,

a rise of 12.23 percent, compared to 2013 Recently, with Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) technology, the high-speed Internet service has been upgraded to ensure a seamless connection to other IT-based networks and computerized systems. The proportion of this innovative technology is expected to increase by 18.53 percent of Internet service in 2015. Previously, during 2011-2015, FTTP technology achieved strong growth of around 124.87 percent per year. More importantly, people have changed their minds to rely on high-quality Broadband Internet, as explained in Figure 8 below.

In 2015, it was anticipated that the number of registered high-speed Internet users would increase to 6.42 million, a rise of 0.73 million users, from 5.69 million in 2014, considered a remarkable increase of 12.83 percent, as shown in Figure 9.





It was expected that the number of registered high-speed Internet users would shift to 39.47 million in 2015, an increase of 11.82 million users, compared to 27.65 million users registered in 2014 or a rise of 42.75 percent. Please refer to Figure 10 below.

Signification Information about Com-puter and Internet UsersAccording to a report on the use of the com-puter and the Internet during 2011-2015, age was one of the most important factors that influenced people to use the computer and the Internet in different proportions. In 2015, Thai people aged 6-14 were the largest group

of computer users, 80.5 percent rising from 71.9 percent in 2011. Meanwhile, the biggest group of Internet users comprised people aged 15-24, 76.8 percent shifting from 51.9 percent in 2011. The age range of both com-puter and Internet users can be clarified in Figure 11 below.

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Survey on computerized networks and ICT-based equipment used by Thai households in 2015, Na-tional Statistical Office


In 2015, males and females in Thailand used the computer and the Internet at a very similar proportion. Reportedly, 34.8 percent of males and 35.1 percent of females used the computer. In ad-dition, 39.7 percent of males and 38.9 percent of females accessed the Inter-net. It was obvious that gender didn’t unveil any difference in accessing infor-mation and communication technology. Figure 13

Considering a statistical report during 2011-2015, the use of the Internet among Thai ladies and gentlemen appeared to increase constantly. The report indicated the use of the Internet among Thai men increased from 23.5 percent in 2011 to 39.7 percent in 2015, while Thai women shifted from 23.9 percent in 2011 to 38.9

Figure 13 Computer and Internet users in Thailand (classified by gender) in 2015



Education is another key factor that indicates people’s ability to access computerized net-works and use ICT-based equipment. It can be said that well-educated people are good at using the computer and the Internet than those with lower education. This is partly a re-sult of the government’s new education poli-cy, requiring educational institutions to apply

the use of modern technology, including the computer and the Internet, in classrooms. In 2015, a report unveiled that most comput-er users were well-educated. Regarding 100 targeted computer users, 83.0 percent were people with higher education level, 55.6 percent had high-vocational certificates, and 43.0 percent completed high-school

percent in 2015. This reflected gender equality and diversity in accessing com-puterized networks and ICT-based equip-ment. Figure 14

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Survey on behaviors of Thai Internet users in 2016 conducted by the Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA)

education. For 100 targeted Internet users, 87.8 percent graduated with bachelor’s degrees, 71.0 percent completed high-

vocational programs, and 59.4 percent finished high-school. Please refer to Figure 15 below.

Modern technology has urged people to change their behaviors towards the use of the computer and the Internet. Nowadays, it is efficient and convenient to access the Internet, as technological devices, such as smart phone, tablet, and smart TV, have been developed to serve such advancement. According to a survey conducted by the Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA), the Internet has been utilized through several types of devic-es; 85.5 percent are smart phones, 62.0 percent are personal computers, and 48.7 percent are portable computers. However, tablets and smart TVs are not very popular for Internet

Reportedly, the top three Internet-based activities are conducted via social net-work, video sharing website, and search engine. Social media, including Facebook, Line, and Instagram, hit he highest percentage of 96.1 percent. YouTube, the most preferred video sharing website, hits 88.1 percent. Search engines, for instance, Google, are utilized 79.7 percent (Figure 17).

Survey on behaviors of Thai Internet users in 2016 conducted by the Electronic Transactions Development Agency (ETDA)

Readiness of the Business Sector in Entering the Digital Economy and Society

Obviously, the readiness of the business sector is inspired by the development of Information Communication and Technol-ogy (ICT) applied in various business activi-ties, ranging from penetrating target groups of customers to evolving innovative prod-ucts and services. According to a survey conducted by the National Statistical Office in 2015, regarding 2.2 million busi-

ness companies in Thailand, 2.1 million computers were used among those firms, with an average number of 3.9 computers per company (shown in Table 6). Mean-while, the Internet had been connected by 454,533 business enterprises or 20.6 percent of the targeted companies. It was reported that large-sized companies (with over 200 employees) posted the highest number of computers and the most fre-quent use of the Internet (Figure 18).

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Survey on the use of Information and Com-munication Technology (ICT) in business com-panies in 2015, National Statistical Office

Technology Application among Business Enterprises

In 2015, according to the National Sta-tistical Office, business firms in Thailand determined to focus more on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). However, it didn’t seem to be applied to business enterprises as a whole. Only 6.8 percent of business companies accessed websites, where 72.9 percent were developers and owners of websites, while 24.2 percent of those firmspreferred to post their infor-mation in web portals. Reportedly, private

hospitals possessed the highest website pen-etration rate of 83.9 percent, followed by news agencies with the website penetration rate of 22.0 percent, as explained in Figure 20. Considering online shopping on the Internet, 3.1 percent of business enterprises used the Internet to order their preferred products and services regularly, where 83.1 percent of pur-chases were made in the domestic market, and only 6.5 percent of orders came from foreign countries. Again, private hospitals made the highest order of products and ser-vices via the Internet, with 18.5 percent of the Internet-based business users.

Survey on the use of Information and Com-munication Technology (ICT) in business com-panies in 2015, National Statistical Office

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Readiness of Telecommunications Infrastructure and

Network Availability in Thailand

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Thailand e-Government Status Report:2016

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Readiness of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Network AvailabilityTelecommunications Infrastructure in Thailand

The readiness of information technology infrastructure, including the fiber optic cable, receiver, and transmitter, is considered one of the most fundamental and significant factors in accelerating the competitiveness of technological development, making Thailand ready for the upcoming Digital Economy and Society. The informa-tion technology and telecommunications infrastructure has been developed to stimulate the advancement of public implementations and services, reflecting the nationwide coverage of such progress. Ac-cording to the report issued by the National Broadcasting and Tele-communications Commission (NBTC), the use of high-speed Internet was estimated to increase rapidly. The number of 4.03 million users in 2011 went up to 5.69 million users in 2014, a rise of 12.23 percent, compared to 5.07 million users in 2013. However, it was expected that the number of registered high-speed Internet users will increase to 6.42 million in 2015, a shift of 12.83 percent compared to the figure in 2014, as shown Figure 1 below.

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Thailand’s telecom-munications business indicator 2014-2015, the National Broadcast-ing and Telecommu-nications Commission (NBTC)

According to a survey conducted by the National Electronics and Computer Tech-nology Center (NECTEC), the growth rate of Internet usage, both domestic and international connections, is likely to in-crease constantly. In 2012, the Internation-al Internet gateway (IIG) was maintained at 4,725,043 Mbps and shifted to 20,636,686 Mbps in 2015, an average annual growth rate of 64.15 percent. Meanwhile, the Na-tional Internet Exchange (NIX) remained at 10,792,645 Mbps and increased to 31,783,220 Mbps in 2015, an average an-nual growth rate of 43.36 percent.

Thai people access the NIX more than the IIG. However, considering the aver-age annual growth rates, the IIG connec-tion was apparently higher than the NIX access. Going back to 2015, the IIG was used 20,636,686 Mbps, representing an 85.07-percent growth, compared to 2014, where the rate remained at 11,150,529 Mbps. The connection to the NIX shift-ed to 31,783,220 Mbps, a 46.48-percent growth compared to 2014, with the figure of 21,698,080 Mbps. This unveiled that Thai people are more attentive to using the IIG, as explained in Figure 2 below:

Nowadays, several activities are available on the Internet, for instance social net-working, video streaming on YouTube, and searching information from websites. The government is fully aware of the trends in applying such technology and has transformed the formats of opera-tions and services by using a comprehen-sive website as a communication channel for disclosing public information and de-veloping public services. Referring to the statistical domain names announced by THNIC Company Limited, in March 2016, 64,706 domain names were registered in Thailand, where holders of trademarks, commerce, and business (.go.th) were the largest group, with 36,545 domain names or 56.48 percent, followed by general

business agencies and individuals (.in.th) with 12,528 domain names or 19.36 percent, and government agencies (.go.th) with 7,587 domain names or 11.73 percent, similar to educational institu-tions (.ac.th) with 6,830 domain names or 10.56 percent. Other than the afore-mentioned groups, there were non-profit organizations (.or.th) and military units (.mi.th). The number of domain names belonging to government agencies in-creased dramatically from 4,985 in 2011 to 7,587 in 2016, a rise of 52.20 percent. The existing figures unveiled government agencies’ diversified implementations developed to conform to the changing context of the Thai society.

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Source: www.all.in.th

Government Information Network

Aside from websites developed as efficient communication channels to serve the public, government agencies have innovatively applied the use of the Government Information Network (GIN), the central IT-based service that connects various government agencies. The network can efficiently facilitate multi-agency coordination, ranging from ministerial organizations to provincial public offices, aiming to provide the public with quality services. Also, GIN is developed to support the connection to the government’s Common Service, em-phasizing the effectiveness of central in-formation technology as part of the goal to offer efficient and convenient public

services to all Thai citizens. Referring to the 2015 annual perfor-mance of the Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA), ten GIN-based information systems have been fostered with the integration of public information. Remarkable exam-ples are the Government Fiscal Manage-ment Information System (GFMIS), the Government Strategic Management Sys-tem (GSMS), and the National Single Win-dow (NSW). There are 3,352 government agencies applying the use of GIN services, with the addition of 508 from 2,844 reg-istered in 2014. Public organizations that make regular use of the network include the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Ag-riculture and Cooperatives, the Ministry of Defence, and the Ministry of Public Health, as explained in Figure 4 below.

Annual performance report of 2015, the-Electronic Government Agency (Public Organiza-tion) (EGA)

Source: The Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA)

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During 2011-2015, a report unveiled that the number of government agencies using GIN was estimated to increase on a yearly basis. In March 2016, it was reported that 568 agencies under the Ministry of Justice, 493 agencies under the Ministry of Interior, and other 373 independent agencies had used GIN services, as shown in Figure 5. Considered from the areas of implemen-

tation, in March 2016, Thailand’s top three regions applying GIN services in daily pub-lic operations are central region, north-eastern region, and southern region, with 755, 745, and 618 government agencies, respectively. It was necessary to generate greater expansion of GIN services to all re-gions across the country. Figure 6 explains the regions that applied GIN services.

Aside from GIN, there are a few other technology-based networks used to connect vari-ous government agencies. According to a survey on the readiness of Digital Government conducted in 2015, 92.1 percent relied on using specific computerized networks, 85.2 percent connected to public networks via the Internet, and 28.9 percent preferred to use other fundamental networks apart from GIN. Reportedly, 69.5 percent of public networks were provided by state enterprises, while 53.8 percent of other related services had been developed by private service providers. Please look at Figure 7.

Source: Survey on the readiness of Digital Government responded by the government’s departmental agencies in 2015

Source: Annual perfor-mance report of 2015, the Electronic Govern-ment Agency (Public Organization) (EGA)

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Source: Annual perfor-mance report of 2015, the Electronic Govern-ment Agency (Public Organization) (EGA)

Aside from GIN, the government has developed its Government Cloud (G-Cloud), an ad-vanced technological service developed in the form of Cloud Computing to be provided for various government agencies. G-Cloud focuses on efficient resource management, convenient access, and seamless connection in applied areas, ensuring government author-ities and public officials work effectively, conveniently, and safely. Cloud Computing has been developed in specifically computerized forms, comprising Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS)¹, and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), as explained in Figure 8.

Referring to the EGA’s annual performance report of 2015, 272 agencies applied 750 types of G-Cloud services, with the addi-tion of 260 types from 482 types applied in 2014. Remarkable systems included the integrated rice pledging information system, the women’s roles fund manage-ment system under the supervision of the Secretariat of the Prime Minister, the reha-bilitation system for victims of violence in three southernmost provinces under the

supervision of the Southern Border Prov-inces Administration Center (SBPAC), the Electronic Self-Assessment Report (e-SAR) system developed by the Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC), the crisis management system un-der the supervision of the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and the water project management and monitor-ing system launched by the Secretariat of the Cabinet. (Figure 9)

Unveiled by the EGA, 853 G-Cloud services had been applied by various government agencies in March 2016. Meanwhile, 1,347 virtual machines were used to facilitate the application of G-Cloud services. In the same year, the top three G-Cloud users were the Ministry of Public Health (131 systems), the Ministry of Science and Technology (113 systems), and the Min-

(2) PaaS – emphasizes developing computerized software programs based on Cloud Computing, where users may: 1)

Install and adjust a program required for developing a software, 2) Create computer programming, 3) Run a program,

4) Provide services based on using a created program. Remarkable examples are Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark.

Meanwhile, physical resources such as CPU, memory, and network, will be supervised by service providers.

(3) IaaS – provides an extensive range of physical resources, for instance, CPU, memory, and storage. IaaS is a com-

puterized service that initially provides users with a virtual machine, where the users will be required to manage all

processes of the service by themselves. In the case where resources are insufficient or excessive, users may reduce or

maximize the quantity of resources to match individual use.

istry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (90 systems). Three government organizations with the highest use of virtual machines were the Ministry of Information and Com-munication Technology (210 machines), the Ministry of Science and Technology (205 machines), and the Ministry of Public Health (189 machines). Please study Figure 10 below.


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Readiness of e-Government

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Readiness of e-Government Modern technology is playing a significant role in transforming traditional forms of public services into e-Service, which requires the use of the Inter-net, considered an essential tool for accessing the required information and communicating with others. Nowadays, people seem to pay less attention to services available at public offices and those obtained from service counters or call centers due to the retardation of time efficiency and service conve-nience. E-Service can provide general users with the highest efficiency and convenience of public services, particularly when any transaction must be made. With the advancement of technological communication devices, for in-stance, mobile phone, PC, laptop, tablet, kiosk, and digital TV, people will be guaranteed convenient and accessible public services and information based on general and specific requirements of users.

Government agencies have been expected to drive growth for Thailand’s so-cio-economic system. It is necessary to rely on modern technology to ensure all daily operations can be accomplished effectively, prompting the existence of Digital Government to be recognized on the global stage. Recently, the United Nations (UN) set three development indicators, focusing mainly on telecommunications infrastructure, online public services, and quality of peo-ple in the country, as part of the strategy to evaluate the effectiveness of Digital Government.

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Government e-ServiceThe concept of e-Government in Thai-land emerged when signing e-ASEAN Agreement in 28th November 1999, which was a regional consensus in en-hancing ICT capabilities to strengthen competitiveness in the world economy of the member states. The countries are committed to establish ICT infrastructure that forges efficient networks and endorse the foundation of e-Government among the members . To ensure cont inualdevelopment of online government services,, the Electronic Government Agency (Publ ic Organizat ion) (EGA) conducted a survey on the readiness of Digital Government

responded to by government agencies at the departmental level. In 2016, out of a total of 272 government agenc ies ,234 gove rnmen t a genc i e sattentively responded to the survey, considered 86 percent of the targeted government agencies.

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The 2016 Annual Assessment Framework was developed as a tool to evaluate the readiness of Digital Government based on six major aspects (see Figure 1).

1. Policies and Practices2. Secure and Efficient Infrastructure 3. Smart Back Office Practices 4. E-Officer with digital capability 5. Accessible and convenient services 6. Smart technologies and practices

As the survey results show (see Figure 1), government agencies were fully prepared to cope with Secure and Efficient Infrastruc-ture as well as Smart Back Office Practices, with the equally high score of 79/100 for both aspects. Policies and Practices and Smart Technologies and Practices created the scores of 75/100 and 64/100, respec-tively. However, the lowest readiness score of 60/100 fell equally into E-Officer with Digital Capacity and Accessible and Conve-nient Public Services.

Source: Survey results towards the readiness of Digital Government responded to by depart-mental-level govern-ment agencies in 2016 Remark: Survey was assisted by 27 public organizations and 38 independent agencies.

The readiness of Digital Government was admired by government agencies of the departmental level. The progress of online public services was estimated to reach 61 percent in 2015 and increased to 80 per-cent in 2016 (increased by 19 percent). Mobile service or m-Service also shifted from 32 percent in 2015 to 51 percent in 2016 (increased by 11 percent). Similarly, the popularity of one-stop service rose

from 16 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2016 (increased by 4 percent). Another survey conducted in 2016 described the classification of types of e-Service via web-sites, where online services and kiosk solutions were available at 72 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Survey results unveiled the effectiveness and consistency of e-Service as an essential tool for the upcoming Digital Government (see Table 1).

Source: Survey results towards the readiness of Digital Government responded to by depart-mental-level govern-ment agencies during 2015-2016

1. Electronic Services via Public Websites

According to a survey on the availability of public websites conducted by the Electron-ic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) in 2015, web-based service was con-sidered one of the most advanced and

efficient channels of communication devel-opment. Referring to a report on the devel-opment of public websites and the Online Service Index (OSI) issued by the United Nations (UN), web-based services available at different levels, particularly during 2014-2016, were developed in a desirable direc-tion (see Table 2).

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- Survey results on the readiness of Digital Government responded to by departmental-lev-el government agencies in 2015- Survey results on pub-lic websites conducted by the EGA’s Policy and Strategy Department and the UN in 2016

Remark * Website accessibility was developed to comply with the W3C requirements, where the app provided by Achecker was required for the evaluation

When considering public services available via websites, totaling 274, in 2015, the services were considered based on five advancement levels, including Emerging Information, En-hanced Information, Transactional Information, Connected Information, and Personalized e-Service of Intelligence. About 77 percent of public services available via websites fell into Emerging Information. Enhanced Information and Transactional Information were maintained at 76 percent and 35 percent, respectively. Personalized e-Service of Intelli-gence achieved around 4 percent, while Connected Information was not included in the evaluation, as there was no clear reference found3.

¹ Government Website Standard had been developed by the EGA.

² Level 5 was an additional evaluation applied for a survey on public websites in 2015.

*Website accessibility was developed to comply with the W3C requirements, where the app provided by Achecker3 Survey unveiled public websites developed by government agencies in 2015. 4 Although the development levels of the EGA and the UN were different, Level 4 and 5 of the EGA and Level 4 of

the UN could be compared.

Considering the UN’s survey results on the UN e-Government Survey 2016, the devel-opment of online public services was im-plemented during 2014-2016. Eight govern-ment agencies participated in the survey, including the National Portal, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, and the Ministry of Natural Re-sources and Environment. Four develop-ment levels, varying in Emerging Informa-tion, Enhanced Information, Transactional Information, and Connected Information, were used for evaluation. In 2016, the UN e-Government Survey 2016 unveiled desir-able results similar to those of the survey on public websites conducted by the EGA in 2015. Online public services were devel-oped to facilitate users with effective searching of information. However, compli-cated services, such as Transactional Infor-mation and Connected Information, were not used for evaluation, as they maintained 45 percent and 31 percent of the satisfac-tion level, respectively (see Table 2)4. To upgrade the government’s electronic ser-vices to Transaction Information Services or

Connected Information Services, it is nec-essary to increase security for the online payment system and personal information, ensuring the exchange of information among government agencies is always se-cure. This is Thailand’s new challenge in advancing electronic services that can genuinely satisfy the public.Besides access-ing electronic services through government agencies’ websites, there is another way to obtain online public services. Web Portal is the answer. Web Portal provides access to online services provided by various govern-ment agencies. Users will not be required to access from various websites. The gov-ernment has several sources of Web Portal. Remarkable examples are the Thai Govern-ment Information Center (http://www.thaigov.go.th/index.php), the Government Agency Data Center (http://www.oic.go.th/ginfo), and the ICT Market Information Cen-ter (http://www.ni3.mict.go.th). The Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) has developed its new service, named “Public Information Ser-vice”, briefly known as “GovChannel”, to facilitate people with convenient access to online public services via http://govchan-nel.go.th in Figure 2.

Source: https://www.govchannel.go.th/

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Source: https://www.egov.go.th/th/index.php

In this website, there are six major channels to access online public services.

1. www.egov.go.th, the e-government por-tal linking to government e-services for the citizens 2. https://data.go.th, the open data channel providing the public information that is useful for application development and business initiatives with no expense3. www.info.go.th, the archive resulted from the Licensing Facilitation Act, B.E. 2558 to collect informative manuals of procedures for contacting government officials and requesting government services4. www.apps.go.th, the portal collecting mobile applications from all government agencies5. https://biz.govchannel.go.th/, the web-site facilitating entrepreneurs to start a business in Thailand by providing informa-tion and required e-forms6. http://govspending.data.go.th/, another channel promoting open government and

transparency by reporting spending of gov-ernment agencies

1.1 e-Government PortalAs mentioned, e-Government Portal is a centralized information system used be-tween people and government agencies. Considered a service integration website, government agencies can select any re-quired service through a variety of commu-nication devices gathered into one. There-fore, Web Portal can be a reliable source of information to reflect the number of on-line public services. However, some online services are not included in Web Portal, and the number of services may appear to be less than actual services provided.

The figures as illustrated in Table 2 reflects that as of March 2016 www.egov.go.th provid-ed links (or websites) to 850 government e-services; 460 of which, or 54.12 percent, are information services and 390, or 45.88 percent, are transactional services.

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As of March 2016, considering the number of online and electronic services by count-ing links featured on e-Government Portal, classified by ministry (see Table 4), the top three ministries with the highest number of online services were the Ministry of Educa-tion (223 websites), the Ministry of Finance

(60 websites), and government agencies not under the Office of the Prime Minister, ministry, or department (58 websites). Judging from information services, the top three ministries included the Ministry of Education (120 websites, 26.09 percent), the Ministry of Finance (33 websites, 7.17


39

percent), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (26 websites, 5.65 percent). Also, government agencies not under the Office of the Prime Minister, ministry, or department introduced their online services on e-Government Portal (33 websites, 7.17 percent).Considering the online e-Services available on e-Government Portal, the top three ministries were the Ministry of Edu-cation (103 websites, 26.41 percent), the Ministry of Science and Technology (28 website, 7.18 percent), and the Ministry of Finance (27 websites, 6.92 percent). Table 5

1.2 Open DataOpen Data, which can be accessed via www.data.go.th, is an integrated public in-formation channel developed to facilitate government agencies, particularly for the disclosure of public information. Obviously, to use Open Data, a user will be required to specify a source or authorized owner of information. Besides the said requirements, it is necessary for the user to comply with the agreements and conditions specified by the authorized owner. Inspired by the issu-ance of the Official Information Act, B.E. 2540 (1997), Open Data was promoted for wider use among government agencies. As of September 23, 2016, there are 828 sets of open data (Table 6).

Source: https://data.go.th/

According to Table 6, as of September 23, 2016, the top three categories of Open Data were religion, art, and culture (166 sets, 20.05 percent), economy, finance, and industry (108 sets, 13.04 percent), and investment budget and government spending (95 sets, 11.47 percent).

Source: https://www.data.go.th/Default.aspx

Referring to the statistics shown in Table 7, as of September 23, 2016, the top five datasets with the highest browsing rate were latitude and longitude coordinates (15,842 times), average monthly income per family classified by region and province during 1996-2013 (11,320 times), legal en-tity registration as of 2015 and new legal entities registered in January (10,082 times), list of government agencies classified into public organizations, independent agencies, and state enterprises (8,389 times), and educational institution as of 2015 (7,641 times).

1.3 Government Information CenterThe Government Information Center can be accessed via www.info.go.th, approved under the Licensing Facilitation Act, B.E. 2558 (2015). Founded by the Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC) and the Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA), the Government Information Center aims at developing government-based websites to facilitate people with integrated public in-formation, varying in service request proce-dures, required documents, registration fees, and several other types of informa-tion. Table 8 unveils the number of public service manuals featured in the system as of March 2, 2016.

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As of March 2, 2116, the Ministry of Interior produced the highest number of public service manuals (7,718 manuals, 61.85 percent), followed by the Ministry of Transport (683 man-uals, 5.47 percent). However, other government agencies developed less than 500 public manuals. Half of the issued public manuals available via www.info.go.th were developed and authorized by the Ministry of Interior. Government agencies have issued over 40,000 permits5, but there are only 12,479 manuals, or 31.20 percent, produced to clarify pro-cedures for dealing with public services.

This reflects government agencies must accelerate the adoption of key service manuals on the websites without delay to increase convenience for the public. How-ever, the preparation of online public ser-vice manuals is still in its early stage. Some significant challenges need to be devel-oped further, for instance, searching of in-formation. Certain websites use official search terms, and this makes it difficult for users to search for their required informa-tion. Also, when a user unintentionally selects a faulty item, the system cannot return to the previous page. The user must start the process all over again.

2. e-Service via Mobile Apps

Several government agencies have recently introduced mobile applications as an alter-native to provide excellent e-Service to the public. Remarkable examples of smart mobile apps include the “Oryor Smart Application” developed by the Thai Food and Drug Administration (Thai FDA), the “30-Baht Health Care” launched by the Ministry of Public Health, the “Rama Ap-pointment” initiated by Ramathibodi Hos-

pital, and the “RD Smart Tax” developed by the Department of Revenue.

Several government agencies have become more proactive in developing and increas-ing convenient access to online public services as a result of the Cabinet meeting dated March 10, 2015. The resolution was approved for government agencies that successfully develop mobile apps via the Government Application Center (GAC) and those who keep the task pending to coor-dinate with the Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) to fea-ture their developed apps in GAC6, consid-ered the one-stop service developed by the government.

GAC is advanced in two major forms, includ-ing the website “www.apps.go.th” and the mobile application “GAC”, which can be downloaded on both iOS and Android operating systems. As GAC mobile applica-tion is divided into 13 main categories, they have been ranked as the most wanted categories serving as a new channel to fa-cilitate people with easier access to quality public services, particularly via mobile de-vices such as mobile phone or tablet.

As of February 2016, GAC successfully provided up to 173 mobile apps, with an additional 19 new mobile apps or 12.33 percent compared to 2015. The top three government organizations were the Ministry of Science and Technology (40 mobile apps), government agencies not under the Office of the Prime Minister, ministry, or department (27 mobile apps), and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (13 mobile apps). Meanwhile, the top three government agencies that successfully added new mobile applications in 2015 were government agencies not under the Office of the Prime Minister, ministry, or department (8 new mobile apps), the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (4 new mobile apps), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (2 new mobile apps), as explained in Table 9. However, more mobile apps than the explanation in Table 9 might exist, as any certain government agency could develop its mobile app but was not included in GAC.

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5Source: http://thaipublica.org/2015/07/open-data-5/ 2558.6http://oic.go.th/FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER3/DRAWER056/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000317.PDF

Cons ider ing the number of mobi le application categorized by 13 service topics (shown in Table 9), Table 9 shows that in Jun 2016 www.apps.go.th contains 190 applications in 13 categories. Of which, the 3 topics providing the most number of downloadable applications respectively are 1) Agriculture, Livestock, and Fishery with 28 applications, 2) Public health with 26 applications ,and 3) Finance, Tax, and

According to the downloading rate of mobile apps as of March 2016, Android was the most preferred operating system for downloading mobile apps with 6,781 times, followed by iOS with 5,113 times, and iPad with 15 times. (Table 11)

Business with 23 applications, while the topic with the least applications is ..., which has 1 application. The table also shows that Android is the platform with the most applications (177 applications), followed by iPhone (154 applications) and iPad (140 applications.) While Windows has the least applications (9 applications.)


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Source: https://apps.go.th/

3. Government Kiosk)

Government Kiosk has been advanced to serve as a new and efficient channel for access-ing public information and services. Similar to the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the Government Kiosk is in several public areas to provide people with fast and convenient public services, for example, person identification, public health information, and brief loan and credit bureau data. Public services available via the Government Kiosk were supported mainly by six principal government organizations, including the Department of Provincial Administration under the Ministry of Interior, the Social Security Office, the National Health Security Office, the Department of Local Administration, the National Credit Bureau, and Ramathibodi Hospital. Significant services featured in the Government Kiosk are classified into five major sections, totaling 11 systems, described in Table 12 below. Admittedly, the most preferred section was “Social Welfare and Benefits for Dis-abled People”, developed with three systems, while the least interesting section was “Finance and Investment”, with only one system provided. As of March 2016, the Gov-ernment Kiosk was initially launched in eight strategic locations, seven in Bangkok and one in Nonthaburi province. 1. G-Point at CentralWorld Plaza 2. Central Plaza Salaya 3. Rajavithi Hospital 4. Ramathibodi Hospital 5. One-Stop Service Center at Central Plaza Westgate 6. Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) 7. Office of Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health 8. Big C Supercenter Maha Sarakham

Aside from the government’s e-Service developed in the forms of Emerging Information and Enhanced Information, according to a survey conducted by various government agencies in 2015, it unveiled that transactional information possessed a 35-percent proportion of the entire information, conforming to the result of the United Nations (UN)’s survey conducted in 2016, where its transactional information service achieved 45 percent of the information provided by government agencies participating in the survey. E-Government Procurement could be the best example.

The government has developed its e-Gov-ernment Procurement, also known as e-GP, to serve as a new information service cen-ter and to facilitate electronic transaction processing. Introduced by the Comptroller General’s Department, e-GP has been linked to the Government Product and Service Code (GPSC) under the implemen-tation of the Government Fiscal Manage-ment Information System (GFMIS). The

Electronic Bidding (e-Bidding) and the Electronic Market (e-Market) are also ad-vanced with high-end technology and specific functions, where the Electronic Catalog (e-Catalog) will play a vital role in trading public products and services. The development of technological systems has been expected to benefit three parties, buyer, sellers, and market supervisor7.

Source: https://www.ega.or.th/th/profile/879/

7Source: http://kmops.moph.go.th/index.php/km-test/2012-09-19-04-20-48/165-egp

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From the previous achievement, the Comptroller General’s Department summarized the procurement results of government agencies in the e-GP (by July 31, 2014) as shown in Table 13, which had been divided into two parts.

1) For the procurement implemented by the e-GP in the fiscal year 2012, govern-ment agencies launched 175,956 procure-ment projects, with a total investment budget of 511,632.53 million baht. In the fiscal year 2013, the number of procure-ment projects was increased dramatically to 1,842,743, valued at 1,020,474.59 million baht. 1,691,607 procurement projects were launched in 2014, worth a total value of 794,153.72 million baht. However, comparing the fiscal year 2013 to 2014, procurement projects implemented by the e-GP were reduced by 151,135, re-flecting a decreasing value of 226,320.87 million baht.

2) 79,092 e-gp agreements were made in the fiscal year 2012, considered 44.95 per-cent of the total procurement projects. The value was also increased to 160,775.86 million baht. For the fiscal year 2013, 1,677,538 e-GP agreements were made, equal to 91.03 percent of the total procure-ment projects, with the value of 569,327.73 million baht. Also, 1,503,393 e-GP agree-ments, 88.87 percent of the total procure-ment projects, were completed in the fiscal year 2014, unveiling a total value of 328,892.52 million baht. When comparing the fiscal year 2013 and 2014, e-GP agree-ments were decreased to 174,145, while the value dropped to 240,435.21 million baht. From October 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016, e-Bidding was used to facilitate 28,202 procurement projects, with a total budget of 272,274.74 million baht and a total pro-curement value of 243,540 million baht. This helped save up to 28,785 million or 10.55 percent of the total procurement

value. Meanwhile, e-Market could achieve 143 procurement projects, generating a total budget and a total procurement value of 276.66 million baht and 255 million baht, respectively. E-Market could save 50 million baht or 18.35 percent of the total procure-ment value. Both e-Bidding and e-Market could mutually help economize around 28,785 million baht9. The statistical collection of government service information in electronic format is still limited due to the difficulty gathering the statistics on such matters. Government agencies providing e-Service may collect the statistical information via any electron-ic channel. However, such statistical infor-mation is left undisclosed to the public, but it is maintained for various government agencies’ internal use as part of the goal to enhance service efficiency, particularly for management. Admittedly, some govern-ment agencies have never paid attention to the idea . It is impossible to obtain the complete e-Service information. To allevi-ate such difficulty, the Electronic Transac-tions Development Agency (Public Organi-zation) (ETDA), a government organization responsible for the promotion of electron-ic transactions made by both public and private sectors, has collected certain electronic transactions, varying in G2G, G2B, or G2C, made by government agencies to be featured in the Thailand e-Transactions Statistics Report. Also, the Electronic Gov-ernment Agency (Pubic Organization) (EGA) has determined to gather significant infor-mation related to electronic transactions made in the public sector.

49

Remark: In 2012, the information was obtained from the e-GP developed with three types of procurement, including price inspection, bidding, and e-Auction, only. During 2013-2015, the e-GP was upgraded under the original and revised versions of the regula-tions of the Office of the Prime Minister on Procurement, B.E. 2535 (1992).

Source: http://www.gprocurement.go.th/

Electronic Tax Payment

The Revenue Department has developed its e-Revenue system to facilitate the pub-lic with fast, convenient, and reliable tax payment services. People can access e-Rev-enue by entering www.rd.go.th, considered the most efficient trend preferred by tax-payers. In addition, e-Revenue can reduce redundant costs and complicated process-es for revenue service authorities and tax-payers. According to the statistical reports issued by the Revenue Department (see Table 14) during 2010-2015, the number of online tax payment transactions increased from 7,739,116 in 2010 to 14,343,212 in

2015, considered a remarkable increase of 1.8 times. Similarly, the value of online tax payment transactions shifted from 176,438 million baht to 585,145 million baht or a rise of 3.32 times. (Table 14)

Comparing the statistics between 2014 and 2015, 14,343,212 online tax payment trans-actions were made in 2015, increased by 7.9 percent from the figure of 13,296,823 online tax payment transactions shown in 2014. The value of online tax payment trans-actions also increased from 524,880 million baht in 2014 to 585,145 million baht in 2015.

Source: https://www.etda.or.th/con-tent/e-transactions-sta-tistics-report.html

Online Public Health Management

There are three types of online public health management, including the transfer of public health fees, e-Claim for Health Services Rendered, and request for medical treatments via the Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), explained in Table 15.

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Transmission of Electronic Import and Export Information

The transmission of electronic import and export information has been implemented under the Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language (ebXML)10 developed by the Customs Department to facilitate both imports and exports of goods with greater efficien-cy and convenience. Referring to Table 16, there were 80,833,589 messages produced under the ebXML in 2015, a rise of 2,004,085 messages or 2.54 percent from 78,829,504 messages delivered in 2014. (Table 16)

In 2015, the National Health Security Office (NHSO) transferred the public health fees worth 117,373.72 million baht to online pub-lic health service providers, decreased from 121,665.67 million baht posted in 2014. The value was reduced by 4,291.95 million baht or 3.53 percent.

For e-Claim for Health Services Rendered, 20,196,780 transactions were made for both inpatients and outpatients in 2015, increased by 312,496 from 19,884,284 transactions or 1.57 percent in 2014.

In addition, for the use of the Vendor Man-aged Inventory (VMI) in 2015, 821,563 trans-actions had been made. The figure was in-creased by 23.94 percent from 662,885 or 158,678 transactions made in 2014.

8http://www.gprocurement.go.th/wps/wcm/connect/7a15880045584724842ea6daee7bf126/Report+57_Q3.pdf?-

MOD=AJPERES9http://www.thaigov.go.th/index.php/th/news-ministry/2012-08-15-09-16-10/item/102282-บกเผยผลการจดซอจดจางดวยอ

เลกทรอนกสประหยดงบกวา2หมนลาบาท?tmpl=component&print=110The Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language (ebXML) is developed under the United Nations Centre for

Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) standard to facilitate the transmission of electronic service

transactions via the Internet.

Source: ebXML article written by Mr. Tanit Sorat to be published on http://www.tanitsorat.com/view.php?id=129

Online Issuance of Certificates

Recently, e-Certificate11 has been devel-oped to facilitate the public with greater effectiveness and convenience of electron-ic legal entity certificate and reference issu-ance services with relevant financial institu-tions and commercial banks. According to the statistical report, 135,494 certificates were issued in 2015 compared to 113,590 certificates produced in 2014. The number was increased by 19.28 percent or 21,904 certificates.

In 2015, the Department of Foreign Trade, the Ministry of Commerce, unveiled there were 1,015,028 electronic international trade certificates issued, decreased by 139,682 certificates from 1,154,710 certifi-cates or 12.10 percent issued in 2014. Please refer to Table 17.


Aside from electronic services available in the forms of website, mobile app, and government kiosk, several government agencies have promoted their quality ser-vices via social media as well. In 2016, a survey on the readiness of Digital Govern-ment, particularly among government agencies of the departmental level, 234 government agencies or 100 percent relied heavily on social media to ensure greater efficiency and convenience of daily opera-

tions. The most preferred social media channels were LINE and Facebook, achiev-ing the equal preference rate of 88 percent. Meanwhile, the preference of YouTube, Twitter, Web Board, and Instagram was maintained at 62, 36, 22, and 14 percent, respectively. Using social media had been classified into two major categories, Internal Coordination and Communication with Service Users. For internal coordination, government agencies preferred to use LINE

53

and Facebook the most, with the equal preference rate of 99 percent. State enter-prises focused mainly on We Board, You-Tube, and Twitter, with the preference rate of 90, 53, and 38 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, 60 percent of public organiza-tions and independent agencies relied heavily on Instagram, and 38 percent of the same groups were pleased with Twitter. For

communication with service users, state enterprises sufficiently applied the use of Instagram, Twitter, LINE, and Facebook, with the preference rate of 100, 94, 41, and 41 percent, respectively. In addition, 92 per-cent of public organizations and 86 percent of independent agencies used YouTube and Web Board daily. (Figure 19)

To be prepared for Digital Government, government agencies have been urged to gener-ate greater service efficiency to satisfy the public. With enhanced quality and convenient access, people will be facilitated with online transactional services available via the One-Stop Service Center. People will be offered a great opportunity to collaborate with gov-ernment agencies in making decisions and determining strategies and plans for each im-plementation. It is essential for government agencies to keep pace with the advancement of technology and innovation to ensure progressive development of public services.

Admittedly, monitoring online public services can be very difficult as several obstacles and challenges still exist. There is no agency appointed to be responsible for this matter in a substantial manner. Evaluating the number of online public services must inevitably rely on the information obtained from various sources. However, to unveil the increasing number of electronic transactions, particularly public services provided for the public in hen they have any inquiry or want to search for their required information. E-Service is developed to provide people with the best public services that can truly satisfy their needs, while dissem-inating significant information on e-Service in the most efficient and accurate way, as part of the strategy to prompt all government agencies for consistent development of e-Service.

Source: Survey on the readiness of Digital Gov-ernment responded by government agencies of the departmental level

11e-Certificate is developed to facilitate the public with greater effectiveness and convenience of certificate and refer-

ence issuance services with relevant financial institutions and commercial banks, where “Electronic Signature” has also

been used for the issuance of certificates and references.

Source: https://eservice.dbd.go.th/e-service/login.jsf

Information and Communication Technology Budgets

of Government Agencies

Chapter

4

55


Spending

Information and Communication Technology Budgets of Government AgenciesIn this context, the term “budget” means a financial resource approved to be allocated for government agencies to achieve the targeted organizational goals efficiently and collectively. To obtain an approved budget, a government agency must develop their administration plans, which will be supervised by the Bureau of the Budget. Obviously, the approved budget is expected to comply fully with the government’s national economic and social policies to generate substantial benefits for all people. Meanwhile, all budgets must be allocated and utilized in the most efficient, transparent, and accountable manner. Nowadays, techno-logical progress is a driving force behind economic growth, citizen engagement, and job creation, while Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become the most significant infrastructure required for government-based oper-ations. The allocation of government agencies’ ICT budgets can be summarized as follows:

4

Source: Guidelines for Strategy Development and Digital Implementa-tion Plan developed by the Ministry of Informa-tion and Communica-tion Technology

Chapter

57

According to Figure 1, a government agency requesting for a state budget to be allocated for developing the public computer system project worth over 100 million baht is com-pulsorily required to submit its request to the Computer Systems Commission for consideration. The request form can be downloaded from the website http://ww-w.100m.mict.go.th/. Besides the consider-ation for approval, the Computer Systems Commission has been required to make a fol-low-up action on its approved project, as well.

Recently, the values of allocated ICT budgets have been gathered in a specific manner. This report has been revised and issued to unveil the values of ICT budgets allocated during 2013-2016, focusing on the ICT devel-opment plans. Admittedly, government agencies have developed their ICT budget

allocation plans in different ways due to their core missions. Some government agencies have left their budget allocation plans un-mentioned, so the values of the actual budget allocations appear to be lower than they really are. The value of ICT budget al-location may appear variously in certain sections, for instance, computer procure-ment, infrastructure investment, or other government-related projects. Meanwhile, as government agencies not under the super-vision of the Office of the Prime Minister or not in membership of the ministry, depart-ment, parliament, court, independent agen-cy, or state enterprise, cannot seek their own incomes, the values of allocated budgets may only be considered part of their ICT development plans, allowing them to spend such budgets for developing ICT infrastruc-ture within their organizations.

When considering the information in Table 1, the top three ministries with the highest budget allocation were:

However, to consider those dealing directly with ICT-related missions, the top three ministries with the highest budget allocation were the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology was ranked second due to its direct responsibility towards developing ICT infrastructure. Although the ICT development

Source: Information collected from the Bureau of the Budget by the Department of Policy and Strategy, the Electronic Government Agency (Public Organiza-tion) (EGA)

Remark : ICT development plans were named differently.

2013 : The ICT Development Plan

2014 : The Transportation and ICT Connection Plan

/ The ICT Development Plan

2015 : The ICT Development Plan

2016 : The Digital Economy Development Plan

59

was not considered a core mission of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Edu-cation, both ministries were granted ICT development budgets, as they were expect-ed to provide quality services. The Ministry of Finance was directly responsible for de-veloping ICT management policies on finance and taxation, which could be seen from the progress of the Revenue Department’s on-line tax payment and the Thai Customs Department’s one-stop service. The Ministry of Education took direct responsibility for the oversight of education, considered the most fundamental and significant factor of human development. The Ministry of Education developed its website as a central informa-tion channel of Thai education, while estab-lishing the National Learning Center (NLC) to facilitate the public with knowledge-based information and learning tools related to the organization and other relevant agencies.

Considering the proportion of ICT budgets per agency, the top three ministries with the highest ICT budget proportion were the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (67.34 percent), the Ministry of Commerce (4.64 percent), and the Ministry of Energy (4.48). The top three ministries directly responsible for ICT-related missions with the highest ICT budget proportion com-prised the Ministry of Commerce, the Minis-try of Energy, and the Parliament Agency. This reflected a greater ICT development impact among government agencies, al-though developing ICT infrastructure was not their core missions. Referring to the propor-tion of ICT budgets allocated in 2016, the budgets could be categorized into three groups regarding their existing values.

1. Ten Million Baht or Above

1) Ten Million Baht or Above – the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Science and Tech-nology, the Parliament Agency, and the State Enterprise.

2. One Hundred Million Baht or Above

the Office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of National Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Cul-ture, the Ministry of Public Health, the Min-istry of Industry, court agencies, independent agencies, and government agencies not un-der the Office of the Prime Minister, ministry, or department.

3. One Billion Baht or Above

the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Interior. In 2016, the government announced its Digital Economy Policy to drive economic growth for the country by using modern technology, as part of the intention to in-crease productivity and value of products and services. Referring to the budget alloca-tion plan for 2016, various government agencies introduced their ICT development plans under the name “Digital Economy Development Plan”, while clearly classifying budgets for ICT integration in various fields. Consequently, ICT information can be searched in a more convenient and accurate way. As the Digital Economy Development Plan was announced,

the government approved an additional budget of 15 billion baht for the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology

Source: Information collected from the Bureau of the Budget by the Department of Policy and Strategy, the Electronic Government Agency (Public Organiza-tion) (EGA)

to act as a central organization to accelerate Thailand’s Digital Economy and Society for other related agencies.

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plexity of network budget allocation. Besides, Government Cloud (G-Cloud) has been de-veloped to bring together host computers to share resources and maximize benefits that can stimulate greater effectiveness of data connection used by the government sector. Admittedly, GIN and G-Cloud are re-markable examples of the shared service developed by the government.

According to the study on the allocation of ICT budgets during 2013-2016, the govern-ment recognized the importance of ICT de-velopment and allocated ICT development budgets for various government agencies. In 2016, the government declared the Digital Economy and Society Development policy focusing on ICT as an integral part in driving economic growth. The allocated budget was increased by 39.32 percent, from 13,881.59 million baht in 2015 to 19,340.03 million baht in 2016, considered the highest budget allo-cated over the past four years. It was greatly necessary for government agencies to use allocated budgets productively and appro-priately, where people could gain genuine benefits from quality public services.

According to Table 2, the top three govern-ment agencies with the highest ICT budgets allocated during 2015-2016 were:The increase of ICT budgets allocat-ed to government agencies resulted from the current government’s national development policy de-clared to the National Legislative Assembly on September 12, 2014, requiring Thailand to maximize competitive-ness by developing Digital Economy. This alerted various government agencies to de-velop quality services and upgrade their operational processes for greater transparen-cy and convenience, with concrete support on the Digital Economy and Society Plan provided by the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology. The Electronic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) also played an integral part in devel-oping the Digital Government Plan for 2016-2018, aiming to increase efficiency of organi-zational operations and public services among government agencies based on the citizen-centric approach.

Government agencies have focused on inte-grating certain ICT budgets to stimulate greater development of integrated networks and electronic-based systems, while using ICT resources in a productive manner. The EGA has developed its Government Informa-tion Network (GIN) to facilitate the transmis-sion of public information among central and regional government agencies, aiming to generate data integration and reduce com-

Information Technology Laws Related to e-Government

Chapter

5

63

Information Technology Laws Related to e-GovernmentInformation Technology has played a vital role in people’s working lives and daily routines, particularly in transmitting news and information. IT-based data has evolved new innovations leading to rapid changes of social conditions and business aspects. Such changes are not limited to individuals or businesses; government agencies also must adapt their operational patterns and services conforming to the changing economy and society. The term “e-Government” was heard more often over the past years, and it is therefore developed to “Digital Government” for a clearer definition. Several countries around the globe have recognized the influence of information technology, particularly in driving the economy and society of certain nations. Many policies and strategies have been developed to promote the effectiveness of information technology, which helps encourage the private sector to generate further creativity and innovation. Meanwhile, the government sector must develop its operations, management, and services by relying more on information technology to create a seamless connection of information among various government agencies to provide the public with faster access to public service, as part of the strategy to upgrade people’s quality of life and improve the competitiveness of the country.

However, to support the advancement of national policies on applying information technology, law is another significant factor that can drive growth for the country in a substantial way. The enactment of laws not only helps boost people’s confidence in applying IT-based systems and devices, but it also facilitates the monitoring and evalua-tion of cybercrime, particularly for public

operations and services. Cyber laws are ex-pected to be legislated in the same direction to foster consistent operations and services between different government agencies and reduce redundancy in budget management. Government agencies have been urged to comply with the disclosure of public infor-mation in a more transparent manner, where people may participate in making decisions on certain policies.


Spending

5 Chapter

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Cyber laws related to the imple-mentation of e-Government are specified in Figure 1, which can be summarized as follows:

1. The Electronic Transaction Act, B.E.

2554 (2011)

This Act is considered a fundamental IT regulation. The core ideas of this Act are to support a legal status of electronic informa-tion equivalent to those published in a written form and facilitate the transmission of electronic information, use of electronic signature, and authorization of electronic references. The electronic information has been expected to remain legally effective similar to a transaction. It must appoint the Electronic Transaction Committee to deter-mine policies and principles of electronic information services. In this Act, minor laws are also legislated to strengthen the development of e-Govern-ment. Minor laws are detailed below:

1.1 The Royal Decree Prescribing Rules and Procedures for Electronic Transactions in

the Public Sector, B.E. 2549 (2006)Referring to Section 35 of the Electronic Transaction Act, B.E. 2554 (2011), any gov-ernment agency providing filing services, request services, payment services, or other types of implementation under the electronic law, the agency must comply fully with the provisions of the Royal De-cree under Section 35 of the Electronic Transaction Act, B.E. 2554 (2011). The Roy-al Decree stipulates any government agen-cy providing the above-mentioned services must possess the electronic documentation system, with policies and guidelines for maintaining security and privacy of informa-tion belonging to a certain individual to ensure that electronic systems are devel-oped with required standards, providing users with greater accountability, security, and confidence. 1.2 The Royal Decree Prescribing Security Procedures for Electronic Transactions, B.E. 2553 (2010). Referring to Section 25 of the Electronic Transaction Act, B.E. 2554 (2011), any electronic transaction made in compli-ance with the provisions of the Royal De-cree will be deemed appropriate and reli-able. Government agencies have been urged to implement security procedures for

Source: Department of Policy and Strategy, Electronic Government Agency (Public Organiza-tion) (EGA)

electronic transactions, while being pre-pared to cope with emergency situations to boost greater confidence and reliability of electronic transactions. In the Royal Decree, security procedures are specified in three major levels, including low, medi-um, and high. Security measures will be applied differently depending on the inten-sity of a situation. In addition, the Electron-ic Transaction Committee will announce the names or types of agency of each se-curity level with critical infrastructure. Those government agencies are expected to pursue the applied security measures strictly.

2. The Computer Crime Act, B.E. 2550 (2007)Admittedly, information technology has a broad range of benefits when used in a creative and appropriate way. However, it can cause severe damages if it is applied improperly. Cybercrime, such as hacking, computer virus, network attack, and nation-al security threat, appears to be rising. Such destructive actions can severely damage computerized systems of both public and private sectors. They can even destroy economic and social cycles and national security. Therefore, it is necessary to en-force this Act to formulate preventive measures to prevent computer-related crimes, while determining responsibility of authorities in verifying facts for offensive cases and gathering crime-related evidences.

3. The Official Information Act, B.E. 2540 (1997) This Act aims to provide people with an opportunity to obtain information directly on public projects and services implement-ed by government agencies, aiming for greater transparency and accountability. Some provisions in this Act exclude certain types of information that government agen-cies cannot disclose as it will cause damage to the nation and other important private interests, such as personal information.

Nowadays, modern technology has become more important for developing public im-plementations and services. The public sector’s information can be prepared and disclosed through various electronic chan-nels, where people can access such infor-mation quickly and conveniently. The dis-seminated information will not be limited to the structure, authority, annual budget, government procurement, or agreement with the private sector, but such informa-tion is developed in the form of Data Set, which can be linked to mobile applications and innovative computerized programs.

4. The Copyright Act, B.E. 2537 (1994)In the digital age, information technology plays a vital role in driving society and the economy. As a consequence, several busi-nesses are set to rely on information tech-nology, considered an essential tool for business success. Online technology has become an efficient marketing channel for trading goods and services and exhibiting innovative ideas. However, a problem of online piracy still occurs and it is rising dramatically. Due to the progressive ad-vancement of technology, online piracy has been developed in various forms, for in-stance, duplication and modification of content. This problem causes tremendous damage to developers and owners of on-line content. Hence, the Copyright Act is inevitable. It helps protect owners and developers from losing benefits of productivity and morality. This Act has been amended to keep pace with technological changes and prevent software piracy and protect intellectual property of both owners and developers of software programs.

5. The Licensing Facilitation Act, B.E. 2558 (2015)Various government agencies have devel-oped their own strategic principles and procedures for people to obtain public services. Nevertheless, people may possess

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insufficient details about certain public services or have no idea how to access such information. Public services are unsatisfac-tory due to the lack of time efficiency and service convenience. This Act is formulated to prompt the gov-ernment sector to prepare manual guides for the public, where the information can be disclosed to the public via an electron-ic channel aside from the announcement. The provisions under this Act also specify it is compulsory to prepare people’s man-ual guides, clearly explaining principles, procedures, terms, and conditions in re-questing for a certain public service. As people can file all required documents via an online channel, they will not be required to show up at a service site. With rapid economic and social changes influenced by modern technology, devel-oping Digital Economy and Society brings together eight issues of information tech-nology laws, comprising four original and four amended issues described in Figure 2 below.

Core ideas of the enactment and major legislative drafting related to information technology and e-Gov-ernment can be summarized as follows:

1. The Administrative Reorganization Act, B.E. 2559 (2016) is developed to support the advancement of the Ministry of Information and Commu-nication Technology renamed to the Min-istry of Digital Economy and Society and the reorganization of management struc-tures and other related responsibilities. 2. The Digital Economy and Society Development Act (Draft), B.E. determines national development policies and strategies with Digital Economy and Society. E-Government will be upgraded to Digital Govern-ment, considered a fundamental mechanism in developing efficient and appropriate policies under this Act. The core idea of this Act is to


determine policies and procedures for developing Thailand’s Digital Economy and Society. The Digital Economy and Society Committee and other subcommittees will be set up to handle general and specific Digital Economy and Society requirements. The Digital Economy and Society Fund will be established to support the development of industrial tech-nology and digital innovation for the country. 3. The Personal Data Protection Act (Draft), B.E. facilitates the storage of data in the infor-mation technology system. The essence of this Act is to define basic principles of per-sonal data protection, where a data control-ler must comply with the rules in governing the collection, use, disclosure, and care of an individual’s personal data without being attacked by data piracy. Similarly, the Per-sonal Data Protection Committee will be appointed to ensure effective development of data protection strategies and standards.

4. The Cyber Security Act (Draft), B.E.will be legislated to facilitate the appoint-ment of the National Cyber Security Com-mittee (NCSC), which will handle the super-vision and management of cyber security systems, particularly for government agencies with critical infrastructures. Also, the command center will monitor cyber security measures and evaluate risks of cyber threats for different sectors.

Figure 3 shows significant enactment and major legislative drafting related to infor-mation technology. The above-mentioned laws have been legislated to facilitate the development of Thailand’s e-Government. Information technology laws will empower government agencies in developing quality electronic public services, where penalty measures will efficiently and appropriately be applied to all offenders. Digital Government has been expected to bring together transparency and efficiency of public services, ensuring greater competitiveness for the country and en-hanced quality of life for all Thai people.


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Cyber Security

Chapter

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Cyber SecurityThe progress of information and communication technology has provided Thai economy and society with double-digit growth. As online applica-tions and computerized software programs have been developed with greater efficiency, users can access their required information speedily and conveniently at a low cost. Information technology and communi-cation can bring several types of benefits to users. However, it is under-stood that misuse of information and communication technology can cause severe damage to the economy and society.

Cyber security must ensure protection of privacy and convenience of access to individual systems. Admittedly, strict security measures may invade an individual’s privacy, while redundant convenience in accessing the required information can cause difficulty to national security. There-fore, it is necessary for responsible agencies to maintain the balance of both cyber security and convenience in accessing the required informa-tion.

What is “Cyber Security”?

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has given the definition of cyber security as “the protection of com-puter systems from the theft or damage to their hardware, software, or information as well as from disruption or misdirection of services they provide.” Cyber security is also related to the development of pol-icy, concept, safeguard, guideline, tool, action, training, best practice, assurance, and technology to ensure cyber protec-tion for organizations and users’ proper-ties, varying in equipment for computer

connection, personal data, infrastructure, application, service, information system, and overview of transmission or storage of information in cyberspace1. For Thailand, cyber security has been defined by the National Defence Studies Institute (NDSI) as “the actions and pro-cesses in protecting an organization from being harmed by risks or damages on in-formation systems as well as the attack, sabotage, espionage, and fault of infor-mation.” The definition focuses on three principles, including confidentiality, integ-rity, and availability2.


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Section 3 of the Cyber Security Act (Draft) has specified the definition of cyber secu-rity as “the policies and measures in main-taining information technology security to prevent and deal with cyber threats that might cause severe impacts to the com-puter, Internet, telecommunications, and satellite networks and affect national se-curity and economic integrity.”

Government Agencies Responsible for Cyber Security in Thailand There are two major government agencies responsible for supervising and monitoring cyber security in Thailand.

1) Thailand Computer Emergency Response Team (ThaiCERT)

(Thailand Computer Emergency Response Team : ThaiCERT) manages and responds to incidents related to computer threats and information technology risks for the public, while conducting studies for developing guidelines and tools for computer and Internet security.

2) Government Computer Emergency and Readiness Team (G-CERT)

Government Computer Emergency and Readiness Team (G-CERT) has been estab-lished to cope with incidents related to computer and network security of govern-ment agencies to create a strong alliance network and reduce risks of computer crimes.

ThaiCERT and G-CERT have developed their monitoring systems based two major channels including:1) Cyber security detection and censoring system 2) Cyber security filing system

For ThaiCERT, cyber security is to prevent cyber threats for both public and private sectors. Meanwhile, G-CERT’s major re-sponsibility is to monitor cyber-related situations for government agencies only. However, the security detection and cen-soring system is installed in both ThaiCERT and G-CERT systems, and the cyber secu-rity filing system cannot cover all types of situations. As a result, the statistical reports on cyber security in Thailand are insufficient according to the information shown in Figure 1.

Department of Policy and Strategy, Electron-ic Government Agency (Public Organization) (EGA)

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Remark: For 2011, the survey was conducted during July 31-December 31, 2011.

Source: https://www.thaicert.or.th/statistics/statistics.html

According to the above men-tioned survey conducted during 2011-2016, the top three countries with the high-est cyber threats were Germeny (2,221 times), the US (470 times), and Brazil (364 times). For Thailand, although the cyber attack rate remained low, the country was ranked in the top ten countries of cyber attack targets.

Types of Cyber Attacks in Thailand According to ThaiCERT, cyber threats in Thailand have been classified in nine major categories referring to the certified standards of the Computer Security Inci-dent Response Team (eCSIRT)3 as shown in Table 1 below.

Types of Cyber Attacks Description

1. Abusive Content A type of cyber threat that focuses on untrue or improper infor-

mation produced to discredit a person or an organization, includ-

ing pornography, defamation, exaggerated advertising, and spam.

2. Availability A type of cyber threat created to attack the readiness of the

information technology system, particularly to cause damages to

normal operations, also known as Denial of Service (DOS).

3. Fraud A type of cyber threat concerning with unauthorized access of

information, misuse of information for personal gain, or unautho-

rized distribution of copyrighted software programs.

4. Information Gathering A type of cyber threat focusing on the attack of sensitive informa-

tion, for instance, user account, including the gathering of personal

information conducted by scanning, sniffing, or social engineering

methods.

5. Information Security A type of cyber threat emphasizing unauthorized access and mod-

ification of information.

Table 1 Types of cyber threats collected by eCSIRT

3 The Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) is responsible for supervising, monitoring, and dealing with

incidents related to cyber security, particularly for users of CSIRT’s websites.

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Types of Cyber Attacks Description

6. Intrusion Attempt A type of cyber threat developed for the intrusion of personal

information known as Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures

(CVE). This type of cyber threat includes the access of user login

by making a Brute Force attempt.

7. Intrusion A type of cyber threat focusing on successful intrusion of personal

information without authorization.

8. Malicious Code A type of cyber threat causing unfavorable outcomes to software

programs and codes installed or used by users, for instance, Virus,

Worm, Trojan, and Spyware.

9. Others Other types of cyber threats not mentioned above can possibly

occur.

Table 1 Types of cyber threats collected by eCSIRT

Referring to the information in Figure 2 and 3 above, cyber threats can be summarized as follows:

1.) During 2012-2015, cyber threats were estimated to increase continuously by 86.34 percent per year.

2.) Fraud was considered the worst type of cyber threat, with an average growing rate of 29.46 percent per year, followed by Intrusion and Intrusion At-tempt, with their average growing rates of 1,602.65 percent and 137.52 percent, respectively. Malicious Code appeared to increase during 2014-2015, with an aver-

age growing rate of 1,134.86 percent per year, while other types of cyber threats decreased gradually. When considering the proportion of cy-ber threats collected by ThaiCERT during 2012-20115 as shown in Figure 4, the pro-portion of Intrusion Attempt increased from 9.47 percent in 2012 to 15.19 per-cent in 2015. The proportion of Intru-sion shifted from 1.64 percent in 2012 to 23.00 percent in 2015. Similarly, the proportion of Malicious Code was raised from 10.35 percent in 2012 to 35.38 per-cent in 2015. However, the proportion of Fraud decreased from 67.42 percent in 2012 to 26.11 percent in 2015.

Remark : For 2011, the survey was conducted during July 31-December 31, 2011.

For 2016, the survey was conducted during January 1-July 31, 2016.



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For 2016, the survey was conducted during January 1-July 31, 2016. Source: Division of Cyber Security, Depart-ment of Policy and Strategy, Electronic Gov-ernment Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) Source: https://www.thaicert.or.th/statistics/statistics.html


For 2016, the survey was conducted during January 1-July 31, 2016.

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Source: Division of Cyber Security, Depart-ment of Policy and Strategy, Electronic Gov-ernment Agency (Public Organization) (EGA) Source: https://www.thaicert.or.th/statistics/statistics.html

Besides the statistical report collected by ThaiCERT, G-CERT has divided cyber threat into ten categories as shown in Ta-ble 2 below.

According to the statistical report con-ducted by G-CERT, the cyber threat rate increased by 233.62 percent during 2014-2015. Web Compromise, focusing on the attack of government-based websites, possessed the highest cyber threat rate of

1,101 times, increased by 498.37 percent.

One of the “Web Compromise” threats is to attack a website to deliberately change its data which results in Website Defacement, a change in visual appearance of the website. The vandalism may cause minor damage, but it rather focuses on discrediting the targeted organizations, especially those requiring high reputa-tion.

Types of Cyber Attacks

Description

1. Application/Service/

OS configuration problem

A type of cyber threat taken place from faulty configuration of

application or operating system.

2. Denial of Service (DoS) A type of cyber threat occurred from a hacker’s sending of mul-

tiple packets or information to a certain network or a computer

belonging to an organization aiming to hinder services from

normal functioning.

3. Fraud A type of cyber threat caused by a fraudulent action, which

can occur in various forms, for instance, unauthorized use of

software program for personal gain or unauthorized distribution

of copyrighted products.

4. Information Gathering A type of cyber threat taken place by a hacker’s attempt to

search for the required information to be used for system attack.

5. Information Leak A type of cyber threat occurred from the leakage of informa-

tion via different channels, for instance, social media. This may

cause a severe impact to national security.

6. Malware Detected A type of cyber threat taken place from the attack of Malware,

for instance, Backdoor, Trojan, Virus, Worm, and Botnet, to

cause problems to services provided by an organization

7. Server Compromise A type of cyber threat caused by a hacker’s attempt to access

a software program without authorized permission.

8. Service Unavaliable A type of cyber threat developed to cause problems and diffi-

culties to services.

9. Suspicious Activity A type of cyber threat causing abnormality of traffic and con-

nection of information. This is another form of system intrusion.

Table 2 Types of cyber threats categorized by G-CERT

83Remark : G-CERT’s statistical report was conducted yearly, starting June 2015.

Source: Summary re-port on the inspection and monitoring of the information security management system of 2014 and 2015


Referring to the statistical report on proportion of cyber threats conducted by G-CERT during 2014-2015, Web Compromise possessed the highest proportion of 70.22 percent in 2015 and 39.15 percent in 2014. Meanwhile, Fraud possessed the lowest proportion of 0.00 percent in 2014 and 0.06 percent in 2015.

However, the data illustrated above only represents the frequency of cyber-attacks but does not reflect the level of the severity.The latter is required to understand the negative impact at the individual, organi-zational and national level.

According to the case of cyber threat that occurred on February 11, 2015, the hacker used his fake e-mail to access per-sonal information of the user. Fraud was developed wrongfully to persuade users to unveil their personal information, such as username and password. However, according to Google, dated February 13, 2015, the Internet users in Thailand were misled by fraudulent links, totaling around 600 times of access. Fraud-ulent links caused damage to government agencies. Following the existence of the deceitful case, government agencies be-came more alert on the attack of cyber threats, while urging the public to be more cautious when using their e-mails or ac-cessing unfamiliar websies4.

4 Source: https://www.etda.or.th/content/etda-hackers-alarm-2015-02-17.html

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Considering the information in Figure 6 and 7, Fraud occurred only once in 2015, but the case and its consequences could not be ignored.

Problems of cyber security are expected to take place continuously due to the ad-vancement of modern technology. Hack-ers have agreed to use the reputation and reliability of government agencies to de-ceive their victims. Admittedly, no one can really know hackers’ intentions to cause cyber threats. They might want to show their power in making attempts of destruc-tion, opposing the government’s policies, ruining the reputation of particular organi-zations, causing public nuisance, or even testing their vicious abilities to tempt other

hackers. Cyber threats have been expect-ed to be developed in several new forms in the near future. It is therefore necessary to generate greater development of cyber security in a substantial manner, where the Cyber Security Act should be declared to provide potential benefits for both pub-lic and private sectors. However, it is more important for gov-ernment authorities and people to raise awareness of cyber security and mutual-ly develop effective monitoring of cyber threats based on the required cyber secu-rity standards as part of the intention to be prepared to tackle unexpected cyber threats in a timely and efficient manner.

Global Indexes Related to e-Government

Chapter

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Global Indexes Related to e-Government

Several global indexes are used to evaluate the development of e-Gov-ernment across the world, providing a broad range of perspectives to-wards the progress of Thailand’s e-Government. This chapter introduces 13 indexes derived from 3 major sections.

Section 1 Development of e-Government

The e-Government Development Index (EGDI) was developed to evaluate the readiness of e-Government, reflecting the gov-ernment’s abilities to apply the use of information technology for their routine operations and various services provided to the public. Introduced by the United Nations (UN) in 2003, this devel-opment index was implemented officially during April-June of the same year, and the evaluation results were reported in every two years. The surveys on the index and its evaluation results were conducted in 193 nations in membership of the UN. According to the information gathered in 2016, Thailand was ranked 77th (0.4631 percent) among 193 countries applying the EGDI as shown in Table 1 below.


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Source: United Nations e-Government Survey 2014 – 2016

Regarding the e-Government development level of Thailand during 2014-2016, the country’s ranking was raised from 102 to 77. The rankings of the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index and the Human Capital Index shifted from 107 to 77 and 118 to 95,

respectively. However, the ranking of the Online Service Index dropped from 76 to 79, while the e-Participation Index de-creased from 54 to 67. Please refer to Table 2 below.

The Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey has been developed to monitor changes in using information tech-nology conforming to new technological trends. Conducted by the Institute of e-Gov-ernment, Waseda University, and Internation-al Academy of CIO-IAC, the survey was an-nounced to the public in 2005 and the evaluation was implemented yearly .This survey was conducted in 65 countries across the globe.

According to the Waseda-IAC’s ranking in 2016, shown in Table 10, Thailand was ranked 21st among 65 countries fostering the readiness of e-Government develop-ment. Top three nations were Singapore (91.0 points), the US (90.2 points), and Denmark (88.8 points).

1.2 Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey

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Source: Waseda-IAC International e-Gov-ernment Ranking Survey 2016

Core Index Thailand’s e-Government Development and Suggestions

1. Network Preparedness - It is necessary to maximize Internet access of wired and wireless connections.

2. Management optimization and Efficiency

- It is beneficial to push forward the development of Enterprise Architecture.- It is useful to support the development of national IT development plans, for instance, ICT2020 and ICT Policy Framework (2011-2020).

3) Online Services / Functioning Applications

- Level of Complexity: People are expected to obtain quality benefits via various web portals without having to travel to service sites.- Level of Security: It is required to login to the service programs whenever access is made, while the Security Socket Layer (SSL) must be available . - Level of Convenience: It is required to maximize service efficiency to facilitate the public, for instance, the speedi-

ness of service access, in a consistent manner.

4. National Portal/ Homepage - It is suggested to generate greater development of web portals to be more convenient in terms of accessibility and quality, which can be accessed by various channels, for example, PC or other smart devices.

5) Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO)

- It is important to establish an institution for the devel-opment of chief information officers aiming to maximize required digital knowledge and abilities for such group of people.

6) e-Government Promotion - It is recommended to clarify duties and responsibilities of e-Government-related authorities, while monitoring all

development procedures closely.

7) e-Participation/ Digital Inclusion

- It is highly beneficial to develop innovative applications to help people to communicate with the government directly.- It is appropriate to offer an opportunity to people to provide productive comments and suggestions via web

portals.

8) Open Government - It is preferable to publicly disseminate the govern-ment-related information- The information should be disclosed via a single chan-nel, for instance, the open data portal.- The information should be disclosed to the public in a transparent and accountable manner.- The information should be created to support new business opportunities and ideas.

Table 4 Summary of Thailand’s e-Government development referring to the Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey

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Core Index Thailand’s e-Government Development and Suggestions

9) Cyber Security - It is compulsory to enforce security laws and measures to foster further development of information technology.- It is highly necessary to appoint a single party to

directly be responsible for security laws and measures.

10) The use of Emerging ICT - It is highly beneficial to generate further development for Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).- It is recommended to promote the international certifica-tion, for instance, ISO/IEC 27001, to ensure the effective-ness of security-related systems.- It is appropriate to appoint a committee to monitor and push forward the use of modern technology in an efficient manner.- It is suggested to publicize research and studies related to the advancement of information technology consistently.- It is highly necessary to promote engagement activities to encour-age people to rely more on information technology. Source: Waseda-IAC

International e-Gov-ernment Ranking Survey 2016

According to the Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey 2016, Thailand is ready to develop e-Government, particularly in terms of online services and electronic participation. The development of e-Government focuses on greater efficiency and con-venience of public services.

1.3 Open Data Barometer

The Open Data Barometer, developed by the World Wide Web Foundation during 2013-2015, was used to unveil government data. Imple-mented in 92 countries, Open Data Barometer was fostered based on three major principles, including Readiness, Implementation, and Im-pact. Readiness concerned mainly laws, politics, economy, society, and technology. Implemen-tation was developed for information on bud-get, budget spending, national statistics, public

transportation, public health, environment, map, exports, land, crime, election, education, agreements, legal enforcement, and company profile. Additionally, Impact emphasizes mainly disclosing information and its outcomes. During 2013-2015, World Wide Web Fund con-ducted a survey to seek top ten countries with open data development as specified in Table 5 below.

Source: http://open-databarometer.org/

Referring to the report on Open Data Barometer issued by World Wide Web Foundation in 2015, Thailand was ranked 62nd among 96 countries with the development of Open Data Barometer. ซงลดลง 5 อนดบ จาก อนดบท 57 จากทงหมด 86 ประเทศ ในป พ.ศ.2557 และลดลงจากอนดบท 31 จากทงหมด 77 ประเทศ ในป พ.ศ.2556

For Thailand, disclosing government infor-mation was implemented to emphasize public relations more than transparency of operations and management. This reflected a minimal development in the govern-ment’s operations, as only a small amount of information could be disclosed to the public. Besides, it was difficult for people to seek important or specific government data; therefore, building transparency for

government implementations was genuine-ly restricted1. In summary, Thailand’s open government information remained minute and limited. Government agencies and their authorities were encouraged to specify clear policies and strategies to disclose significant information, and the government should be more alert in supporting the disclosure of government data, as people could easily access their required informa-

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Source: http://index.okfn.org/place/

tion, leading to genuine transparency of public services

1.4 Global Open Data Index The Global Open Data Index was initially introduced by the Open Knowledge Foun-dation2 in 2013. Officially announced in 2015, the index was used to evaluate the capacity in developing open data of 122 countries worldwide.

According to the ratings conducted in 2015, Thailand was ranked 42nd among 122 countries. The top three countries with the highest rate of Global Open Data Index were Taiwan, the United Kingdom (UK), and Denmark as shown in Table 6.

Looking further, Thailand was ranked first for the country with the highest Procurement Tender rate, with its score of 100/100 points. However, the Land Ownership rate was estimated to hit only 5/100 points, while the Water Quality rate possessed no score .

1Thaipublica, the 10-Year Information Statistics: http://thaipublica.org/2015/06/open-data-2.32http://index.okfn.org/about/

When comparing the disclosure of govern-ment data in 2014 and 2015, the scores had been increased for the following develop-ment categories. Company Registration (from 15/100 to 90/100 points) and

National Map (from 5/100 to 15/100 points). The decreasing score fell into Location Dataset (from 35/100 to 10/100 points) as explained in Table 7.

Source: Open Data Knowledge (http://index.okfn.org/place/thailand/)

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Over the past years, Thailand had enacted the Official Information Act, B.E. 2540 (1997) to push forward the development of the government’s open data. The Thailand Open Data Initiative project was launched with introducing the website www.data.go.th to en-courage government agencies to have greater awareness of transparent disclosure of in-formation. In 2016, 494 transactions3 of open data were available for the public, but such information provided little benefit to the business sector. The country’s rank went down by 5 from 57th out of 86 countries surveyed in 2014 and went down from 31st out of 77 countries surveyed in 2013.

The Open Government Index, devel-oped by World Justice Project since 2016, aimed at disclosing government information focusing on benefits to the public. In the same year, a survey was conducted in 102 count r ies , which emphas ized four major as -pects, including Publicized Laws and Government Data, Right for Accessing Government Information, Civic Participation, and Complaint Mechanism.

According to the information shown in Table 8, Sweden was ranked first for the country with the highest rate of Open Government Index, followed by New Zealand and Norway. Surpris-ingly, South Korea was the only Asian country ranked in the top ten of this development index.For Thailand, the rates of Open Gov-ernment Index classified by develop-ment factor4 were specified in Table 22 below.

1.5 Open Government Index

3https://www.data.go.th/Datasets.aspx4The “Voice of the People” survey responded by people living in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Pakkret community,

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Source: http://world-justiceproject.org/open-government-in-dex

Sub-indexes Rank Key Findings

1. Publicized Laws and Government Data

48 0.47 39 percent of respondents said the disclosure of government spending was maintained at a good level, while 57 percent thought the information was available in a sufficient manner. Con-sidering the reliability and convenience of accessing information, only 47% of people agree.

2. Right for Accessing Gov-ernment Information

83 0.43 Only 26 percent of respondents acknowledged the laws that allowed them to access government information. Only 2 percent of the respondents had requested for the public information. 59 percent of people unveiled they had to wait 1 week or 1 month to obtain any document issued by related government agencies. 23 percent even waited for 1-3 months for such documents to arrive. 13 percent agreed the information is unclear and incomplete.

3. Civic Participation 76 0.52 73 percent of respondents said they could express their opinions and concerns to the political authorities. 26 percent of the targeted people suggested the government should listen to voices of community leaders prior to getting things implemented. 70 percent provided comments that the media could freely talk about or criticize the government’s actions, both stability and policy making.

4. Complaint Mechanism 60 0.52 People had expressed their concerns over communication channels. 24 per-cent agreed with the existing channels, while only 16 percent were satisfied with the government’s ability to solve problems.

Table 9 Thailand’s Open Government Index classified by develop-ment factor in 2016

Referring to the above-mentioned information, Thailand was heavily forced to emphasize Open Government Index, particularly in the views of Right for Accessing Government In-formation, Civic Participation, and Complaint Mechanism, to boost greater confidence and trust for Thai people.

Source: http://world-justiceproject.org/open-government-in-dex

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Section 2 Desirable Environments for e-Government Development

The Network Readiness Index (NRI) was developed to indicate the readiness of Thailand’s development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the opportunity in applying the use of ICT-based equipment implemented by both public and private sectors5. Introduced by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2001, the NRI was described in the Global Infor-

mation Technology Report yearly . According to the information collected in 2016, as shown in Table 10, Singapore and Finland were considered leaders of ICT development, hitting the mutual score of 6.0 points from the total score of 7.0 points, followed by Sweden, Norway, the US, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Thailand was ranked 62nd among other countries in the group.

2.1 Network Readiness Index (NRI)

For Thailand, developing ICT readiness was estimated to decline over the past six years as shown in Table 11. The country’s ranking dropped from 59 in 2011 to 72 in 2016.

Referring to the four aspects mentioned in Table 11, Thailand’s score was raised, but the ranking was dropped. Admittedly, this was due to the impacts of ICT application for busi-nesses, economic and social development, personal use of ICT equipment, and readiness of networks and systems. ถงแมในป พ.ศ.2559 การปรบตวของอนดบเพมขนจากป พ.ศ.2558 แตยงเปนปจจยทประเทศไทยตองเรงพฒนา และการสอสาร (การใชงานของแตละบคคล การใชงานทางธรกจ และการใชงานของรฐบาล) ท และดานความพรอมของเครอขาย (โครงสรางพนฐานและดจทลคอนเทน ความสามารถในการใชจาย และทกษะ)

2.2 Global Cyber Security Index (GCSI) The Global Cyber Security Index (GCSI) was developed, focusing on cyber security of various countries around the world. Intro-duced by the collaboration between the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and ABI Research (Allied Business In-telligence), the index aimed to encourage all government agencies to recognize the importance of cyber security as an integral part of information and communication technology.

The ITU initially conducted the GCSI in 20146 to evaluate the stability of cyber security for several countries. The evalua-tion was implemented based on the rank-

ing system.The result of 2015 illustrated in Table 13 shows that the USA was the country with the highest cyber security with the score of 0.824, followed by Canada with the score of 0.794. Australia, Malaysia, and Oman share the third place with the score of 0.765.

The Global Infor-mation Technology Report 2011-2016

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The Global Infor-mation Technology Report

The US was ranked first as the country with the highest rate of cyber security, particu-larly for Legal Measures and Capacity Building. Four Asian countries, including Malaysia, India, Japan, and South Korea, were also ranked among best cyber secu-rity countries. Malaysia got full score in Organizational Measures, while India, Japan, and South Korea got full score in Legal Measures.Aside from the ITU, the Cyber Wellness Country Profile was also used to report cyber security applied in various countries. It was developed to focus on Child Online Protection, based on the enactment of legal forces, development of treaties with the United Nations (UN), establishment of responsible agencies, and determination of

clue notification ,such as website or mobile phone notification. evidence included in the report were used as references for developing cyber security evaluation.

As online security has played a significant role in making transactions and conducting activities, it is important for all countries to develop effective cyber security measures. As Thailand is poised to become a country of Digital Economy and Society, cyber se-curity can never be ignored.

2.3 BSA Global Cloud Computing ScorecardThe BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard unveiled the level of readiness of policy-re-lated environments to support the application of information and communication tech-nology in Cloud Computing. This index was initially conducted in 24 countries, considered 80 percent of the world’s ICT market7. The Business Software Alliance (BSA) first dissem-inated this index in 2012 and continued until 2016.

The evaluation of the BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard was considered from the full score of 100 points as shown in Table 14 below.

Indicator Weighted Value

(Percentage)

Score

Total Score 100 100

Data Privacy 10 10

Security 10 10

Cybercrime 10 10

Intellectual Property Rights 20 20

Table 14 Scores and weighted values of the BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard

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Indicator Weighted Value

(Percentage)

Score

Support for Industry-Led Standards & International Harmonization of Rules

10 10

Promoting Free Trade 10 10

IT Readiness, Broadband Deployment 30 30

Source: BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard 2016

Source: BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard 2016

According to the information obtained in 2016, Japan was ranked first for being the coun-try with the most efficient development of the BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard for the second consecutive year, with the score of 84.8 points, followed by the US and Germany, with scores of 82.4 and 82.0 points, respectively. Thailand was ranked 21st, with the score of 48.8 points, while Canada shifted to fourth place the same year. Please refer to Table 15.

Table 14 Scores and weighted values of the BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard

Considering the development of Thailand during the past five years, explained in Table 16, the country’s position shifted from 23 to 21 from the score of 4.8 points to 6.2 points. However, the total point remained below 50 points, compared to the total 24 countries.

Source: BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard 2012, 2013, 2016

According to Table 16, Thailand developed its Cloud Computing system in a consistent manner, as the score was raised from 42.6 to 48.8 points. However, three aspects achieved over 50 points, including cyber-crime, intellectual property protection, and industrial standard promotion and legal compliance. In Thailand, the effort in advancing legislation in intellectual property was the most prominent, followed by the

endeavor to prepare ICT readiness and broadband use. Additionally, data privacy and security were considered as challenges Thailand had to focus on.

Indicator 2012 2013 2016

Total Score 42.6 44.0 48.8

Data Privacy 3.5 3.5 3.5

Security 1.6 1.7 1.6

Cybercrime 7.4 7.4 7.4

Intellectual Property Rights 7.2 7.2 10.6

Support for Industry-Led Standards & International Harmonization of Rules

8.8 8.8 8.8

Table 16 Rankings of Thailand’s Cloud Computing System as of 2012, 2013, and 2016

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Source: BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard 2012, 2013, 2016

Indicator 2012 2013 2016

Promoting Free Trade 3.0 3.0 3.0

IT Readiness, Broadband Deployment 11.1 11.1 13.9

2.4 Cloud Readiness IndexThe Cloud Readiness Index reflected the development of Cloud Computing in several aspects for different countries in the Asia-Pa-cific region. This index, developed by the ASEAN Cloud Computing Association (ACCA), was applied in 14 countries. It was initially conducted in 2011 and continued to 2016.

Referring to the information obtained in 2016, Hong Kong was ranked first as being the leading country of Cloud Computing system (78.1 points), followed by Singapore (76.7 points) and New Zealand (74.4 points). Thailand was ranked tenth with 52.6 points as shown in Table 18.

Table 16 Rankings of Thailand’s Cloud Computing System as of 2012, 2013, and 2016

Section3 Economic and Social Aspects

3.1 Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) was developed by Transparency International (TI) to reflect corruption problems in various countries. Conducted in 120 countries around the globe, the index was initially introduced

in 1995. Judging from the scores of 0-100 points, countries with low points reflected the high rate of corruption. Top ten countries with high rates of transparency were detailed in Table 20 below.

Source: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015

Referring to 168 countries, Denmark was ranked first, with the highest score of 91, followed by Finland, Sweden, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Singapore, Canada, and Germany. Singapore was the only Asian country ranked in the top ten countries.

Table 21 unveiled Thailand faced many corruption problems over the past decade. In 2013, the country’s ranking of corruption was dropped to 102 from the total of 177 countries. However, the ranking was raised by 17 and 9 positions in 2014 and 2015,

respectively. This might be a consequence of the government’s earnestness in solving corruption problems. Admittedly, the draft constitution 2016 was enacted, intending to eliminate corruption issues in a sustain-able manner9.

9Dr. Juree Vichitwatakarn, World Corruption Index 2015, Thailand was ranked 76 from 168 countries, http://thaipubli-

ca.org/2016/01/corruption-perceptions-index-2015-thailand/

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3.2 World Competitiveness Scoreboard

Source: http://www.transparency.org

The World Competitiveness Scoreboard was developed by the International Insti-tute of Management Development (IMD) in 1989. Also, the World Competitiveness Scoreboard was featured in the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) to reflect national development in various aspects,

including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), productivity management, and social and cultural development. There were 4 com-petitiveness factors, 20 sub-competitive-ness factors, and 342 criteria used for the evaluation as shown in Figure 22.

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Year-book 2015

http://www.imd.org/uupload/imd.website/wcc/scoreboard.pdf

In 2016, the World Competitiveness Scoreboard survey was conducted in 61 countries worldwide. Hong Kong was ranked first, followed by Switzerland, the US, and Singa-pore. Seemingly, the competitiveness rate was considered by continent, where 6 were from Europe, 2 were from Asia, and 2 were from North America as shown in Table 23.

111

http://www.imd.org/uupload/imd.website/wcc/scoreboard.pdf

Considering the World Competitiveness Scoreboard over the past five years, Thailand finished between the 26th-30th positions. The country was ranked 28th in 2016, raised from 30th in 2015, as explained in Table 24.

According to Table 24, infrastructure was the most influential factor on Thailand. In 2016, the country was ranked 49th from 61 countries, dropping from 46th in 2015. Meanwhile, education was another chal-lenging factor that Thailand had to develop in a speedy manner. The ranking was dropped by four positions, from 48th in 2015 to 52nd in 2016. Business efficiency, finan-cial market, and management practices were also considered weaknesses of the country.

For government efficiency, Thailand’s ranking was raised by four positions, from 27 in 2015 to 23 in 2016. Thailand’s busi-ness legislation was ranked 51st in 2015 and 44th in 2016. The rates of business implementation, trade competition law, and taxation shifted gradually. Although the mentioned factors appeared to remain positive, many other aspects were estimat-ed to stay below the standards, particularly national politics10.

10Additional document obtained from the “Government Data and National Competitiveness” forum, Office of the

National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB)

Table 25 Thailand’s rankings classified by sub-competitiveness factors during 2012-2016

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Total Ranking 30 27 29 30 28

1. Economic Performance: 15 9 12 13 13

- Domestic Economy 47 14 33 46 37

- International Trade 8 4 5 8 6

- International Investment 33 31 29 34 28

- Employment 2 3 4 3 3

- Prices 28 31 37 19 45

2. Government Efficiency 26 22 28 27 23

- Public Finance 18 19 19 14 10

- Fiscal Policy 6 5 6 6 5

- Institution Framework 32 30 39 34 33

- Business Legislation 44 43 51 51 44

- Societal Framework 50 48 55 45 44

3. Business Efficiency 23 18 25 24 25

- Productivity and Efficiency 57 44 49 47 43

- Labor Market 4 2 5 8 5

- Finance 15 10 21 21 23

- Management Practices 19 16 26 25 26

- Attitudes and Values 17 17 20 24 23

4. Infrastructure 49 48 48 46 49

- Basic Infrastructure 26 25 28 30 35

- Technological Infrastructure 50 47 41 44 42

- Scientific Infrastructure 40 40 46 47 47

- Health and Environment 52 55 53 54 52

- Education 52 51 54 48 52

Source : https://world-competitiveness.imd.org/countryprofile/TH

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Table 26 Groups of factors used for studying and evaluating competitiveness

3.3 Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)

The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) was developed by World Economic Forum (WEF). Considered a key indicator in identifying national capacity in terms of microeconom-ics and macroeconomics, the term “compet-itiveness” was described as the ability to

develop national policies and evaluate the effectiveness of a certain country, serving as a guideline for development of various sec-tors. The GCI was expected to provide Thai-land with sustainable growth of economy and society in the long run.

During 2015-2016, 140 countries were listed in the rankings of the GCI. As the GDP per capita was used for evaluation, it had been categorized in three major stages.

Stage 1: Factor-driven Factor-driven countries had lower than USD2,000 of GDP per capita, totaling 35 countries.Stage 2: Efficiency-driven Efficiency-driven possessed between USD3,000-USD8,999 of GDP per capita, totaling 31 countries. Stage 2: Efficiency-driven Innovation-driven countries generated GDP per capita of USD17,000 or above, totaling 38 countries.

Additionally, WEF specified two categories of countries that remained in the “transition” period.

1.Countries developing from Level 1 to Level 2 of the transition period, totaling 16 countries.2.Countries developing from Level 2 to Level 3 of the transition period, totaling 20 countries.

Thailand was grouped in Stage 2: Efficiency-driven. To assess competitiveness, WEF had come up with 3 groups, 12 pillars, and 114 indicators as shown in Table 26.

Competitiveness Factor Pillar

1. Basic Requirement 1.1 Institutions1.2 Infrastructure

1.3 Macroeconomic environment1.4 Health and primary education

Competitiveness Factor Pillar

2. Efficiency enhancers 2.1 Higher education and training

2.2 Goods market efficiency

2.3 Labor market efficiency

2.4 Financial market development

2.5 Technological readiness

2.6 Market size

3. Innovation and sophistication 3.1 Business sophistication

3.2 Innovation

Source : The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016

Source : http://reports.weforum.org/glob-al-competitiveness-re-port-2015-2016/com-petitiveness-rankings/

According to the rankings obtained in 2016, shown in Table 27, top ten countries with high competitiveness were in Stage 3: Innovation-driven. Switzerland was ranked first with the score of 5.7 points, followed by Singapore (5.6 points), the US (5.6 points), Germany (5.5 points), and the Netherlands (5.5 points). Meanwhile, Thailand won 32nd place with 4.6 points.

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Considering the pillars of the Global Competitiveness Index, Thailand was ready to cope with the following challenges explained in Table 28 below.



1. Basic requirement Thailand was ranked 42nd with 4.9 points, mainly influenced by various problems related to educational institution, health and primary education, infra-structure, and transportation. 2. Efficiency enhancers Thailand was ranked 38th with 4.6 points, mainly influenced by labor market efficiency and higher education and training.3. Innovation and sophistication Thailand was ranked 48th with 3.9 points.

When considering sub-competitiveness factors, particularly innovation and sophistication, as shown in Table 28, Thailand’s ranking increased from 54 in 2015 to 48 in 2016. The Government Procurement of Advanced Technology Product factor was also raised by 24 positions, from 114 in 2015 to 90 in 2016. The Capacity for Innovation factor also shifted 16 positions to 54 in 2016. Although there were many positive aspects found, Thailand

Considering Thailand’s three competitive factors, they all shifted and fell at the same time. The Innovation and Sophistication factor was developed in a highly impressive way, but the Basic Requirement factor faced a slight drop as shown in Figure 30.


117



3.4 Ease of Doing Business Index (ED)

The Ease of Doing Business Index (ED) was first introduced by the World Bank in 2004, as part of the goal to evaluate the conve-nience and difficulty in operating business-es in a certain country. This index focused mainly on the duration and procedures of service availability, as well as facilities, costs, and laws and regulations related to business operations. With a clear emphasis on the SMEs market, the evaluation was conducted based on 10 business activities,

varying in starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, property registration, getting credit, investor protection, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, tax payment, and resolving insol-vency. The 10 business activities were conducted based on four major principles, including easier, faster, cheaper, and smart-er regulations. The top ten countries devel-oping the ED were described in Table 31.

Source : A World Bank Group Flagship Report

119

Source : A World Bank Group Flagship Report

According to Table 31, the top three countries were Singapore (87.34 points), New Zealand (86.79 points), and Denmark (84.40 points) 11. The top ten countries achieved over 80 points, where 4 countries were from Asia, 5 countries were from Europe, and 1 country was from North America

Table 32 unveiled Thailand was ranked in the top twenty countries with levels of conve-nience and difficulty in operating businesses. During 2006-2014, Thailand’s ranking increased from 19 to 12. In 2011, the ranking dropped due to the decrease in loan approval, inves-tor protection, contract enforcement, and property registration. However, in 2016, although the country’s ranking decreased from 46 to 49, the evaluation result was estimated to increase by 0.09 points, from 71.33 points in 2015 to 71.42 points in 2016, as a result of the ASEAN Economic Community.

11A World Bank Group Flagship Report (2016), dated May 19, 2016

http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB16-Full-

Report.pdf

Referring to the scores of sub-competitive-ness factors, shown in Table 33, Thailand achieved better positions for five aspects, including starting a business, dealing with construction permits, tax payment, trading across borders, and resolving insolvency. However, some aspects, for instance, getting credit, protecting investors and property registration , required urgent resolutions. Ranking of levels of convenience and

difficulty depended heavily on government implementations. Thailand had inevitably faced several difficulties in the complica-tion of laws and regulations, lack of time efficiency, and redundancy of require-ments, and disintegration of public opera-tions and services. These consequently brought about delays in licensing and registration procedures. Furthermore, rules and regulations of a

121

Source : http://www.doingbusiness.org/

considerable number of services did not provide timeframe and procedures in detail. All imposed significant hardship on public service delivery. However, the government had made great effort in upgrading quality services to serve the business sector. For example, the Licensing Facilitation Act, B.E. 2558 (2015) was legislated to help reduce redundant processes, as part of the goal to provide the public with the highest satis-

faction of quality services.

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ส�านกงานคณะกรรมการกจการกระจายเสยง กจการโทรทศน และกจการโทรคมนาคมแหงชาต (กสทช.), (2559). รายงานดชนชวดในกจการโทรคมนาคมของประเทศไทยป 2557 – 2558. กรงเทพมหานคร. กสทช.

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ส�านกงานพฒนาธรกรรมทางอเลกทรอนกส (องคการมหาชน) (สพธอ.), (2558). Thailand e-Transactions S t a t i s t i c s R e p o r t . ส า ม า ร ถ เ ข า ถ ง ไ ด ท : h t t p s : / / w w w . e t d a . o r . t h /content/e-transactions-statistics-report.html [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ธนต โสรตน, (2550). บทความเรอง ebXML. V-Serve Group. สามารถเขาถงไดท http://www.tanit-sorat.com/view.php?id=129 [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

กรมพฒนาธรกจการคา กระทรวงพาณชย, (2554). บรการขอมลอเลกทรอนกส. สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://eservice.dbd.go.th/e-service/login.jsf [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ศวลย สรโรจนบรรกษ, (2558). การพฒนามาตรฐานการรกษาความมนคงปลอดภยไซเบอร. วารสารสถาบนวชาการปองกนเทศ. ปท6, ฉบบท 3, พฤษภาคม – สงหาคม 2558. สถาบนวชาการปองกนประเทศ. สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ndsijournal/article/view-File/39369/32571 [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ศนยเทคโนโลยอเลกทรอนกสและคอมพวเตอรแหงชาต. สถตภยคกคาม. ศนยประสานการรกษาความมนคงปลอดภยระบบคอมพวเตอรประเทศไทย (ไทยเซรต). สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://www.thaicert.or.th/statistics/statistics.html [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ศนยเทคโนโลยอเลกทรอนกสและคอมพวเตอรแหงชาต, (2555). ความเปนมาของไทยเซรต จากกระทรวงวทย สกระทรวงไอซท. สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://www.thaicert.or.th/papers/general/2012/pa2012ge001.html [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

สวนความมนคงปลอดภยสารสนเทศ ฝายวศวกรรมและปฏบตการ ส�านกงานรฐบาลอเลกทรอนกส (องคการมหาชน) รายงานการสรปการตรวจสอบและเฝาระวงระบบบรหารจดการภยคกคามทางสารสนเทศภาครฐ ประจ�าป 2557 และ 2558

ส�านกงานพฒนาธรกรรมทางอเลกทรอนกส (องคการมหาชน) (สพธอ.), (2560). แฮกเกอร ปวน! เจาะหนวยงานรฐ หลงคลกลงคอนตราเกอบ 1,000 ครง ETDA กระทรวง ICT เรงตรวจสอบ เตอนภยประชาชนอย าหลงเช อ ! สามารถเข าถ ง ได ท : https ://www.etda.or . th/content/etda-hack -ers-alarm-2015-02-17.html [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ไทยพบลกา, (2558). สถตการใชพ.ร.บ. ขอมลขาวสารฯ 10 ป ขอขอมล 4,000 ครง อทธรณตอครง ทองถน – หนวยงานอสระ – ก.ศกษาถกรองมากสด. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://thaipublica.org/2015/06/open-data-2 [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

บรรณานกรม (ตอ)

125

http://index.okfn.org/place/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ส�านกงานรฐบาลอเลกทรอนกส (องคการมหาชน), (2559). ชดขอมล. Data.go.th. สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://www.data.go.th/Datasets.aspx [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

ส�านกงานพฒนาวทยาศาสตรและเทคโนโลยแหงชาต (สวทช.), (2555). Network Readiness Index. คลงศพทไทย. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://www.thaiglossary.org/node/69197 [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]มลนธองคกรเพอความโปรงใสในประเทศไทย, (2559). ดชนชวดภาพลกษณคอรรปชนโลก ป 2558 ไทยไดท 76 จาก 168 ประเทศ. ไทยพบลกา. สามารถเขาถงไดท http://thaipublica.org/2016/01/corrup-tion-perceptions-index-2015-thailand/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

แหลงอางองภาษาองกฤษ

World Economic Forum, (2016). Competitiveness Rankings. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/competitiveness-rankings/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

The World Bank Group. Doing Business. สามารถเขาถงไดจาก: http://www.doingbusiness.org/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

Schwab, K., Sala-i-Martin, X., (2558). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016. Swit-zerland. World Economic Forum.

IMD World Competitiveness Center, (2559). Country Profile: Thailand. IMD. สามารถเขาถงไดท: https://worldcompetitiveness.imd.org/countryprofile/TH [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]IMD World Competitiveness Center, (2558). World Competitiveness Yearbook 2015. Swit-zerland. IMD. สามารถเขาถงไดท

BSA The Software Alliance, (2555-2559). BSA Global Cloud Computing Scorecard 2012- 2016. Washington. BSA The Software Alliance.

ASIA Cloud Computing Association (ACCA), (2554-2559). Could Readiness Index 2011-2016. ACCA.

Transparency International, (2015). Corruption Perception Index. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015 [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

Baller, S., Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., (2559). The Global Information Technology Report 2016: Innovating in the Digital Economy. World Economic Forum, INSEAD, Johnson Cornell Uni-versity. Geneva. World Economic Forum.

Telecommunication Development Bureau, (2557-2558). The Global Cybersecurity Index and Cyberwellness profiles Report 2014 – 2015. Switzerland. International Telecommuni-cation Union (ITU). สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Pages/GCI.aspx [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

The World Justice Project, (2558). WJP Open Government Index 2015. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://worldjusticeproject.org/open-government-index [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

Open Knowledge, (2558). Open Data Index 2015: Civil Society Audit of the State of Open Data. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://index.okfn.org/about/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

Open Knowledge, (2557). Place Overview. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://index.okfn.org/place/ITU-T, (2560). Definition of cybersecurity. ITU. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/Pages/cybersecurity.aspx [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

World Wide Web Foundation, (2551). Open Data Barometer 3rd Edition. สามารถเขาถงไดท: http://opendatabarometer.org/ [เขาถงเมอ 26 ม.ค. 2560]

บรรณานกรม (ตอ)

127