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Responda as questes:
1. Circule a alternativa correta. Com base na observao do ttulo,
do lead (l.1-
2), das imagens e sua legenda, podemos afirmar que o texto trata
de umestudo sobre:
1
Fear Is Spread by Body Language,
Study Says
Stefan Lovgren
for National Geographic News
November 16, 2004
A menacing body posture can be as threatening as a frightening
facial expression, according to new research.
In the past, scientists have said that human emotions are
communicated mainly by facial expressions. But a new
study suggests that body posture may be as important as the face
in communicating emotions such as fear.
The discovery suggests that the immediate response to other
people's fear may be more automatic than previously
thought.
The study shows that images of fear affect the emotional part of
the brain. Since the link between the emotional
brain and action is stronger than the link between the visual
brain and action, viewing fearful body expressions may
automatically prepare the observer to respond to fear.
"When we talk about how humans communicate, we always talk about
things like language," said Beatrice de
Gelder, the neuroscientist who led the study. "But just like in
the animal world, we also communicate through our
bodies without our conscious minds being much aware of it."
De Gelder is a professor at both Harvard Medical School in
Massachusetts, and Tilburg University in the
Netherlands. The study is published in theProceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences this week.
Still Images
To date, most investigations of the perception of emotion have
concentrated on brain activity generated by the
recognition of still images of facial expressions.
For their study, however, de Gelder and her colleagues used
video recordings of 18 actors performing emotional
actions like opening a door and finding an armed robber standing
in front of them. The actors also had to performneutral actions
like pouring water into a glass or combing their hair.
Since previous studies had all used still images, the
scientistsfor the purpose of comparisondecided to use still
pictures taken from the video clips. But the images showed the
whole body with the face of the actor blocked out.
These images were then shown to study participants inside a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine that
measured the brain activity of the person watching the
pictures.
The researchers found that viewing happy body postures increased
activity only in brain regions that processed
visual information. However, viewing fearful body postures
activated brain regions that process emotional
information, as well as those that govern motor processes.
The results may help explain how fear spreads.
"If there is any form of contagion that is adaptive, it is the
immediate response to the fear of others," said Frans
de Waal, a psychology professor at Emory University in Atlanta,
Georgia. "If others are fearful, there may be
good reason for you to be fearful too."
This fear contagion is easily observed in the animal world.
"If one bird foraging in a flock on the ground suddenly takes
off, all other birds will take off immediately after,
before they even know what's going on. The one who stays behind
may be prey," de Waal said.
The study also shows that the brain's emotional response to fear
is probably simpler and more automatic than
some researchers have assumed in the past. At a fearful moment,
animals and humans need to be response
ready, since they are given only a fraction of a second to
evaluate the situation.
"Let's say a fire erupts," de Gelder said. "Very quickly
[people] will basically adopt the body posture of the
person next to them. Evolutionarily, it's a very effective
mechanism."
But in higher organisms like humans, that efficiency is
sometimes slowed as people start thinking of what they
should do.
"They say, Why should I run? Let me look first if there is a
reason to run," she said.
Emotional Movement
De Gelder and her colleagues are now conducting their experiment
using full video images, which some
scientists say could generate different responses.
"How much more emotional arousal might we see if we were
actually in truly fearful situations, as opposed to[being in] the
safety of brain scanners?" said Jaak Panksepp, a neuroscientist at
Northwestern University in
Evanston, Illinois.
Several teams around the world, including de Gelder's, are
conducting experiments in which the brain activity
of participants is scanned while they're watching movies. This
enables scientists to study how emotional actions
are based on movement.
In the future such research may help scientists diagnose mental
diseases such as Alzheimer's and disorders such
as autism and schizophrenia. It may also used in building
robotic human companions, which could be improved
by building principles of "emotional movement" into them.
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a. a influncia da postura corporal na sade da populao adulta.b.
O medo e a ansiedade em situaes de interao com o sexo oposto.c. O
papel da expresso facial na manuteno das relaes afetivas.d. A relao
entre linguagem corporal e emoes negativas com o medo.
e. A reao adequada em situaes de perigo iminente tais como
assaltos.
2. Preencha o quadro com as informaes solicitadas abaixo (se a
informaono for mencionada no texto, escreva NM).
Reportagem Artigo de Pesquisa
AUTORESUAESPECIALIDADE
DATADEPUBLICAO
FONTE
INSTITUIOO/AAUTOR/ADESENVOLVESUAATIVIDADE
PROFISSIONAL
3. O/a autor (a) abre o texto com uma oposio no 1 pargrafo da
Introduo,para explicar o tema da reportagem. Essa oposio expressa
pelos termos
past but new. Sintetize o que a pesquisa traz de novidade para a
cincia:
4. Na seo Still Images, o autor/a da reportagem explica que
ospesquisadores filmaram atores desempenhando aes de alta
cargaemocional, como abrir uma porta e se deparar com um assaltante
armado, eaes neutras, como encher um copo dgua e pentear o
cabelo.Uma vez que estudos prvios haviam usado imagens estticas, os
cientistasdeste estudo decidiram fazer uma comparao e tambm usaram
imagenscongeladas dos vdeos. Descreva o que aparecia nas
imagens:
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Past______________________
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New______________________
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______________________
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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Assinale A quando a afirmao estiver de acordo com o texto e D
quandoestiver em desacordo. Justifique quando estiver em desacordo,
utilizandofragmentos do texto.
( ) Aps a edio, as imagens congeladas foram apresentadas aos
sujeitosde pesquisa, cujas reaes foram monitoradas por meio da
observao desuas expresses faciais.
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( ) Ver algum em posio de alegria ativa apenas as regies
cerebrais queprocessam informao visual. J que ver algum em posio de
medo acionadois tipos de regies cerebrais: aquelas que processam
informao emocionale as que controlam processos motores.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
( ) Seres humanos e animais reagem de medo de modo bastante
semelhanteem situaes de perigo, exceto pelo fato de que, nos
humanos, a reao mais rpida em funo de sua capacidade de
racionalizar o problema.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
( ) No estgio atual da pesquisa, os cientistas esto medindo a
atividadecerebral utilizando imagens em movimento para simular
situaes reais em queo medo se espalha com efeito em cadeia.
_______________________________________________________________
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( ) Dentre as possibilidades de aplicao da pesquisa mencionada
esto:criao de novos aparelhos para monitoramento cerebral e de robs
paraatuarem como acompanhantes.
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