TETRAPODSTETRAPODS

Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Marine Reptiles, Birds, and MammalsMammals

(Chapter 9)(Chapter 9)

What is a tetrapod?What is a tetrapod?

• Tetra – fourTetra – four

• Pod- footPod- foot

• Air breathingAir breathing

• VertebrateVertebrate

• Terrestrial ancestorTerrestrial ancestor

• Marine reptiles, birds, and mammalsMarine reptiles, birds, and mammals

What is a tetrapod?What is a tetrapod?

• Depend on sea for foodDepend on sea for food

• Spend significant time in the seaSpend significant time in the sea

• Birds & mammals are homeothermicBirds & mammals are homeothermic

Marine ReptilesMarine Reptiles

Marine ReptilesMarine Reptiles

• Body enclosed in carapace (shell) Body enclosed in carapace (shell) fused to backbonefused to backbone

• Legs adapted as flippersLegs adapted as flippers

• Primarily warm water habitatsPrimarily warm water habitats

• Diet: sea grasses, soft invertebrates, Diet: sea grasses, soft invertebrates, some crabs & molluscs, JELLYFISHsome crabs & molluscs, JELLYFISH

Marine Reptile: Marine Reptile: ReproductionReproduction

• Females lay eggs on landFemales lay eggs on land

• Oviparous…what? Time out!Oviparous…what? Time out!

Types of embryo Types of embryo developmentdevelopment

• Viviparous – eggs develop inside Viviparous – eggs develop inside female and embryo gets nutrition female and embryo gets nutrition from the mother (humans)from the mother (humans)

Types of embryo Types of embryo developmentdevelopment

• Oviparous – animal releases eggs & Oviparous – animal releases eggs & sperm (broadcast spawning)sperm (broadcast spawning)

Types of embryo Types of embryo developmentdevelopment

• Ovoviviparous – eggs develop inside Ovoviviparous – eggs develop inside mother’s body, hatch just before mother’s body, hatch just before birthbirth

Marine Reptile: Marine Reptile: ReproductionReproduction

• Oviparous…what? Time out! Oviparous…what? Time out!

• Females lay eggs on landFemales lay eggs on land

• Babies hatch (usually at night) and Babies hatch (usually at night) and return to the seareturn to the sea

• Eggs eaten by dogs, crabs, other Eggs eaten by dogs, crabs, other land animalsland animals

• Babies eaten by seabirds and fishBabies eaten by seabirds and fish

Marine Reptiles: Land to SeaMarine Reptiles: Land to Sea

• Tough leathery shell on egg prevents Tough leathery shell on egg prevents drying outdrying out

• Nasal glands and kidneys – remove Nasal glands and kidneys – remove excess saltexcess salt

SeabirdsSeabirds

• Homeotherms & endothermsHomeotherms & endotherms

• Live in wide variety of environementsLive in wide variety of environements

• Waterproof feathers keep them Waterproof feathers keep them warmwarm

• Light hollow bones = easier flightLight hollow bones = easier flight

SeabirdsSeabirds

• Significant time in/on waterSignificant time in/on water

• Most breed in large colonies on landMost breed in large colonies on land

• Mate as lifelong pairsMate as lifelong pairs

• Take care of youngTake care of young

• Webbed feet to swimWebbed feet to swim

• Predators: squid, invertebrates, fish, Predators: squid, invertebrates, fish, and krilland krill

Seabirds: ShorebirdsSeabirds: Shorebirds

• WaddersWadders

• Usually not webbed Usually not webbed feetfeet

• Live on coasts & Live on coasts & inland waterwaysinland waterways

• Plovers, Plovers, Sandpipers, HeronsSandpipers, Herons

Seabirds: PenguinsSeabirds: Penguins

• No flightNo flight

• Great swimmersGreat swimmers

• Eyes adapted for underwater Eyes adapted for underwater

• Cold temps – layer of fat under dense Cold temps – layer of fat under dense feathersfeathers

Seabirds: Pelicans & Seabirds: Pelicans & RelativesRelatives

• Webbing between all toesWebbing between all toes

• Generally largeGenerally large

• Fish eatersFish eaters

• Large pouch under beak (pelicans Large pouch under beak (pelicans and frigate birds)and frigate birds)

• Pelican, Cormorant, Frigate BirdsPelican, Cormorant, Frigate Birds

Seabirds: GullsSeabirds: Gulls

• Largest varietyLargest variety

• Predators and scavengersPredators and scavengers

• Eat eggs and young of other birdsEat eggs and young of other birds

• Gulls, Terns, PuffinsGulls, Terns, Puffins

Seabirds: TubenosesSeabirds: Tubenoses

• Tube like nostrilsTube like nostrils

• Heavy beaks, usually curved – Heavy beaks, usually curved – adapted for foodadapted for food

• Great fliers and hunters (fish)Great fliers and hunters (fish)

• Migrators – go to Arctic in summerMigrators – go to Arctic in summer

• Albatross and ShearwatersAlbatross and Shearwaters

Marine MammalsMarine Mammals

Breaking Down the GroupsBreaking Down the Groups

Kingdom: AnamaliaKingdom: Anamalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

Order:…Order:…

Order PinepediaOrder Pinepedia

Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses

• paddle shaped flippers, breed on landpaddle shaped flippers, breed on land

• most live in cold watermost live in cold water

• warmed by blubberwarmed by blubber

• predators: prey on fishpredators: prey on fish

• excellent swimmersexcellent swimmers

Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora

Sea Otter Sea Otter

• Live in cold water – air trapped Live in cold water – air trapped beneath fur keeps warmbeneath fur keeps warm

• Ravenous – molluscs, crabs, Ravenous – molluscs, crabs, invertebrates, fish and of course…..invertebrates, fish and of course…..

Sea UrchinsSea Urchins

Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora

Polar BearPolar Bear

Live in the ArcticLive in the Arctic

Semi aquaticSemi aquatic

Eat sealsEat seals

Piniped v. CarnivoraPiniped v. CarnivoraWhat’s the difference?What’s the difference?

• It’s all in the feet…It’s all in the feet…

• Pinniped = finned or feathered feetPinniped = finned or feathered feet

Order SireniaOrder Sirenia

Manatees and DugongsManatees and Dugongs

• HerbivoresHerbivores

• Slow movingSlow moving

• Fully aquaticFully aquatic

• Warm waterWarm water– Manatees: N and S America & W. AfricaManatees: N and S America & W. Africa– Dugong: AsiaDugong: Asia

Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea

Whales, Dolphins, PorpoisesWhales, Dolphins, Porpoises

• Fully aquaticFully aquatic

• Streamlined bodies for swimmingStreamlined bodies for swimming

• Divided by baleen and toothedDivided by baleen and toothed

Filter feedingFilter feeding carnivorous whalescarnivorous whales

(whales, porpoise, dolphin)(whales, porpoise, dolphin)

Reading Reading

You are responsible for the information You are responsible for the information on the following pages: on the following pages:

177-180 (through sea turtles)177-180 (through sea turtles)

183 - only Figure 9.7 183 - only Figure 9.7

185 – only intro to Marine Mammals185 – only intro to Marine Mammals

188-194 (only to bottom of 1188-194 (only to bottom of 1stst column) column)

Plus all notes and handouts/readingPlus all notes and handouts/reading