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RAPID WATER QUALITY KIT FOR PRODUCED WATER REUSE: ONSHORE PRODUCTION

POWER ACROSS TEXAS ENERGY CHALLENGEMAY 1, 2015

Omar GhannoumPreston TidwellAllana Robertson Nima Ghahremani

AGENDA• Introduce the idea• Portable Frac Water kit

• Explain the importance• Water usage• Who will benefit

• The portable frac kit• How it works• Quality Control• Bacteria• Chemistry

• Conclusion2

AN INNOVATIVE FRAC WATER TESTING KIT

• Onsite testing of water to be used for Hydraulic Fracturing mixtures

• Will be used as a way to screen good water from bad water

• It’s cheap and quick

• Will be a catalyst to new innovations in oil field water usage 3

CURRENT WATER PROBLEMS IN TEXAS• A typical shale well uses 5M gallons of

water for hydraulic fracturing• 7 Billion bbls Produced water per

year in the Eagle Ford formation (Adham 2014, USDOE)

• 40% of water used for fracing comes back up to the surface

• Handling water is expensive Fresh water costs:

$0.88-6.05/bbl Disposal costs: $1.13-$10.75/bbl

Water management accounts for up to 10% of well costs (IHS)

Frac Pond (Energy Corp. of America)

• Important chemistries in produced water prevent us from using it directly due to compatibility issues (Blauch 2010)

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WATER IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUIDS

• Slick Water• Sand + Water + Acid• Pumped at extremely high rates (60-100 BPM) to achieve fracture

• Cross Linker Gel• Sand + Water + Acid + Guar Gel• Uses high viscosity and density to achieve fractures

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WHAT IS PRESENTLY DONE

Currently produced water is: • Re-injected into reservoir to maintain pressure, 56% • Pumped into disposal wells, 39%• A small percentage is cleaned and recycled, about, 3%

Cleaned using: • Coagulation, hydrocyclones, coalescers, flotation, and micro, ultra,

nano, and reverse osmosis filtration systems

Drillingcontractor.org

(Al-Maamari 2014); (USDOE); (EOR)

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WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM THE KIT?

• Service companies (Halliburton, Schlumberger, NOV)• These companies are responsible for the quality of hydraulic

fracturing job• Can use the kit to help them cut costs and deliver a better

product• Lower oil prices means lower margins, and every bit counts

• Operators• Lower water handling costs• Can make locals happy because of less water usage• Wastewater management is the primary driver of costs

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RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR COMPATIBILITY TESTING

Boron

Barium

Bacteria

Chloride

pH

Iron

SulfateTotal

Suspended SolidsAcidity

5 mg/L

40 mg/L2500 ATP

30,000 mg/L

4-9

70 mg/L400 mg/L

500 mg/L

5000 mg/LCalcium 500 mg/L

Photo from LaMotte Corp.

Chemical Tested

Chemical Tested

Suggested Levels

Suggested Levels

• < 8 = Good• 4-8 = Some filtration/mixing

needed• > 4 = Extensive filtration

needed

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WHY IS WATER CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT ?

• Interference with friction reducers• Chlorides (+)• Calcium (+)• Magnesium(

+)

• Bacteria• Clogs pores• TSS/TDS• Creates friction• Scaling

• Hydration of Crosslinker• Boron• Iron• Sulfate

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WATER REUSE IN COMPLETION ACTIVITIES

Flow back fluid and recycled fluid from Baaken: photo by SIONIX

• Flow Back or Produced Water contains high concentrations of a variety of ions

• Kit can determine water compatibility for operations

• Pre and post cleaning chemical levels

Flow Back Cleaned

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SCALING TENDENCIES

1. Scaling: Oil and gas recovery reduction due to the formation of typical scales such as sulfate salts of calcium, strontium, and barium.

Example Scaling Problem:

Assumptions:Flowback water has 20 mg/L of Ba2+

Groundwater has 200 mg/L of SO4

2-

Temperature = 25 °C (at surface)11

IMPORTANCE: CORROSION MANAGEMENT

Chemical

Corrosion/Scalin

g

Microbial

Influenced

Corrosion

Equipment Failures &

Environmental Incidents

Duncan, K.E, Perez-Ibarra, B.M., Jenneman, G., Harris, J.B., Webb, R., Sublette,K. 2013. The effect of corrosion inhibitors on microbial communities associated with corrosion in a model flow cell system. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98:907-918.

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WHY IS WATER BIOLOGY IMPORTANT?

Microbes in the water column: Planktonic

Microbes attached to surface: Sessile

Attachment

Cell-to-cell adhesion

Growth Matures & Releases

Davis Lab: http://www.binghamton.edu/biology/faculty/davies/research.htmBaldwin, P., Mulliniks, B., 2015. Chemical-Free Bacteria Neutralization and In-Field Testing. (emailed copy prior to publication at a conference).

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9 MAJOR MICROBIAL INFLUENCED CORROSION GROUPS

(SRB) Sulfate-reducing

(TRB) Thiosulfate-reducing

(NRB) Nitrate-reducing

(SuRB) Sulfite-producing

(IOB) Iron-oxidizing

(APB) Acid-producing

(IRB) Iron-reducing

Methanogens

(SPB) Slime-producing

Note: (SPB) also classified as (EPS) Extra polymeric substance producing

Sherman, S., Brownlee, D., kakadjian, SPE,S., Luft, B., Trican Well Service Ltd. 2014. Microbial Influenced Corrosion of Coil Tubing Milling Strings in the Eagle Ford Shale. No. IPTC-18032-MS. International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2014).

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MOBILE MONITORING OPTIONS

Molecular Technology

Ease of Use

Testing Time (min)

Portability

Accuracy Microbial Activity Tested

Cost per Test

ATP LuminUltra

Easy 5 Very Good Good All (viable & nonviable)

$7

Bactiquant Moderate 11 Very Good Good All (viable only)

$20

QuickChek SRB

Moderate 10 Very Good OK SRB (viable & nonviable)

$14

Rapid-B Flow Cytometer

Easy 3 Benchtop Based

Very Good All (viable only)

$20

Bug Bottles

Easy 5-7 days Benchtop Based

OK Specific to Media (viable only)

$0.60

http://www.hach.com/quick.search-quick.search.jsa?keywords=ATP+LuminUltra http://www.modernwater.com/monitoring/by-industry/oil-and-gas

(Victor Pena Sales Account Manager)http://www.mycometer.com/ http://www.biotechnologysolutions.com/ http://www.pcbdservices.com/technology/oil-and-gas.php

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MMM’S IN USE AT ENCANA FIELD SITE, PERMIAN BASIN

Rapid-B Flow Cytometer

ATP LuminUltraBactiquant

Industry Standard Bug Bottles

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COMPARISON BETWEEN KIT AND LAB ANALYSIS

Note: Boron, Barium and Sulfate were below MDL of the field kit; TDS was above the detection limit

(Results of water chemistry analyses for “Earlyne SWD 2/25/15” performed with field water test kit)

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

, 25,800 , 22,400

, 80.5 , 72

, 1,700

, 220

, 2852

, 940

, 50.5 , 45.1

, 577 , 600

, 6.83 , 6.6

, 860

Chloride Iron Alkalinity Calcium Conductivity, mS/cmTurbidity, FAU TSS, lab pH Acidity

Conc

entr

ation

(mg/

L)

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LETS REVIEW: RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR COMPATIBILITY TESTING

The main purpose of our kit is to: • Only takes 1 hour to complete all the tests• Identify ‘good’ and ‘bad’ water on site• Less than 5% error compared to certified lab• Provide a reasonable estimate of contamination levels• Less than $20 to complete all tests

As a result of using our kit, you should see a reduction in: • Less down time on rig site• Fresh water needed for completion activities • Expenses related to water purchase • Tensions between local communities and production

companies

TimeMone

y$$ 18

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Michael Irlbeck Mika Bradford & The Vivione FieldTeam

Jennifer Fichter Ecolyse Field Scientists

David Burnett & The GPRI Team Dr. Lee Clapp; Environmental Engineering

Dr. Lucy Camacho; Environmental Engineering

19Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America

QUESTIONS?

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