Revised CBCS Y.V. UNIVERSITY, KADAPACBCS -B. Sc. GEOLOGY Syllabus

SEMESTER-IPaper- I - Physical Geology & Crystallography

Unit –I (12 hrs)General aspects. Definition of geology - Basic assumptions of Geology - Its relationship with other sciences - Branches of geology - Aim and applications of geology.Earth as a planet: its shape, size, and density - movement and their effects. Origin and age of the earth.Geological process - exogenic and endogenic. Definition of weathering- types of weatheringof rocks- Physical and chemical; Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion;erosion, transportation and deposition; agents of erosion.Unit-II (12 hrs)Rivers: Erosion, transportation and deposition of river (fluvial) cycle in different stages-Development of typical land forms by river erosion and deposition. V - Shaped valley,meander, ox-bow lake, flood plane, pedeplain and deltas. Types of rivers. Groundwater: Storage of ground water - porosity, permeability, aquifer, water table, zone ofsaturation, artesian well, springs, geysers, sinkhole, cavern, Stalactities and stalagmites. Glaciers: Definition of a glacier - types of glaciers - development of typical land forms byglacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U- shaped valley, Rocks-monadnocks.Morains,drumline, kames, eskors. Characteristic features of glaciated regionsUnit-III (12hrs)Seas: offshore profile - land forms of sea - marine deposits and coral reefs. Lacustrinedeposits. Global climatic changes.Wind: Development of characteristic features by wind.Wind erosion and deposition, pedestal rock - mushroom topography - Incelberg - Ventifactssanddunes.Earthquakes: Cause, kinds of earthquake waves, and mode of propagation, intensity ofearthquakes, Ritchers scale - seismograph and seismogram. Effects of earthquakes – Interiorof the earth based on seismictheory.Volcanoes: origin, products of Volcanoes.Continental Drift & Plate tectonics: Theory of Plate tectonics – nature and origin of oceanfloor.Unit-IV (12 hrs)Definition of a crystal - amorphous and crystalline states. Morphology of Crystals - face,edge, solid angle, interfacial angle.Forms: Simple, combination, closed and openforms.Symmetry: Plane, axis, center. Crystallographic axes. Parameters,indices;crystallographic notation - parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller.Classificationof crystals into systems.Morphological study of the following classes of symmetryI. Cubic system – Galena typeII. Tetragonal system - Zircon typeUnit-V (12 hrs)Morphological study of the following classes of symmetryIII. Hexagonal system - Beryl typeIV. Trigonal system - Calcite type.V. Orthorhombic system - Barites typeVI. Monoclinic system - Gypsum type -VII. Triclinic system - Axinite typeText books:

1. Holmes Principles of Physical Geology- D.L. Holmes2. An Introduction to Crystallography - R.C. PhillipsReference Books:1. Basic Physical Geology- E.S. Robinsion2. Physical Geology- B.F. Malloryand D.N. Gargo3. A textbook of mineralogy-E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford4. A book of Physical Geology -A K Datta5. Physical Geology - A.N. Stracher LAB-I (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of First semesterPractical-I- Physical Geology &CrystallographyInterpretation of morphmetric data/drainage systems andidentification of geomorphological features in topographical maps. Study of important geomorphological models.Study of symmetry and form of the Normal classes of seven crystal systems of the following:I.Cubic system – Galena type II.Tetragonal system – Zircon typeIII. Hexagonal system – Beryl typeIV. Trigonal system – Calcite typeV. Orthorhombic system – Barites typeVI. Monoclinic system – Gypsum typeVII. Triclinic system – Axinite type

Unit – I (12 hrs)

SEMESTER-IIPaper-II- Mineralogy & Optical Mineralogy

Definition of a mineral - classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals. Physical properties of minerals - Colour, streak, transparency, lustre, form, hardness, tenacity, cleavage, fracture and specific gravity. Silicate structures- isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, allotropy,Pseudomorphism and radioactivity. Study of physicalproperties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups:Olivine, Garnet and Aluminium silicates.Unit-II (12 hrs)Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the followingmineral groups: Pyroxenes, Amphiboles and MicaUnit-III (12 hrs)Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the followingmineral groups: Quartz and its varieties, Feldspars, and feldspathoids Miscellaneous: Staurolite, Tourmaline, Zircon, Calcite, Corundum and Apatite. Unit-IV (12hrs)General Principles of optics, Refraction, Reflection Snell’s law, Critical angle, total reflection.Isotropic and anisotropic minerals.Polarised light, refractive index, double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals – Nicolprism and its construction.Unit-V (12hrs)Petrological microscope (Polarising) - its mechanical and optical parts – optical properties ofMinerals - extinction, pleochroism and interference colours.Optical Properties of importantmineralsText books:1.A textbook of mineralogy - E.S. Dana and W.E. Ford.2. Rutleys elements of mineralogy - H.H. Reed3. Elements of Crystallography - F.A.Wade and R.B.MatrixReference Books:1. Manual of mineralogy - C.S. Hurlbut and C.Klein2. Mineralogy for students - M.H. Batey.3. An introduction to rock forming minerals - Deer, Howie, and zussman.4. Elements of mineralogy - Mason and Bern.5. Essential of Crystallography- E. Flint.LAB-II (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Second semesterPractical-II- Mineralogy and Optical mineralogyStudy of physical properties and diagnostic features of the following mineral: Quartz Jasper, Agate, Chalcedony, Amethyst, Orthoclase, Microcline, Anorthite, Enstatite,Hypersthene, Augite, Hornblende, Actinolite, Tremolite, Asbestos, Muscovite, Biotite,Phlogopite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite, Beryl, Zircon,Apatite, Corundum, Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Flurospar and Serpentine.Study of optical properties of the following minerals:

Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase, Hypersthene, Augite, Tremolite, Hornblende,Muscovite, Biotite, Olivine, Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Beryl, Calcite, Chlorite, sillimaniteand Leucite.

Unit-I (12hrs)

III-SEMESTERPaper-III-Igneous Petrology and Sedimentalogy

Nature and scope of petrology - definition of rock,classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Distinguishfeatures of three types of rocks.Forms -Lava flows, Instrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes, ring dykes - vesicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow, flow, and sheet structures. Columnar andprismatic structuresUnit-II (12hrs)Textures - Definition of texture, micro-structure, devitrification- Hypidiomorphic, pandiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergrartular, intersertal, trachytic, graphicand micro-graphic textures. Classification of igneous rocks - CIPW and Tyrrelltabularclassification.Descriptive study of the following rock types: Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Pegmatite, Gabbro, Pyroxenite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Trachyte and BasaltUnit-III (12 hrs)Composition and constitution of magma - Crystallisation of magma -Unicomponent, binarysystem, eutectic and solid solutions.Origin of igneous rocks - Bowen's reaction principle, differentiation and assimilation ofmagma.Unit - IV (12hrs)Sources of sediments - mechanical and chemical weathering, modes of transportation,stratification. Sedimentary structures - Types of bedding, surface marks, deformed bedding,solution structures.Unit-V (12hrs)Classification of sedimentary rocks; clastic - rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous, non-clastic--calcareous, carbonaceous, evaporities.Descriptive study of the followingsedimentary rocks - conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone,Gritt, Arkose, Shale and limestone.Text books1. Principles of petrology- G.W. Tyrrell2. Sedementary Rocks -F.J.PeettijohnReference Books:1. Igneous Petrology-Hyndman2. A Text book of sedimentary petrology -Verma& Prasad3. Petrology of the sedimentary rocks -J.T. Greehsmith4. Petrology of the igneous rocks -F.KHatch, Wells and Wells.LAB-III (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Third semesterPractical- II-Igneous Petrology and SedimentalogyMegascopic and microscopic study of the following igneous rocks: Dunite,Perodotite, Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Gabbro. Dolerite, Rhyolite, Basalt and Pegmatite.Megascopic and microscopic study of the following sedimentary rocks:

Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Arkose, Gritt, Shale, Limestone and its varieties.

Unit-I (12 hrs)

SEMESTER- IVPaper-IV- Metamorphic Petrology and Structural Geology

Metamorphism - agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, grades and zonesofmetamorphism. Structures of metamorphic rocks - Cataclastic, maculosc, schistose, granuloseand gneissose.Textures of metamorphic rocks- crystalloblastic, xenoblastic.Unit-II (12 hrs)Classification ofmetamorphicrocks.Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks. Thermal metamorphism ofargillaceous,arenaceous and calcareous rocks.Dynamothermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and igneous rocks.Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks - Gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite,quartzite, marble, Charmockite and khondalite.Unit-III (12 hrs)Definition of structural geology - aim and objectives of the structural Geology; importance ofstudy of structures - primary and secondary structures; outcrop, attitude of beds – strike anddip.Use of clinometer and Brunton compass.Folds -description, nomenclature of folds-Geometrical and genetic classification.Recognition of folds in the field.Unit-IV (12 hrs)Joints-Classification of Joints- geometrical and genetic classification. Faults – geometricaland genetic classification of faults, recognition of faults in the field.Unit-V (12 hrs)Unconformities- types of unconformities.Recognition of unconformities in the field. Distinguishing the faults from unconformities. Definitions of overlap, outlier, cleavage,schistosity, foliation and lineationText books1. The principles of petrology-G. W. Tyrrell2. Metamorphic petrology -B.BhaskarRao3. Structural Geology - Marlarid. F. Billings.Reference Books:1. Petrology of Igneous and Metamorpic rocks. -Hyndman2. Structural Geology - L.U. De Setter3.An outline of structural Geology- E.S. HillsLAB-IV (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fourth semesterPractical- IV: Metamorphic Petrology and Structural GeologyMegascopic and microscopic study of the following rocks:Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite, Marble,slate, phyllite, charnockite and khonodolite.Study of topographical maps: Interpretation of simple geological maps with horizontal andinclined beds. Unconformity, folds and faults with reference to the topography and structure,geological succession and history. Geological Section drawing (at least 8

maps)Problems dealing with true dip and apparent dip. Bore-hole data thickness and width of theoutcrop and dip of the beds (At least 8 problems for each method).

Unit-I (12 hrs)

SEMESTER-VPaper- V- Indian Geology&Palaeontology

Stratigraphy - Principals of stratigraphy. Lithosratigraphy and bio stratigraphy.Standardgeological time scale, Physiographic divisions of India.Brief study of type area, distribution in India, lithology, fossil content and economic importance of the following systems- Dharwar system, Cuddapah system, Vindhyan system,Kurnool system.Unit-II (12 hrs)Gondwana system, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of Trichinopoly, DeccanTraps and their Age, Siwaliks with vertebrate fossils. (Brief study of type area, distribution inIndia, Lithology, fossil content and economic importance of the systems) Unit-III (12 hrs)Definition of Palaeontology, Branches of Palaeontology, conditions of fossilization, modes ofpreservation and uses of fossils. Index and zone Fossils. Detailed study of morphology,classification and geological distribution of Corals and Brachiopoda.Fossils:Calceola, Zaphranthis,Terebratula, Spirifer, Rhynchonella, and Productos,Unit-IV (12 hrs)Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Gastropods,Cephalopoda and Lamellibranchia;Fossils: Turritella, Natica, Physa, Conus, Pecten. Gyphaea.Arca,Cardita, Nautilus. Ammonoids, Ceratites, Bellemnites.Unit- V (12 hrs)Detailed study of morphology, classification and geological distribution of Trilobita, Echinodermata, Graptolites and Plant fossils. Fossils: Calymene, Paradoxide, Cidaris,Micraster, Hemiaster, Monograptus, Diplograptus, Glossopteris, Gangamopteris,Ptylophyllum and Lepidodendron.Text books:1. Invertebrate Palaeontology -Henry Woods.2. Geology of India & Burma- MS KrishnanReference Books:1. An introduction to palaeontology - Jain, P.C etal.2. Principals of stratigraphy - Dunbars& Rodgers.3. Fundamentals of Historical GeologyandStratigraphiy - Ravindra KumarLAB-V (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fifth semester Practical V-PalaeontologyDrawing and description of invertebrate and plant fossils as per the list mentioned in thetheory syllabus.Classification, morophology and geological distribution. Fossils:

Cidaris,Micraster, Hemiaster. Cerethium, Terebratula, spirifer, Rhynchonella, Products, Turritella,Natica, Physa, Pecten, Gryphaea, Arca, Cardita, Nautilus, Ammonodis, Ceratites,Bellemnites, Calymene, Paradoxide. Corals.Plant fossils glossopeteris, gangamopteris andptylophyllum.

Un i t - I ( 1 2 h r s )

SEME STER-VP a p e r -VI : Economic Ge o l o g y

Definition of Economic geology, mineral resources and mineral deposits, importance ofeconomic minerals and rocks, definition of ore - ore minerals, gangue minerals and industrialminerals. Classification of mineral deposits - Bateman's classification modified byJensen.Processes of formation of mineral deposits –magmatic concentration, metasomatism,hydrothermal,residual,Un i t - I I( 1 2 h r s )Mechanical concentration, supergene enrichment, sublimation and evaporation, Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc and aluminium, with respect to theirmineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India.Un i t - I II( 1 2 h r s )Iron, manganese, chromium, , uses,mode of occurrence, origin and distribution in India.Un i t - IV( 1 2 h r s )Distribution of industrial minerals in India for the following industries – Refractories, fertilisers, Abrasives, cement,glass and Ceramic.Fossil fuels: Occurrence, origin and distribution of Coal and petroleum deposits.Un i t -V( 1 2 h r s )Atomic minerals - uranium and thorium with respect to their mineralogy Uranite, Pitchblende, Beach sands -Monozite, Ilmenite, Rutile and Zirconand their use.Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.Te x t B o o k s :1. Economic Geology - A.M. Batman2. Ore deposits of India - Ghokale and RaoReference Books1. Industrial Minerals - Deb2. Indian mineral resources - S. Krishnaswamy3. An Introduction to the Ore Geology - A.M.Evans4. Geology & mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh - N.V.B.S. Dutt5. Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh - Dr. P.K RamamLAB-VI (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Fifth semesterElective Practical VI a)- Economic GeologyMegascopic study of economic minerals: mode of occurrence, distribution in India anduses.Haematite, Magnetite Pyrite, Pyrolustie, Psilomelane, Chalcopyrite, Malachite, Azurite,Bauxite, Chromite, Galena, Sphalrite, Magnesite, Gypsum, Asbestos, Steatite,

Graphite,Monazite, Illmenite, Zircon, Fluorite, Baryte, Corundum, Topaz, Calcite, Kaolinite, Kyanite,Sillimanite, Garnet and Mica.Preparation of Maps showing distribution of metallic and non-metallic deposits of India.

Unit-I (12 hrs)

SEMESTER-VIPaper- VII-Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics

Scope of mineral prospecting and exploration. Prospecting criteria andguides - structural, lithological and staratigraphical guides. Geochemical prospecting – primary and secondary dispersion – Geochemical association and path finders.Unit-II (12 hrs)Geophysical Exploration - brief description and application of gravity method- gravimeters. Brief description and application of magnetic method- magnetometers.Brief description and application of seismic method- geophones.Unit-III (12 hrs)Brief description and application of electrical method - Resistivity meter.Brief description and application of radioactive method- G-M Counter and,Scintillometer. Photogeology – Aerial photographs, RemotesensingandAerialphotographytechniques used in mineral exploration.Unit-IV (12 hrs)Sampling Technique: Definition of sampling, Methods of sampling – Channel, chip, grab, car, groove, wagon, Pitting and trenching and drill hole sampling. Coning and quartering. Estimation of ore reserves.Unit-V (12 hrs)Principles of mineral Economics.Classification of mineral deposits. National Mineral policy. Mineral concession Rules.Mineral conservation and substitution.Status of mineral production in India.Text Books:3. Mining Geology - McKinnstry3. Principles of mineral dressing - A.M. GaudinReference Books:2. Mineral Economics - R.K.Sinha&N.L.Sarma.1. Geological Prospecting & Exploration - V. M. KneiterLAB-VII (Practicals) 50Marks At the end of Sixth semesterPractical- VII- Mineral ExplorationEstimation of ore reserves: Bedded type and vein type (Extended area and included area methods problems)

Sieve analysis problems- calculation of standard statistical parameters based on sieve analysis data Sampling Techniques – Preparation of composite sample of sediment by coning and quartering methods

Field work: Submission of Dissertation / Field Report.Study of toposheets and field work in the neighbouringareasand also other places of geological importance.Note: Field training camp: Ten days during vacation/ Working Days (Compulsory)

Unit-I (12 hrs)

CLUSTER SEMESTER-VI

Paper-VIII(A-1) :Ground Water Exploration

Hydrogeology - Scope and application of Hydrogeology.Hydrological Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Transpiration.Evapotranspiration.Ground Water: Origin and Occurrence of ground water, Vertical distribution ofsub-surfacewater, zone of aeration-soil water, vadose water, capillary fringe. Zone of saturation watertable.Perched water table. Recharge and discharge areas.UNIT-II (12 hrs)Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude, Aquifuge. Properties of Aquifer - porosity, retension of waterin rocks, yield of water from rocks (specific yield and specific retension), Darcy’s law,permeability, hydraulic conductivity, velocity of groundwater flow, storage coefficient.Types of aquifers: confined, semi-confined, unconfined.Homogeneous,Heterogeneous.Isotropic and Anisotropic aquifers.Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphicrocks as aquifers.UNIT-III (12 hrs)Quality of Ground Water - Physical, chemical and Biological characteristics of groundwater. Suitability of groundwater for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.Pollution of Ground Water;Pollution in relation to urban, industrial and Agriculturalsources.Briefaccount of saline water intrusion.UNIT – IV (12 hrs)Ground Water Investigations: Scope of investigations, Methods of groundwater explorations.Brief account of Geologic, hydrogeologic, Geobotanical investigations, Introduction toRemote Sensing techniques.Geophysical Exploration: Basic principles of Geophysicalexplorationmethods - Electrical methods - Schlumberger and Wenner configuration,Resistivity profiling and Vertical Electrical Soundings.Unit-V (12 hrs)Management of Groundwater, Groundwater balance, recharge, (natural and artificial) anddischarge.Safe yields and over draft.Cojunctive use of surface and groundwater.Utilization of groundwater.Groundwater resource evaluation-water table fluctuation methodand rainfall infiltration method.Ground water provinces of India. Concept of water shedmanagement.

Text Books:1. Groundwater hydrology - D.K.Todd2. Hydrogeology - K.R.KaranthReference Books:1. Apphed Hydrogeology - Fetter.2. Hydrogeology - S.N.Davis and R.J.M.Dewiest3. Ground Water - H.M.RaghunathElective Practical VIIIA1 -Ground Water ExplorationCalculation of porosity and permeability from the given dataChemical analysis of Water.Estimation of pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in water Classification of ground water for use in drinking and irrigation purposesPreparation and interpretation water table mapsWell inventory data collectionElectrical resistivity surveyObservation of satellite imagery maps for geological and hydro geological purposes

Unit-I (12 hrs)

CLUSTER SEMESTER-VI

Paper-VIII (A-2): Mining Geology and Ore Dressing

Mining methods- Classification of mining methods; criteria for selection of mining method.Unit-II (12 hrs)Brief description of quarrying, open cast mining methods - Stepping and Bench forms,Transport, Earth movers.Mine explosives. Brief description of alluvial mining- panning,Longtome, Rockers and Ground sluicing.Unit-III (12 hrs)Underground mining methods- Shafts, Cross-cuts, Tunnels, Mine ventilation, Mine supports,Drainage, Pumping, Mine Haulage. Stopping methods in mining.Mining hazards and Safetymeasures.Unit-IV (12 hrs)Mineral Processing- necessity and advantages of concentration.Ore dressingtechniques-Crushing, Grinding, Jigging, Froth flotation method, Gravity separation, Heavy fluidseparation, Magnetic separation method and Sieve analysis.Unit-V (12 hrs)Drilling methods- Rotary drilling, Percussion drilling, Diamond drilling, Churn drilling, Cable tool drilling and Auger drilling.Text Books:1. Courses in mining geology - R.N.P.Arogyaswamy2. Mining geology - McKinnstryReference Books:1. Geological prospecting and exploration - V.M.Kneiter2. Mineral economics - R.K.Sinha&N.L.SarmaLAB-VIII A2 (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Sixth semesterElective Practical VIIIA2-MiningGeologyand Ore DressingExercises onmine sampling and determination of tenor and estimation of ore reservesStudy of ore and industrial minerals collected in mines.

Preparation of mine planSeparation of ore and gangue minerals Seperation of magnetic and non magnetic oresHeavy mineral separation

Unit-I (12 hrs)

CLUSTER SEMESTER-VI

Paper-VIII (A-3): Environmental Geology

Scope and Concept of environmental geology - environmental awareness - Role of Geologistin environmental protection and planning.A brief study of water and air pollution. Unit-II (12 hrs)Landuse planning: Soils, Types and Classification of soils - Site selections -Waste disposal-environmental effects, Waste recycling - Land cover - Application of remote sensing.Unit-III (12 hrs)Mining impact on the environment - Health hazards - Mineral resource depletion. Environmental considerations in location and construction of dams, reservoirs and tunnels. Unit – IV (12 hrs)Geological Hazards - floods, shifting of river courses - landslides- earthquakes–Predictionand Protection.Manmade hazards.Unit – V (12 hrs)Beach erosion - sedimentation - coastal zone protection & Management – coastal engineeringconstructions - their effects and remedial measures.Land slides- causes and preventivemeasures.Text Books:1. Environmental Geology - D.R.Coats2. Environmental Geology - E.A.Keller` Reference Books:1. Environmental Geology - C.W. Montgeomery2. Environmental Geology - K.S.Valdiya LAB-VIII A3 (Practicals) 50 Marks At the end of Sixth semesterElective Practical VIII A3 - Environmental Geology Soil testing – determination of pH and EC of the soil Estimation of erosion and sedimentation of soilsGrain size analysis

Chemical analysis of surface and sub surface water and sedimentsCollection of Industrial polluted water and determine the heavy metals in polluted water Graphical representation of water analysis data and classification of waters