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TESTING MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS
Ana Boyano
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Spain
2
BACKGROUND: RENEWABLE ENERGIES, SUSTAINABILITY
DELAMINATION TESTING: composites for wind turbine blade materials
MECHANICAL TESTING: performance of PLA vs PLA+carbon fiber
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
3
EROI(Energy Returned on Energy Invested)
LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)
(“IPCC Fifth Assessment Report”, 2008)
4
Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015• Universal agreement• Limit the temperature rise to 2ºC
above pre-industrial levels• Lower emission targets every 5
years
shift to renewable energies
5
0102030405060708090
Nuclear (PWR) Hydro (med-size)
Coal Wind (E-66) Solar CSP Biomass
ERO
I
"Business as usual" and sustainable view
EROI (2013) EROI (2015)
369%
6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Emis
sion
s (g
CO2
eq/K
Wh)
Conservative and sustainable view
2011 research 2014 research
2180%
LCA LCA
7
BACKGROUND: RENEWABLE ENERGIES, SUSTAINABILITY
DELAMINATION TESTING: composites for wind turbine blade materials
MECHANICAL TESTING: performance of PLA vs PLA+carbon fiber
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
8
TESTING MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
Wind energy fundamentalissue to reduce the fossil fuel dependency
Picture taken from: https://www.mitchelltech.edu
9
INTRODUCTION
TRENDS:
Larger wind turbinesOffshore wind farms
Picture from geograph.org.uk Author David Dixon /
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2391702http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/43729
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DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE BLADES
Structural configuration
Material selection
11
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL OPTIMUM FEATURES:
• high stiffness• strength • damage and loading resistances• low weight (low density)
COMPOSITESPicture from: http://www.compositestoday.com/category/green-composites/wind-energy-green-composites/
12
BLADESmass
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MECHANISMS OF FAILURE IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Main failure modes in COMPOSITE LAMINATES
• Fibre failure
• Matrix failure
• Fibre-matrix debonding
• Inter-laminar failure (delamination)
• Buckling instability
14
MECHANISMS OF FAILURE IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
• Inter-laminar failure Delamination
15
MECHANISMS OF FAILURE IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Chen X., Xu J.Z.: Structural failure analysis of wind turbines impacted by super typhoon usagi.Eng.Failure Anal. 60, 391-404 (2016).
16
Materials
Manufacturingprocess
StructuralDesign
Development of new composite
blades
17
Sørensen, B. Materials and structures for wind turbine rotor blades–an overview, Proceedings of the17th international conference on composite materials (ICCM 17), Edinburgh, 2009; , pp. 31
18
LINEAR ELASTIC
FRACTURE MECHANICS
Composite laminates
can betailored
delamination
Mixed-mode I/II fracture is commonly observed
Mode I Mode II Mode III
Energy Criterion : G > Gc
G=GI+GII+GIII
G : Energy release rateGc : Fracture toughness
20
ENFR test:End Notched Flexure test with inserted Roller
21
ENFR test:End Notched Flexure test with inserted Roller
22
ENFR test:End Notched Flexure test with inserted Roller
23
Load +
Load application pointdisplacement
Compliance Crack length
ENFR test:End Notched Flexure test with inserted Roller
23
Mixed-mode ratio GII/G
G=GI+GII
Mode I Mode II
GI GII
Initial crack tip position
Crack propagation
Crack propagation sequence
Initial crack tip position
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
Initial crack tip position
Crack advance
Crack propagation
35
Unidirectional [0]16T300/F593
Carbon fiber Epoxi matrix
Specimen manufacturing
36
ID Nomenclature Initial GII/G (%)1 a40-R1-c5 652 a42-R0.9-c8 653 a42-R1.5-c0 674 a43-R0.9-c8 675 a41-R1-c5 686 a42-R1.5-c0 687 a45-R1-c8 688 a40-R1.25-c0 719 a43-R1.5-c0 7210 a46-R1.5-c0 77
37
Summary of experimental test conditions
0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
200
250
300
Displacement(mm)
Load
(N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
38
Load - displacement
0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
200
250
300
Displacement(mm)
Load
(N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
39
Load - displacement
0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
200
250
300
Displacement(mm)
Load
(N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
40
Load - displacement
0 1 2 3 40
50
100
150
200
250
300
Displacement(mm)
Load
(N)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
41
Load - displacement
42
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
50
100
150
200
Crack advance(mm)
GI (J
/m2 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
200
400
600
800
Crack advance(mm)
GII (
J/m2 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GI GII
Mixed-mode ratioGII/G
Energy Criterion : G > Gc G : Energy release rateGc : Fracture toughness
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
I Ic
II IIc
G GG G
>>
1I IIIC IIC
G GG G
+ =
Mixed-modePure modes
GIc and GIIc (fracture toughness) material property)
44
200 400 600 800 100050
100
150
200
250
300
GII(J/m2)
GI(J
/m2 )
12345678910
1I IIIC IIC
G GG G
+ =
Test GIC (J/m2) GIIC (J/m2) R2 Geqc (J/m2)1 344 798 0.951 5242 309 1042 0.948 5683 304 1174 0.918 5984 298 1159 0.827 5885 252 1241 0.936 5596 274 1359 0.937 6117 237 1405 0.786 5778 265 986 0.882 5119 278 1312 0.753 604
10 277 1179 0.829 571Mean value 284 ± 31 1165 ± 184 571 ± 33
All data 263 1267 0.716 578Mode I 240 -Mode II - 1063
45
Energy Criterion : G > Gc G : Energy release rateGc : Fracture toughness
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
( )( )
1/2
1/2
eq I IIc II Ic
eqc Ic IIc
G G G G G
G G G
= +
=eq eqcG G≥
ENFR test End Notched Flexure test with inserted Roller
I Ic
II IIc
G GG G
>>
1I IIIC IIC
G GG G
+ =
Mixed-modePure modes
47
0 5 10 15350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Crack advance(mm)
GEq
(J/m
2 )Geq Equivalent Energy Release Rate
48
ON THE MIXED MODE FRACTURE IN COMPOSITES WIND TURBINE BLADE MATRIALS CONCLUSIONS
• Wind turbine blades are made of layered materialsmixed mode failure
• ENFR test proposed for analyzing mixed-mode fracture
An equivalent energy release rate for mixed-mode propagation
proposed: experimental results show a good agreement
Future line:
Apply the results to
a cross section of a wind turbine blade
49
BACKGROUND: RENEWABLE ENERGIES, SUSTAINABILITY
DELAMINATION TESTING: composites for wind turbine blade materials
MECHANICAL TESTING: performance of PLA vs PLA+carbon fiber
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Addition Manufacturing (AM)
50
FDM(Fused Deposition
Modelling)
MATERIALS
51
Poly Acid Lactic (PLA/1.75 mm)
Biodegradable
Flexural modulus 3,500 MPa
Bending strength 80 MPa
Shear modulus 2,400 MPa
MATERIALS
52
Carbon-fibre reinforced PLA (1.75 mm)
Low impact material
15% of fibres in weight
53
Specimen manufacturing: 3D printing
54
Specimen manufacturing: 3D printing
55
MECHANICAL TESTING3point bending testing fixture
ISO 14125:1998
56
Different spans (mm) 35, 50, 80,100, 120
Strain Range 0.05-0.25%
Results
Conclusions
1. Good compliance of expected material properties2. Increase of flexural modulus 83.16%3. Adequate to the use as low impacts materials for renewable structures
Still a long way
1027% bigger
CF-
PLA
1. Closer approximation to aluminium
2. Shear modulus and other mechanical modulus calculation for deeper researchesFu
ture
Thank you for your attention
TESTING MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONSNúmero de diapositiva 2Número de diapositiva 3Número de diapositiva 4Número de diapositiva 5Número de diapositiva 6Número de diapositiva 7TESTING MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONSNúmero de diapositiva 9Número de diapositiva 10Número de diapositiva 11Número de diapositiva 12Número de diapositiva 13Número de diapositiva 14Número de diapositiva 15Número de diapositiva 16Número de diapositiva 17Número de diapositiva 18Número de diapositiva 19Número de diapositiva 20Número de diapositiva 21Número de diapositiva 22Número de diapositiva 23Número de diapositiva 24Número de diapositiva 25Número de diapositiva 26Número de diapositiva 27Número de diapositiva 28Número de diapositiva 29Número de diapositiva 30Número de diapositiva 31Número de diapositiva 32Número de diapositiva 33Número de diapositiva 34Número de diapositiva 35Número de diapositiva 36Número de diapositiva 37Número de diapositiva 38Número de diapositiva 39Número de diapositiva 40Número de diapositiva 41Número de diapositiva 42Número de diapositiva 43Número de diapositiva 44Número de diapositiva 45Número de diapositiva 46Número de diapositiva 47ON THE MIXED MODE FRACTURE IN COMPOSITES �WIND TURBINE BLADE MATRIALSNúmero de diapositiva 49Número de diapositiva 50Número de diapositiva 51Número de diapositiva 52Número de diapositiva 53Número de diapositiva 54Número de diapositiva 55Número de diapositiva 56Número de diapositiva 57Número de diapositiva 58Número de diapositiva 59Número de diapositiva 60Número de diapositiva 61Número de diapositiva 62Número de diapositiva 63Número de diapositiva 64Número de diapositiva 65Número de diapositiva 66ConclusionsNúmero de diapositiva 68