Textile Publications Mansoor Iqbal

Research Paper Published TITLE: Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in exhaust dyeing influenced by material to liquor ratio and nature of salt. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal*, Zeeshan Khatri, Aleem Ahmed, Javaid Mughal, Kamran Ahmed. JOURNAL: Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2012) 16, 1–6 TITLE: Effect of cross –linking in textile pigment printing and enhancement of fastness properties. AUTHOR: M.Waris, Mansoor Iqbal*, Ausaf Aleem and Faraz Ali. JOURNAL: Jour.chem. Soc. Pak, Vol. 31, No.1, pp217-226, 2009 TITLE: Light Fastness of Bi-Functional reactive dyes with pad-batch and pad- dry-cure methods on cellulosic substrate. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal, Ausaf Aleem, Javaid Mughal and Qasim Siddiqui. JOURNAL: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak Vol 29, No.3, pp195-199, 2007 TITLE: Effect of textile auxiliaries at various stages of processing and its impact on tensile strength. AUTHOR: Mansoor Iqbal, Javaid Mughal, Ausaf Aleem and Qasim Siddiqui. JOURNAL: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak, Vol-29, No-3, 2007. TITLE: The effect of substitution on the dyeing and spectroscopic properties of some monoazo disperse dyes AUTHOR: Ausaf Aleem, Muhammad Aleem Ahmed, Mohammad Naeem, Kamran Ahmed and Mansoor Iqbal JOURNAL: Pak. Jour.Sci.Ind.Res 2006 49(5) 364-367. TITLE: The study of electrolytes on the dye uptake of Bi functional reactive red on cellulosic substrate (Cotton K-68)”. AUTHOR: Javaid Mughal, Ausaf Aleem, Qasim Siddiqui and Mansoor Iqbal. JOURNAL: Pak. Jour.Sci.Ind.Res 2006 49(5) 371-372

1st BOOK PUBLISHED

TEXTILE DYES By Mansoor Iqbal

My one book entitled textile dyes is published by REHBAR PUBLISHERS KARACHI.

The book is foreword by Dr.Syed Ishrat Ali, Professor & Chairman, Dept of Applied

Chemistry & Chemical Technology University of Karachi. The book is accepted as a

Textbook in most of the textile collages and Universities of Pakistan.

Textile industry is the backbone of our country economy. During last few

years a wide net of the professional textile institutes both in private and Government

sector have been established that shows the present demand and interest of our

peoples in this field. The textile books available in our country are very rare and

beyond the scope of our student both from purchasing and understanding point of

view. Textile dyes is the first attempt of its kind ever published in Pakistan. Dyes

are coloured organic compounds, which impart colour to the fabric. Most important

classes of dyes for textile application are discussed in a simple and easy style.

Discussions are lead from fundamental concepts to the fastness properties

evaluations of dyes. Interactions of dye molecule with different fiber polymer

system have also been discussed. A chapter Banned Amines also included, which

will helpful to understand the modern ecological issues of dyestuffs and textile

industry. The book will be a handy and reliable source of information for textile

students, teachers of textile chemistry, sales executives in dyes, dye house

laboratories, dyeing department of textile mills, research workers and many others.

Reference departments in the libraries will find this volume an essential addition to

their offerings. Suggestions are welcome for the improvement in book in next

edition. I offer my warm welcome to book lovers, please feel free to contact me to

share knowledge, literature and books regarding textile.

2nd BOOK PUBLISHED

TEXTILE FIBER Basics and Beyond

By Mansoor Iqbal The book Textile fiber basics and beyond is my second effort. After the

publication of my firs book Textile dyes, encouragement received from

friends, students and textile institutions, make it possible to complete the

present book.

Textile fibers are the raw materials for yarn manufacturing, which ultimately

converted into fabric. Leading from fundamentals ideas to the advance

level, the book covers all the important textile fibers discussed in an easy

and simple style. Knowledge of polymer science is essential to understand

the subject of textile fiber, so an special chapter on polymer concepts is also

included.

While writing this book, I have made references from various sources, as

mentioned at the end of each chapter and have freely used the working of

outstanding scholars and researchers. I, hereby, acknowledge their

contribution with sincerity and gratitude.

The book will equally be served as a reference book on Textile fiber for all

entrepreneurs, mills technicians, textile institutes, industrialists, libraries,

textile teachers and students.

Hope to receive valuable comments and suggestions for further

improvement.

Basics & Beyond

By

Mansoor Iqbal

M.Sc (Applied Chemistry) Scientific Officer, Textile

PCSIR Laboratories complex Karachi

Ministry of Science & Technology Government of Pakistan.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand education use, including for instruction at the authors institution

and sharing with colleagues.

Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling orlicensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party

websites are prohibited.

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regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit:

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Author's personal copy

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in

exhaust dyeing influenced by material to liquor ratio

and nature of salt

Mansoor Iqbala,*, Zeeshan Khatri

b, Aleem Ahmed

a, Javaid Mughal

a,

Kamran Ahmed a

a Applied Chemistry Research Center (Textile Section), PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Off University Road, Karachi 75280,Pakistanb Department of Textile Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Received 10 January 2010; accepted 6 April 2010Available online 25 October 2010

KEYWORDS

Reactive dyes;

Colorimetric data;

Liquor to material ratio;

Sensitivity and right-

first-time

Abstract Reactive dyeings were carried out by exhaust method on 100% cotton knits. A trichro-

matic combination was chosen with only change in blue component. Colorimetric data were

produced under controlled dyeing conditions by comparing the color difference between the target

shade and resulting shades. Giving a change in liquor ratio and nature of salt the colorimetric data

were regenerated again produced the shades. The data will be helpful to predict the low-sensitivity

reactive dye recipe, which lead to the concept of right-first-time dyeing. The aim of this research is

to help a dyer to select the right recipe. A set of the dye recipes was applied by dyeing with reactive

dyes on cotton. Sodium chloride shows best results in terms of dye sensitivity as compared to

Glauber’s salt at low liquor ratio that is 1:10. Blue BRF in combination with yellow and red shows

best result as compared to navy blue BF.ª 2010 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The two concepts namely quick-response (QR) and right-first-

time (RFT) have significant consequences for the technologyof dye application. The concept of RFT dyeing is necessaryfor QR processing lines, but it is very welcome also for conven-tional dyeing. It was originally promoted from ICI and ex-

pended from right-first-time to the so-called right-on-timeand right-every-time concept. The development of instrumen-tal colorimetric in the 1990 in both exhaust and continuous

dyeing operations significantly strengthened this concept. BothQR and RFT are of recent economical development in dyeingtechnology (Zolinger, 2003).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 3443046460.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Iqbal),

[email protected] (A. Ahmed), kamranfarooq20@hotmail.

com (K. Ahmed).

1319-6103 ª 2010 King Saud University. Production and hosting by

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.015

Production and hosting by Elsevier

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2012) 16, 1–6

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

www.ksu.edu.sawww.sciencedirect.com


Where there is a close control of over the color strength of the

dyestuffs and consistent substrate dyeability, it is often possibleto operate so-called blind dyeing in which the computed dye rec-ipe in the laboratory is used immediately for bulk dyeing. Thisshortens the dyeing time required, decreases dye house cost

and offers quick response (QR) and rapid delivery to customer.Where repeat dyeing of the same color is required, it is usuallypossible to input the reflectance data gained from bulk dyeing

in order to refine the database and thereby achieve a greater levelof right-first-time (RFT) dyeing. Right-first-time, right-on-time,and right-every-time are the goal of the dyer, because it is the

lowest cost of dyeing system that provides quick response forcustomer (Horrocks, 2000). Textile color is the most importantquality parameter required by customer, which is difficult to

achieve even with the support of modern colorimetry systemand computer color matching due to the complexity of the dye-ing processes (Globo, 2004). The robustness of recipe is definedas dispensing error that would produce a color difference of one

unit between the correct recipe and the incorrect recipe. Robust-ness is the reciprocal of recipe sensitivity, and it follows thathighly sensitive recipes are not very robust. Considering the

RFT concept employing the low-sensitivity recipe may be analternative approach. Should dyeing errors occur, the less sensi-tive the recipe to such errors, the more chance there is that the

resultant shade will be successful (McDonaldd, 1997). Theexhaustion of reactive dyes on cellulosic substrate is determinedby number of factors; the most important are: the PH of dyebath, the temperature of dyeing, concentration of electrolyte,

the time of dyeing and the liquor ratio (Beech, 1970). Theoreti-cally, the material to liquor ratio in processing should be from1:20 to 1:100, depending upon nature of fiber, construction

and type of textile goods and type ofmachine used. The scenariohas changed now and it is decided on various factors. It is verynecessary to optimize the material to liquor ratio since it not

only saves dyes, chemicals, energy, water and other resourceshence improve the bottomline but also reduces load on pollu-tion. Modern processing machines are designed with lower

material to liquor ratio as one of the prime objective and it is alsoclaimed as one of the features for sales campaign. The pad batchand continuous dyeing ranges operate at the lowest material toliquor ratio and the exhaust dyeing machines at the highest

(Asolekar, 2000). Nearly all-major machine manufacturersnow have units for dyeing at short liquor ratios. Investment insuch units pays off because it cuts operating costs (energy, water,

chemicals, dyes, etc.) and raises productivity by reducing pro-cessing times. The aim should be to dye at the shortest possibleliquor ratio (Fowler, 1997). For the dyeing of cellulosic fibers

with bifunctional reactive dyes, salt as well as alkalis is addedat different stages. During the primary exhaustion stage, thedye is taken up into the fabric in the presence of added inorganic

salt (Imada andHarroda, 1992). In this paper the concept of thecolor sensitivity of a dyemixture towards a target color has beendeveloped. Errors may cause not only due to the colorant con-centration but also due to the parameters such as temperature,

time and liquor ratio as mentioned above. The present workhas found an approximate method to predict the color sensitiv-ity of a matching recipe to change in the dyeing parameter of li-

quor ratio and by changing the nature of electrolyte by using acomputer color matching system. For the colorimetry, thereflectance values of the dyed samples were measured on an

SF 650X spectrophotometer (Datacolor). CIELAB color values(lightnessL*, chromaC*, and hueH*) were calculated andCIE-

LAB (color difference DE*, lightness difference DL*, chroma

difference DC* and hue difference DH*) was determined (TestMethod 153-1985, 1995).

2. Experimental

2.1. Material

Scoured and bleached, optical brightener free 100% cottonknitted fabric with GSM 165 g/m2 was used for dyeing.

A range of commercial reactive dyes from different manu-facturers were used in the experimental work is shown inTable 1 with their respective color index numbers.

The chemical auxiliaries used such as Sodium carbonate,Glauber salt, sodium chloride and soaping agent sandopanDTC non-ionic detergent were of commercial grade.

2.2. Equipmen

– Dyeing was carried out on IR dyeing machine of AHIBAUSA.

– Color matching system of Datacolor SF 650X USA wasused for the evaluation of colorimetric data.

2.3. Procedure

Dyeing was started at 40 �C and the temperature was graduallyraised to 60 �C. The stock solution of dyes along with salt (80 g/

l) at room temperature was prepared and at 60 �C soda ash(20 g/l) were added and dyeing was carried out for 60 min. Afterdyeing the fabric was soaped with 2 g/l soaping agent, washed

again with cold water and drained at room temperature.For achieving the best result we add salt (80 g/l) and soda

ash (20 g/l) in portion.

A Burgundy color was selected as a target shade and dyeingwas carried out under control conditions at a liquor to mate-rial ratio 1:10, temperature 60 �C, time 60 min. A set of dyeingrecipes was applied and colorimetric data were generated as gi-

ven in Table 2. The colorimetric data of standard/target sam-ple are given below:

Target shade : L ¼ 24:76; a ¼ 23:25; b ¼ 4:46;

K=S ¼ 19:98; %F ¼ 80:05

2.4. Measurement of color strength

The fixation of the dye in percentage was calculated first by the

determining the reflectance R of the dyed samples at the wave-length of minimum reflectance (maximum absorbance) onDatacolour SF 650X spectrophotometer. The color yield (K/S) values were the calculated by using theKubelka–Munk equa-

tion (Eq. (1)) and the dye fixation%was evaluated using Eq. (2).

Table 1 List of commercial reactive dyes used in the exper-

iment for dyeing.

Brand name Sumifix Rifafix CI number

1 Yellow EXF Yellow 3RN 145

2 Red EXF Red 3BN 195

3 Blue BRF Blue BRF 221

4 Navy blue BF Navy blue BF 222

2 M. Iqbal et al.


K=S ¼ ð1� R2Þ=2R ð1Þ

% Dye fixation ¼ K=S values of sample after soaping

K=S values of sample before soaping� 100

ð2Þ

By giving a change in the liquor ratio of 1:20 taking otherparameters, the same set of dyeing recipes was again evaluated

with the same above method. Change in color brought aboutby change in liquor to material ratio up to 1:20 was also mea-sured on the basis of CIELAB color space in terms of L*a*b*

(Cartesian coordinates) as shown in Table 3.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Build-up properties

The use of a combination of different types of dyes to achievedeep shades requires the components to have a high degree ofcompatibility. Proper selection requires to build-up properties

of the individual dyes to be known. The color yields of theRifafix and Sumifix reactive dyes studied are shown in Figs.1a and 1b.

For each complete dying the K/S values were determined atdifferent concentration. For both the dyes the values of K/S in-crease as the dye concentration increases, which shows goodbuild up developing. Sumifix red dye shows a good build up

devolving at low concentration as compared to Rifafix red,while Sumifix (blue and yellow) and Rifafix (blue and yellow)behave in more or less same pattern.

3.2. Effect of salt

Using standard dyeing profile, cotton fabric was dyed withRifafix and Sumifix reactive dyes at two dye combinationsand the type of salt is varied to check shade sensitivity against

the standard shade. Table 4 shows the effect of salts on color-imetric data for dye combination 1 at liquor ratio of 1:10. It isobvious from the table that Sumifix is least sensitive to com-mon salt attaining maximum %F 80.01 and DE 0.52 against

Table 2 Set of dyeing recipes and colorimetric data at a L:R = 1:10.

Recipe DE L* a* b* K/S %F

Rifafix yellow = 2%

Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix blue = 0.7%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.52 24.90 23.21 4.51 19.80 76.21

Rifafix yellow = 2%

Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix blue = 0.7%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.95 23.16 24.63 4.58 20.01 78.12

Rifafix yellow = 1.97%

Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix navy = 0.5%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.68 23.05 23.26 5.89 19.85 78.0


Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix navy = 0.5%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.50 24.96 22.86 5.68 19.88 79.12

Sumifix yellow = 2%

Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix blue = 0.7%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.52 24.90 23.21 4.51 19.80 80.01

Sumifix yellow = 2%

Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix blue = 0.7%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.84 22.98 24.62 4.16 20.11 81.16

Sumifix yellow = 1.97%

Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix navy = 0.5%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.68 23.05 23.26 5.89 19.85 81.28


Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix navy = 0.5%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:10

0.50 24.96 22.86 5.68 19.88 79.92

Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in exhaust dyeing 3


Table 3 Set of dyeing recipes and colorimetric data at a L:R = 1:20.

Recipe DE L* a* b* K/S %F

Rifafix yellow = 2%

Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix blue = 0.7%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

0.85 26.18 22.68 4.62 18.91 74.20

Rifafix yellow = 2%

Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix blue = 0.7%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.32 25.04 26.23 3.28 19.46 76.95


Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix navy = 0.5%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.87 24.85 22.89 4.56 19.65 77.16


Rifafix red = 5.5%

Rifafix navy = 0.5%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.87 24.85 22.89 4.56 19.65 78.63

Sumifix yellow = 2%

Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix blue = 0.7%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

0.62 25.28 22.86 4.77 19.12 79.63

Sumifix yellow = 2%

Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix blue = 0.7%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.62 24.18 23.60 4.63 19.81 80.23


Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix navy = 0.5%

NaCl: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.87 24.85 22.89 4.56 19.65 79.63


Sumifix red = 5.5%

Sumifix navy = 0.5%

G-Salt: 80 g/l

L:R= 1:20

1.87 24.85 22.89 4.56 19.65 78.68

1

2

3

4

5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

K/S

Val

ue

Dye concentration (%)

K/S Sumifix Blue BRF

K/S Sumifix Red EXF

K/S Sumifix Yellow EXF

K/S Sumifix Navy Blue BF

Figure 1a Build-up properties of Sumifix dyes.

1

2

3

4

5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

K/S

Val

ue

Dye concentration (%)

K/S Rifafix Blue BRF

K/S Rifafix Red 3BN

K/S Rifafix Yellow 3RN

K/S Rifafix Navy Blue BF

Figure 1b Build-up properties of Rifafix dyes.

4 M. Iqbal et al.


the standard. Table 5 shows same dye combination but at li-

quor ratio 1:20. It gives DE 0.62 with slightly decreased in %fixation. Colorimetric data show that the common salt has lesseffect on Sumifix reactive dyes.

Followed by dyeing cotton with dye combination 2, we ob-

tained the results tabulated in Tables 6 and 7, which show theeffect of salts on colorimetric data for dye combination 2 at li-quor ratio of 1:10 and 1:20, respectively. Table 6 depicts that

Sumifix is more sensitive to common salt than Glauber’s saltat liquor ratio of 1:10. Whereas both salts have adversely af-fected on DE of Rifafix and Sumifix dyes at liquor ratio of

1:20 and slightly decreased in % fixation too. Colorimetricdata show that the Rifafix and Sumifix dyes are not sensitiveto both common salt and Glauber’s salt at liquor ratio of

1:10 whereas the dyeing at liquor ratio of 1:20 resulted ad-versely, both dyes are sensitive to both salts, refer Table 7.

3.3. Effect of dyes combinations

Fig. 2 demonstrates a comparison of two different combina-tions within the dye class Rifafix at liquor ratio 1:10. The Rifa-

fix dye combination 2 offers not only good DE 0.50 against the

standard but also increased % fixation in cases of common saltused; the % fixation is shown in Fig. 3.

The Sumifix results are less sensitive to both salts and show

versatility of application; it is also observed, in this case, thatthe % fixation of Sumifix dye is achieved relatively high thanthe Rifafix dye. The dye combination 1 containing Sumifixblue BRF which shows good results than the combination 2

containing Sumifix navy blue BF. Fig. 2 also depicts that thedye combination 1 is less sensitive to common salt than thatof Glauber’s salt.

Table 4 Dye combination 1 – effect of common salt and

Glauber’s salt on K/S at L:R = 1:10.

Type of salt Rifafix Sumifix

K/S %F DE K/S %F DE

Common salt 19.80 76.21 0.52 19.80 80.01 0.52

Glauber’s salt 20.01 78.12 0.95 20.11 81.16 0.84


Glauber’s salt on K/S at L:R = 1:20.


K/S %F DE K/S %F DE

Common salt 18.91 74.20 0.85 19.12 79.63 0.62

Glauber’s salt 19.46 76.95 1.32 19.81 80.23 1.62


Glauber’s salt on K/S, %F and DE at L:R= 1:10.


K/S %F DE K/S %F DE

Common salt 19.85 78.0 0.68 19.85 81.28 0.68

Glauber’s salt 19.88 79.12 0.50 19.88 79.92 0.50


Glauber’s salt on K/S, %F and DE at L:R= 1:20.


K/S %F DE K/S %F DE

Common salt 19.65 77.16 1.87 19.65 79.63 1.87

Glauber’s salt 19.65 78.63 1.87 19.65 78.68 1.87

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Rifafix 1 Rifafix 2 Sumifix 1 Sumifix 2

DE

Dye combination

Common salt

Glauber's salt

Figure 2 Effect of dye combination on DE at liquor ratio 1:10.

72

74

76

78

80

82


% F

ixat

ion

Dye combination

Common salt

Glauber's salt

Figure 3 Effect of dye combination on % fixation at liquor ratio

1:10.

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2


DE

Dye combination

Common salt

Glauber's salt

Figure 4 Effect of dye combination on DE at liquor ratio 1:20.

Prediction of low-sensitivity reactive dye recipe in exhaust dyeing 5


Fig. 4 demonstrates another comparison of two different

combinations within the dye class Rifafix at liquor ratio1:20. Fig. 4 shows that Rifafix dye combinations are sensitiveto both salt; only dye combination 1 in the presence of salt

has close DE to the standard but the % fixation is decreased,refer Fig. 5. The Sumifix offers same profile as Rifafix exceptdye combination 1 which is relatively less sensitive in case of

common salt. Overall liquor ratio of 1:20 shows adverse effectand dyes are more sensitive.

4. Conclusion

Sumifix dye range is less sensitive and shows the best result ascompared to Rifafix dyes in the presence of common salt at li-

quor ratio 1:10. Dye combination 1 which contains blue BRF

shows the best result as compared to navy blue BF. The lesssensitive dye recipes which are very near to target shade areSumifix yellow EXF 2%, Sumifix red EXF 5.5% and Sumifixblue BRF 0.7% at a liquor ratio of 1:10 with 80 g/l sodium

chloride. The colorimetric data of this recipe: DE = 0.52,L = 24.90, a= 23.21, b = 4.51, K/S= 19.80, %F= 80.01.The dyer should take into account while selecting dye class

and type of salt to be used in order to right-first-time dyeing.

References

AATCC Test Method 153-1985, 1995. Color Measurement of Textile:

Instrumental. Technical Manual of the AATCC. pp. 272–277.

Asolekar, S., 2000. Environmental Problems in Chemical Processing of

Textiles. IIT, Delhi. p. 18.

Beech, W.F., 1970. Fiber Reactive Dyes. Logos Press Limited,

London, p. 343.

Fowler, P., 1997. New Trichromatic System for Enhanced Dyeing by

the Exhaust Process. American Dyestuff Reporter.

Globo, V., 2004. Influence of anionic dye sorption properties on the

color of wool top. Tex. Res. J..

Horrocks, A.R., 2000. Handbook of Technical Textile. Wood Head

Publishing, p. 211.

Imada, K., Harroda, N., 1992. Recent developments in the optimized

dyeing of cellulose using reactive dyes. J. Soc. Dyers Colourist 108,

210–214.

McDonaldd, R., 1997. Color Physics for Industry. SDC Bradford,

UK, p. 358.

Zolinger, H., 2003. Color Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, p. 380.


72

74

76

78

80

82

% F

ixat

ion

Dye combination

Common salt

Glauber's salt

Figure 5 Effect of dye combination on % fixation at liquor ratio

of 1:20.

6 M. Iqbal et al.

Documents

Textile Publications Mansoor Iqbal