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ABSTRACT

Kalmi Shak or water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic) is a Bangladeshi indigenous green leafy vegetable and herbaceous aquatic or semi aquatic perennial plant. A primary study was conducted to elucidate the multi functionalities of this vegetable. Extract of Kalmi Shak exhibited high antioxidant properties with hydrophilic-

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indigenous Bangladeshi vegetable important from both medicinal and industrial aspects.

INTRODUCTION

Leafy vegetables have been extensively investigat-ed as new sources of natural antioxidants as well as other bioactive compounds of human health benefits

have shown that consumption of vegetables is associ-ated with reduced risk of chronic diseases. It has been reported that leafy vegetable extracts could be used

et al.

and as an antibiotic against Escherichia coli, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and other microor-ganisms (Bhakta et al.of vegetables containing high levels of phytochemicals has been recommended to prevent chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in the human body (Chu et al.capacity of the plasma and reduce the risk of certain

phenolics and flavonoids from plants have been re-ported to be potent free radical scavengers (Chiang et al.

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Keywords: activity

Multi  food  functionalities  of  Kalmi  Shak  (Ipomoea  aquatic)  grown  in  Bangladesh

Hossain  Uddin  Shekhar1,  Masao  Goto1,  Jun  Watanabe1,  Ichiho  Konishide-­Mikami1,  Md.  Latiful  Bari2  and  Yuko  

Takano-­Ishikawa1

1National  Food  Research  Institute,  Kannondai  2-­1-­12,  Tsukuba,  Ibaraki  305-­8642,  Japan

2Center  for  Advanced  Research  in  Sciences,  University  of  Dhaka,  Dhaka-­1000,  Bangladesh

Agri., Food & Analyt. Bact., 1: 1-10, 2011

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in laboratory animals (Gao et al. et al.-

Ipo-moea aquatic) belongs to Convolvulaceaeonly grows wild but is also cultivated throughout South-

in the region (Huang et al.

wet rice field. It is usually found year round and treated as a leafy vegetable unlike other common vegetables in Bangladesh which are mostly seasonal. Kalmi Shak rep-resents one of the richest sources of carotenoids and

-tain adequate quantities of most of the essential amino

et al.

of traditional medicine native to the Indian subconti--

limited scientific studies have been conducted on its

et al.

et al.et al.

the indigenous Kalmi Shak of Bangladesh to evaluate its potentiality as a functional food or food supplement.

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of indigenous fresh green Kalmi Shak.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

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calf serum (FCS) and Folin-Ciocalteau (F-C) reagent

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Plant material and sample preparation

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and one of the major cities of south Asia) new market during the summer period (mid April to June onwards). One hundred grams of green leaves and veins were

was sequentially extracted with hexane: dichlorometh-

automatic accelerated solvent extraction system (ASE

was collected (3 times) by hexane: dichloromethane at -

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Determination of hydrophilic-oxygen radi-cal absorbance capacity (H-ORAC)

H-ORAC assay was performed according to the

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method described by Cao et al. et al.

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Measurement of total polyphenols con-tent

-lin-Ciocalteu assay according to Sun et al.

et al.three volumes of F-C reagent was diluted by five vol-ume of water before use. Reaction mixture containing

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milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry sample -

ducted in triplicate.

DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA)

to the method of Oki et al. -

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were conducted in triplicate.

Determination of moisture content

subsequently placed in aluminum cups and weighed

content were calculated by subtracting the two values.

and mean values for each replicate were calculated.

Determination of the anti-mutagenic ef-fect on Trp-P2 induced mutagenicity to Sal-monella Typhimurium TA98

-fied Ames test (Ames et al. Salmonella -

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S.

mixture was immediately plated on a minimal glucose --

ment was performed in triplicate and the mean values are presented. Anti-mutagenic activities of the Kalmi Shak extract were calculated according to the equation described by Hosoda et al.

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Anti-tumor effects to mouse myeloma P388 cells

Anti-tumor activities were measured by the viabilities -

agent (Shinmoto et al. -

Shak with various concentrations were added to each

Rosmarinus officinalis) extract at vary-

max

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exp

group control

Test organisms

borne pathogens or food spoilage bacteria were used -

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-odically transferred to fresh slants.

Anti-microbial sensitivity testing

was done according to the method of Bauer et al.

-ferent concentration of Kalmi Shak extract before be-

of the test organisms were prepared by transferring a

-gensen et al.

mm) with sterile cotton swab. Surplus suspensions were removed from the swabs by rotation against the side of the tube before the plate was inoculated. After the in-

agar using an ethanol dipped and flamed forceps and

-isms should not grow but absorption of extracts should

same solvent without the plant extract. Reference anti-

-ing the impregnated discs were incubated in an upright

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Statistical analysis

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

et al.-

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is relatively high when compared with those of common vegetables and fruits.

et al.

et al. -etables and found that spinach exhibited the highest

determination were slightly different. It has been reported that the total polyphenols

et al. -

et al.

-able in Bangladesh during the entire year and our col-lection period originated from early onset of summer. It has been reported that leaves harvested in the spring exhibited much higher levels of total polyphenols con-tent and ORAC value than the leaves harvested in the fall (Howard et al.should be undertaken to see the seasonal variation of antioxidant content of this leafy vegetables.

-S -

et al.

anti-mutagenic activities of Kalmi Shak extract on the mutagenicity of these agents in future studies.

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Rosemary extract was used as a positive control in this

et al.

was observed in both Kalmi Shak and rosemary extract -

Parameters Dry weight (DW)

of samples

Fresh weight

(FW)

of samples

H-ORAC a b

c d

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nols e f

g -

ac

bd

e

f

g

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cell viability.-

al activities against several spoilage and food borne pathogenic bacteria within tested fifteen selected bac-

of Kalmi Shak exhibited in vitro anti-microbial activi-ties against spoilage bacteria P. aeroginosa, P. Putida, and pathogenic bacteria such as E. coliC. freundiiKalmi Shak extracts include compounds possessing anti-microbial properties that may be useful to control food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Fur-ther studies need to be done with other food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms to see the anti-microbial activities of Kalmi shak. It would also be of interest to apply this extract to actual food to assess the microbiological condition of the particular food or food products with an extended shelf life.

CONCLUSION

in vitro -

anti-bacterial activity demonstrated that Bangladeshi water spinach variety possessed potent anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. Hence water spinach can be used as an easy accessible source of natural antioxi-

medical industries. Further work should be performed -

indigenous vegetable of Bangladesh.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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laboratory facilities and logistic supports to carry out this investigation.

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