TEST THE FOURTH:

The Excretory

Nervous Systemsand

The danger to society is not merely that it should believe wrong things, though that is

great enough; but that it should become credulous, and lose the habit of testing things and inquiring into them; for then it must sink

back into savagery.William Kingdon Clifford

Experience is the name so many people give to their mistakes.

Oscar Wilde

The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.

Aristotle

Tuesday, March 27th, 2007

Directions: This test is designed to let your teacher know how much information you have learned over the past few weeks, and to allow you to gauge this as well. Remember to think about your notes and all the examples, labs and demonstrations that we’ve done in class. Read each question carefully and completely before making your response, and make sure that whatever you write answers every part of the question. For free-response questions, use the space provided for your answer. For multiple-choice questions, write the letter of your choice on the line at the right side of the page. Do not leave any blank questions or naked numbers. Blank questions will be marked off at double the rate of a wrong answer. Relax, good luck, and enjoy!

Name _________________________________________ Date ___________________ Period _________

0. One shovels with a shovel, rakes with a rake…why not broom with a broom?

1. Diffusion isA. A whole lotta nonsense.B. Slow.C. The process that allows a fish’s heart to work well.D. Difficult, annoying, and stupid, just like biology (do NOT pick this answer). _________

2. Completely explain what would happen to the water in beaker pictured below.

3. Identify and explain two reasons why amoebae can excrete ammonia and humans cannot.

4. What is the functional unit of the mammalian kidney?A. Nephron B. Neuron C. Nephridium D. Nee, The Knights who say _________

5. Why does having glucose in the urine indicate health problems?

salt

(writethe word)

(tell me aboutthe word)

6. All organisms that live on land must try and conserve this substanceA. Money B. Water C. ATP D. Filtrate _________

7. Identify and explain the two “C’s” that any good excretory system should do.

8. Why is the medulla of the kidney so salty?

9. Fill in the chart below using the words on the left. Each word may be used only once.

Urea NutrientsGlucose Blood CellsProtein LipidsWater Salt

10. What would happen to a human’s urine if the medulla of the kidney was unable to maintain its high salt concentration?

11. What is the purpose of the Bowman’s Capsule?A. To make sure that no blood gets into the bladder.B. To keep the glomerulus from drying out.C. To capture filtrate from the glomerulus.D. To collect urine from the convoluted tubules. _________

12. What is one thing that very dark and cloudy urine could indicate in a human?

13. An action potential involves the movement of what two ions?A. Na+ and K+ B. Ag+ and Au- C. Hg+ and C- D. C+ and O- _________

14. An electrical concentration gradient can be calledA. Charge B. Weber’s Constant C. Voltage D. Diffusion _________

15. Why is afterhyperpolarization, or undershoot, so very important to a neuron?

(writethe word)

(tell me aboutthe word)

Should not be excreted Should be excreted

16. Many tasks in the body are taken care of by the unconscious part of the brain, so that the brain’s owner doesn’t have to think about them. These tasks are performed by theA. Cerebrum B. Malpighian tubule C. Cortex D. Cerebellum _________

17. Name three tasks that might be performed by the structure identified in question 16.

18. Why can an myelinated nerve transmit a signal so much faster than an unmyelinated nerve?

19. The sodium-potassium pump that is located on the cell membrane of all nerve cells creates two kinds ofA. fusion B. concentration gradients C. ions D. hepatic portal cells _________

20. A neurotransmitter is used to transmit a signal acrossA. the gap of Shockley B. the synapse C. many different cell types D. neurons _________

21. When neurotransmitters are not being used, they are stored in specialized structures calledA. synaptic vesicles B. Bowman’s capsules C. galvanized vacuoles D. neurobags _________

22. Fill in the blank sections of this reflex arc, and give examples where indicated.

23. Many chemicals, such as morphine, mimic a chemical that already exists in the body. What do you think might happen to the levels of the chemical that morphine mimics if a person abuses morphine?

24. Which components are part of the central nervous system?A. Brain and kidneys C. Brain stem and sensory neurons B. Spinal cord and brain D. Neurons and axons _________

Sensory Neuron ___________________ Spinal Cord Efferent Neuron _________________

Examples1.2.3.

Example1.

25. Of the choices below, what does the nervous system not control?A. Breathing and heart rateB. Movement and digestionC. Leafs falling from trees and growthD. Running and walking

26. The nervous system is a vast system of neurons that controls many processes in the body of an organism. Indeed, even excretion is controlled by the nervous system. In the space below, USING AT LEAST TWO, WELL-WRITTEN PARAGRAPHS, explain the following points. You do not need to explain them in the order in which they are listed.

I. The bladder must sense when it is full. What kind of sensory neuron do you think it uses?II. The kidney must also keep track of how salty its medulla is. What kind of sensory neuron do you think it uses for this task?III. When the bladder is full, a signal must be sent to the bladder’s owner so he or she knows to empty it. However, humans can choose to ignore this signal. What part of the brain does the thought TO IGNORE THE SIGNAL come from?IV. Why is excretion so tightly controlled by the nervous system? What is so important about it that merits such control? (hint: think about what the kidney filters out or doesn’t filter out)