Test The Automatic Speed Control Of DC Motor Using IR SENSOR Test The Automatic Speed Control Of DC Motor Using IR SENSOR

8/18/2019 Test The Automatic Speed Control Of DC Motor Using IR SENSOR Test The Automatic Speed Control Of DC Motor …

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Commutation Circuit

CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION

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Commutation Circuit

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT:-

Our Project “COMMUTATION CIRCUIT OF CLASS – A, B C! i" con"i"t o#

turn o## c$aracteri"tic o# t$e SCR% Our &roject o&erate" tota''( )a"e* on t$e

SCR% T$e main &art o# our &roject i" SCR +P-M .$ic$ i" u"e* in our &roject/%

Once SCR "tar" con*ucting, gate 'o""e" contro'% In "&ite o# remo0ing gate

"igna', SCR remain to con*ucting "tage% T$e commutation i" t$e &roce"" to turn

o## an SCR% To turn1o## an SCR i" ac$ie0e* )(

+i/ Ano*e current #a''" )e'o. t$e $o'*ing current or

+ii/ Re0er"e 0o'tage a&&'ie* to t$e SCR #or "u##icient time%

T$e SCR ma( )e turn1o## eit$er )( natura''( or )( u"ing e2terna' circuit%

In AC circuit", .$en t$e current t$e SCR goe" t$roug$ a natura' 3ero, a re0er"e

0o'tage automatica''( a&&ear" acro"" t$e SCR% T$i" i" ca''e* natura'

commutation% In 4C circuit", t$e ano*e current $a" to )e #orce* to 3ero )( an

e2terna' circuit to turn1o## t$e SCR% T$i" i" ca''e* a" #orce* commutation%

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Commutation Circuit

CHAPTER: 2

A LITERATURE SURVEY

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Commutation Circuit

Literature Reie!:

In t$i" &roject .e are "tu*( t$e c$aracteri"tic o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% In

t$i" &roject .e are u"ing SCR +t$(ri"tor/ P-M% it i" t$e genera' &ur&o"e SCR%

T$i" SCR i" u"e common'( #or t$e genera' &ur&o"e% So .e are u"e t$i" SCR in

our &roject%

For t$i" &roject .e co''ect t$e re#erence" #rom man( &'ea"e"% A" re#erence

.e are u"e 5i6i&e*ia #or co''ect t$e in#ormation a)out t$e SCR an* it"

c$aracteri"tic", etc% 5e are ta6e more re#erence" 'i6e

...%e'ectronic"$u)%org7"cr1turn1o##1met$o*"7 #rom t$i" 'in6 +.e)"ite/ .e are

"tu*( a)out t$e turn1o## met$o* o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% t$i" met$o*" are

mention in t$i" re&ort% From t$e ...%e'ectrica'-u%com7 .e are "tu*ie* a)out

t$e *etai'e* o# t(&e o# t$e commutation met$o* .$ic$ .e are u"e to turn1o## t$e

SCR in our &roject +C'a""1A, C'a""1B C'a""1C/%

5e are not ta6e re#erence" #rom on'( internet )ut .e are u"e t$e re#erence

)oo6 a'"o% For t$i" .e are ta6e more in#ormation #rom t$e )oo6 o# t$e Po.er

8'ectronic" +Secon* e*ition/ +M 4 Sing$ 9 B 9$anc$an*ani/% 5e a'"o

con"i*er B L T$eraja P S Bim)$ra )oo6 a" t$e re#erence, #rom t$i" )oo6 .e

#in* t$e *e"ign con"i*eration #or our &roject% From t$i" *e"ign con"i*eration .e

cou'* un*er"tan* t$e *ee&ne"" o# our &roject *e"ign% From t$i" .e ca'cu'ate t$e

rating" o# t$e com&onent" t$at .e are u"e in our &roject% 4ue to t$e *e"ign

con"i*eration .e &re&are t$e circuit *iagram o# our &roject #rom .$ic$ .e &re&are our actua' running circuit%

T$e actua' circuit i" mention in t$e re&ort )e'o.% For t$e #orming t$e

actua' circuit .e are u"e t$e "tee' )o2 #or t$e enc'o"ure an* t$e )oar* u"e in t$e

".itc$)oar* i" u"e #or t$e to& at .$ic$ t$e com&onent" are mount% For t$e

"$o.ing t$e circuit *iagram .e "tic6 t$e &rinte* "tic6er &a&er *ue to at t$e time

o# &ractica' .e can ea"i'( un*er"tan* an* e2&'ain to ot$er t$e .or6ing o# our

&roject%

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Commutation Circuit

In t$i" our &roject .e are actua''( tr( to contro' t$e o&eration o# t$e SCR

+t$(ri"tor/% B( t$e $e'&ing o# t$e e2terna' com&onent or u"ing our circuit .e are

actua''( contro' t$e time o# turn on an* o##% B( t$e contro' t$e time o# on1o## it

can )e u"e#u' at man( &'ace% In our &roject it can )e o)taine*% In our &roject one

L84 i" &'ace*, .$ic$ in*icate t$e o&eration o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/% So t$e

contro' o# SCR +t$(ri"tor/ on1o## i" "$o.n )( t$e in*ication o# t$e L84

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Commutation Circuit

CHAPTER: 3

THE PROJECT ANALYSIS

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Commutation Circuit

3.1 %&at i' C())utati(*++++...

An SCR can )e turne* ON )( a&&'(ing a&&ro&riate &o"iti0e gate 0o'tage

)et.een t$e gate an* cat$o*e termina'", )ut it cannot )e turne* OFF t$roug$ t$e

gate termina'% T$e SCR can )e )roug$t )ac6 to t$e #or.ar* )'oc6ing "tate #rom

t$e #or.ar* con*uction "tate )( re*ucing t$e ano*e or #or.ar* current )e'o.

t$e $o'*ing current 'e0e'% T&e tur* OFF ,r(e'' ( a* SCR i' a//e0

())utati(*% T$e term commutation mean" t$e tran"#er o# current" #rom one

&at$ to anot$er% So t$e commutation circuit *oe" t$i" jo) )( re*ucing t$e

#or.ar* current to 3ero "o a" to turn OFF t$e SCR or T$(ri"tor%

To turn OFF t$e con*ucting SCR t$e )e'o. con*ition" mu"t )e "ati"#ie*%

T$e ano*e or #or.ar* current o# SCR mu"t )e re*uce* to 3ero or )e'o.

t$e 'e0e' o# $o'*ing current an* t$en%

A "u##icient re0er"e 0o'tage mu"t )e a&&'ie* acro"" t$e SCR to regain it"

#or.ar* )'oc6ing "tate%

5$en t$e SCR i" turne* OFF )( re*ucing #or.ar* current to 3ero% T$ere

e2i"t e2ce"" c$arge carrier" in *i##erent 'a(er"% To regain t$e #or.ar* )'oc6ing

"tate o# an SCR, t$e"e e2ce"" carrier" mu"t )e recom)ine*% T$ere#ore, t$i"

recom)ination &roce"" i" acce'erate* )( a&&'(ing a re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e

SCR %

3.2 Detai/' ( ())utati(* )et&(0'

T$e re0er"e 0o'tage .$ic$ cau"e" to commutate t$e SCR i" ca''e*

commutation 0o'tage% 4e&en*ing on t$e commutation 0o'tage 'ocate*, t$e

commutation met$o*" are c'a""i#ie* into t.o major t(&e"% T$o"e are #orce*

commutation an* natura' commutation% Let u" *i"cu"" in )rie# a)out t$e"e

met$o*"%

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Commutation Circuit

3.2.1 Natura/ C())utati(*:

In natura' commutation, t$e "ource o# commutation 0o'tage i" t$e "u&&'(

"ource it"e'#% I# t$e SCR i" connecte* to an AC "u&&'(, at e0er( en* o# t$e

&o"iti0e $a'# c(c'e t$e ano*e current goe" t$roug$ t$e natura' current 3ero an*

a'"o imme*iate'( a re0er"e 0o'tage i" a&&'ie* acro"" t$e SCR% T$e"e are t$e

con*ition" to turn OFF t$e SCR% T$ere#ore, t$e SCR i" turne* OFF commutate*

natura''( or automatica''( .it$out an( e2terna' circuit an* $ence ca''e* a"

natura' commutation% T$i" met$o* o# commutation i" a'"o ca''e* a" "ource

commutation, or 'ine commutation, or c'a"" F commutation% T$i" commutation

i" &o""i)'e .it$ 'ine commutate* in0erter", contro''e* recti#ier", c(c'e

con0erter" an* AC 0o'tage regu'ator" )ecau"e t$e "u&&'( i" t$e AC "ource in a''

t$e"e con0erter"%

3.2.2 F(re0 C())utati(*:

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9/35

Commutation Circuit

In ca"e o# 4C circuit", t$ere i" no natura' current 3ero to turn OFF t$e

SCR% In "uc$ circuit", #or.ar* current mu"t )e #orce* to 3ero .it$ an e2terna'

circuit to commutate t$e SCR $ence name* a" #orce* commutation% T$i"

commutating circuit con"i"t" o# com&onent" 'i6e in*uctor" an* ca&acitor" ca''e*

a" commutating com&onent"% T$e"e commutating com&onent" cau"e to a&&'( a

re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e SCR t$at imme*iate'( )ring t$e current in t$e SCR to

3ero% Ba"e* on t$e manner in .$ic$ t$e 3ero current ac$ie0e* an* arrangement

o# t$e commutating com&onent", #orce* commutation i" c'a""i#ie* into *i##erent

t(&e" "uc$ a" c'a"" A, B, C, 4, an* 8% T$i" commutation i" main'( u"e* in

c$o&&er an* in0erter circuit"%

T$ere are #o''o.ing #orce* commutation met$o*" to turn1o## t$e SCR:1

i% C'a"" A 1 "e'# commutation )( re"onating t$e 'oa*%

ii% C'a"" B 1 "e'# commutation )( LC circuit%

iii% C'a"" C 1 com&'ementar( commutation%

i0% C'a"" 4 1 au2i'iar( commutation% Au2i'iar( SCR ".itc$ing C or

LC%

0% C'a"" 8 1 e2terna' &u'"e commutation%

0i% C'a"" F 1 AC 'ine commutation%

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Commutation Circuit

CHAPTER: "

THE OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT

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Commutation Circuit

".1 5LOC6 DIA7RA8

".2 5LOC6 DIA7RA8 DESCRIPTION

T$e )'oc6 *iagram o# t$e commutation circuit i" a" "$o.n in t$e #igure%

In t$i" #ir"t )'oc6 i" "$o.n #or t$e &o.er "u&&'(% T$i" "u&&'( ma( )e AC or 4C%

T$i" "u&&'( i" gi0en to t$e SCR% T$i" i" "$o.n in t$e "econ* )'oc6% 5it$ t$e

)'oc6 o# t$e SCR t$e )'oc6 o# commutation circuit i" "$o.n% T$i" commutation

circuit i" connecte* .it$ t$e SCR, *ue to t$i" t$e turn1o## o# t$e SCR can )e

*one% At 'a"t )'oc6 i" "$o.n o# t$e 'oa*% T$i" 'oa* i" connecte* .it$ t$e SCR%

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Commutation Circuit

".3 CIRCUIT DIA7RA8

".3.1 C/a'' A C())utati(* 9'e/-())utati(*:

T$i" i" a'"o 6no.n a" re"onant commutation% T$i" t(&e o# commutation

circuit u"ing L1C com&onent" in "erie" .it$ t$e 'oa* are "$o.n in Fig % In Fig,

'oa* R L i" in "erie" .it$ t$e L1C circuit% In t$i" &roce"" o# commutation t$e

#or.ar* current &a""ing t$roug$ t$e *e0ice i" re*uce* to 'e"" t$an t$e 'e0e' o#

$o'*ing current o# t$e *e0ice% ;ence, t$i" met$o* i" a'"o 6no.n a" t$e current

commutation met$o*% T$i" .a0e#orm o# t$e t$(ri"tor 0o'tage, current an*

ca&acitor 0o'tage are "$o.n in Fig%

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Commutation Circuit

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14/35

Commutation Circuit

T$e 'oa* re"i"tance RL an* t$e commutating com&onent" are "o "e'ecte*

t$at t$eir com)ination #orm" an un*er*am&e* re"onant circuit% 5$en "uc$ a

circuit i" e2cite* )( a 4%C% "ource, a current o# t$e nature "$o.n in #ig +/ .i'' )e

o)taine* acro"" t$e *e0ice% T$i" current, a" e0i*ent #rom it" "$a&e, $a" 3ero

0a'ue at t$e &oint 9 .$ere t$e *e0ice automatica''( turne* OFF% Be(on* &oint

9, t$e current i" re0er"e* in nature .$ic$ a""ure" *e#inite commutation o# t$e

*e0ice% T$e t$(ri"tor .$en ON carrie" on'( t$e c$arging current o# ca&acitor C

.$ic$ .i'' "oon *eca( to a 0a'ue'e"" t$an t$e $o'*ing current o# t$e *e0ice,

.$en ca&acitor C i" c$arge* u& to t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 8*c% T$i" "imu'taneou"'(

".itc$e" o## t$e t$(ri"tor% T$e time #or ".itc$ing o## t$e *e0ice i" *etermine* )(

t$e re"onant #re


15/35

Commutation Circuit

An* I+"/V ( s) R

+¿ S%C%@+"/ +=%/

From e


16/35

Commutation Circuit

5n 1

√ LC

ω=ωn√ 1−ε2

or, ω= 1

√ LC √1− L

4 R2C =√

1

LC −

1

4 R2C

2

∅=tan−1 2 RCω

−ε − tan−1 √ 1−ε

2

−ε = tan−12 RCω

i ( t )=0at t =0

∅=−sin−1 1 A

i ( t )= Edc

R ⌊1+ A e

−t /2 RC sin (ωt −sin−1 1 A ) ⌋ +=%G/

No., 'oa* 0o'tage #rom e


17/35

Commutation Circuit

On *i##erentiating an* *i0i*ing )( L, .e get

d2t

dt 2 + R

L

di

dt +

i

LC = 1

L

d

dt E dc +=%=>/

T$e corre"&on*ing $omogeneou" e


18/35

Commutation Circuit

No.,di

dt =−e

πR

2ωL( E dc I ) +=%=J/T$ere#ore t$e ca&acitor 0o'tage at en* o# con*uction, V C = E dc – V L

5$ere V

L= L

di

dt

V C = E

dc[1+e

−πR2ωL ] +=%=K/

No., i# V 0 i" t$e initia'1"tate 0o'tage o# t$e ca&acitor t$en e


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Commutation Circuit

Initia''(, a" "oon a" t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 84C i" a&&'ie*, t$e ca&acitor C "tart"

getting c$arge* .it$ it" u&&er &'ate &o"iti0e an* t$e 'o.er &'ate negati0e, an* it

c$arge" u& to t$e 0o'tage 84C% 5$en t$(ri"tor T i" triggere*, t$e circuit current

#'o." in t.o *irection":

+=/ T$e 'oa* current IL #'o." t$roug$ t$e &at$ 84C T RL 84C1,

an*

+/ Commutating current Ic%

T$e moment t$(ri"tor T i" turne* ON, ca&acitor C "tart" *i"c$arging

t$roug$ t$e &at$ C ?L ? T? C1% 5$en t$e ca&acitor C )ecome" com&'ete'(

*i"c$arge*, it "tart" getting c$arge* .it$ re0er"e &o'arit(% 4ue to t$e re0er"e

0o'tage, a commutating current IC "tart" #'o.ing .$ic$ o&&o"e" t$e 'oa* current

IL% 5$en t$e commutating current IC i" greater t$an t$e 'oa* current I L, t$(ri"tor

T )ecome" turne* OFF% 5$en t$e t$(ri"tor T i" turne* OFF, ca&acitor C again

"tart" getting c$arge* to it" origina' &o'arit( t$roug$ L an* t$e 'oa*% T$u", .$en

it i" #u''( c$arge*, t$e t$(ri"tor .i'' )e ON again%

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20/35

Commutation Circuit

;ence, #rom t$e a)o0e *i"cu""ion it )ecome" c'ear t$at t$e t$(ri"tor a#ter

getting ON #or "ometime automatica''( get" OFF an* a#ter remaining in OFF

"tate #or "ometime, it again get" turne* ON% T$i" &roce"" o# ".itc$ing ON an*

OFF i" a continuou" &roce""% T$e *e"ire* #re


21/35

Commutation Circuit

De'i;* (*'i0erati(*:

T$e circuit e


22/35

Commutation Circuit

T$e c'a"" C commutation circuit i" "$o.n in Fig% In t$i" met$o*, t$e main

t$(ri"tor +SCR T=/ t$at i" to )e commutate* i" connecte* in "erie" .it$ t$e 'oa*%

An a**itiona' t$(ri"tor +SCR T/ ca''e* t$e com&'ementar( t$(ri"tor i"

connecte* in &ara''e' .it$ t$e main t$(ri"tor%

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Commutation Circuit

Ciruit O,erati(*

8(0e 4: >I*itia/-'tate ( iruit?

Initia''(, )ot$ t$e t$(ri"tor" are OFF% T$ere#ore, t$e "tate" o# t$e *e0ice" are

T= OFF,T OFF,∴ EC

1

8(0e /: 5$en a triggering &u'"e i" a&&'ie* to t$e gate o# T=, t$e t$(ri"tor T= i"

triggere*% T$ere#ore, t.o circuit current, name'(, 'oa* current IL an* c$arging

current IC "tart #'o.ing% T$eir &at$" are:

Loa* current ILH

8*c R = T= 8*c

C$arging current ICH8*c R C C1 T= 8*c

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Commutation Circuit

Ca&acitor C .i'' get c$arge* )( t$e "u&&'( 0o'tage 8*c .it$ t$e &o'arit( "$o.n

in Fig% T$e "tate" o# circuit com&onent" )ecome"

T= ON, T OFF, 8C= 84C

8(0e 2: 5$en a triggering &u'"e i" a&&'ie* to t$e gate o# T, T .i'' )e turne*

on% A" "oon a" T i" ON, t$e negati0e &o'arit( o# t$e ca&acitor C i" a&&'ie* to

t$e ano*e o# T= an* "imu'taneou"'(, t$e &o"iti0e &o'arit( o# ca&acitor C i"

a&&'ie* to t$e cat$o*e% T$i" cau"e" t$e re0er"e 0o'tage acro"" t$e main t$(ri"tor

T= an* imme*iate'( turn" it o##%

C$arging o# ca&acitor C no. ta6e" &'ace t$roug$ t$e 'oa* an* it" &o'arit(

)ecome" re0er"e% T$ere#ore, c$arging &at$ o# ca&acitor C )ecome"

84C R C C1 T+a16/ 84C1

;ence, at t$e en* o# Mo*e , t$e "tate" o# t$e *e0ice" are

T= OFF, T ON, 8C= 184C

8(0e 3: No., .$en t$(ri"tor T= i" triggere*, t$e *i"c$arging current o#

ca&acitor turn" t$e com&'ementar( t$(ri"tor T OFF% T$e "tate o# t$e circuit at

t$e en* o# t$i" Mo*e )ecome"

T= ON, T OFF, 8C= 84C

T$ere#ore, t$i" Mo*e o&eration i" e


25/35

Commutation Circuit

".3.# Atua/ Ciruit :

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26/35

Commutation Circuit

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27/35

Commutation Circuit

"." LIST OF CO8PONENTS USED IN PROJECT

T$ere are #o''o.ing com&onent" are u"e* #or t$e &roject:

SCR +Si'icon Contro''e* Recti#ier/ Re"i"tance In*uctor" Ca&acitor" L84 +Lig$t 8mitte* 4io*e/ Pu"$ )utton ".itc$ Tran"#ormer

".# CO8PONENTS DESCRIPTION @ FI7URES

".#.1 SCR 9Si/i(* C(*tr(//e0 Retiier:

It i" t$e main com&onent o# t$i" &roject .$ic$ $a" to turn OFF )(

&ro0i*ing t$e e2terna' circuit%

It $a" t$ree termina' ano*e, cat$o*e gate% 5$en .e &ro0i*e t$e "u&&'(

at t$e gate termina' t$e SCR )ecome ON eit$er it i" in t$e OFF &o"ition%

Rating" : P-M ->>@, Am&%

uantit( : -

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28/35

Commutation Circuit

".#.2 Re'i'ta*e:

Re"i"tance i" o&&o"ing t$e #'o. o# e'ectron"% It i" u"e to 'imit t$e current

in t$e circuit% A'"o 0o'tage *ro& i" occur" in t$i" re"i"tance% It i" mea"ure in

o$m%

Rating" : =9

uantit( : J

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29/35

Commutation Circuit

".#.3 I*0ut(r:

An in*uctor can )e *e#ine* a" an energ( "torage *e0ice .$ic$ "tore"

energ( in #orm o# magnetic #ie'*% T$e in*uctance o# an in*uctor i" mea"ure* in

;enner( ;%

Rating" : - m;

uantit( :

".#." Ca,ait(r:

A a,ait(r +origina''( 6no.n a" a con*en"er/ i" a &a""i0e t.o1termina'

e'ectrica' com&onent u"e* to "tore e'ectrica' energ( tem&orari'( in an e'ectric#ie'*% It i" mea"ure in Fara*a( F%

P a g e | 2

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30/35

Commutation Circuit

Rating": %QF

uantit( :

".#.# LED 9Li;&t E)itte0 Di(0e:

It i" u"e to 0eri#( t$at t$e current i" #'o.ing to t$at &at$%

uantit(: -

".#.$ Tra*'(r)er :

Tran"#ormer i" u"e* to "te& *o.n t$e 0o'tage #rom >@ to =@

Rating" : >@ 7 =1>1=

uantit( : =

P a g e | 34


31/35

Commutation Circuit

".#. Pu'& 5utt(* S!it& :

It i" u"e* to &ro0i*e t$e gate "igna' to t$e SCR%

uantit( : -

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32/35

Commutation Circuit

CHAPTER: # ADVANTA7ES LI8ITATIONS APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION @ REFERENCEB

P a g e | 32


33/35

Commutation Circuit

#.1 A0a*ta;e':

5i*e range o# out&ut 0o'tage" an* #re


34/35

Commutation Circuit

#.2.3 F(r t&e C/a'' C C())utati(*

In t$i" circuit t.o SCR" are u"e* "o t$e co"t o# circuit i" more com&are*

to C'a"" – A C'a"" – B%

C'a"" – C commutation circuit re> ;3/ a&&'ication )ecau"e at 'o.

#re


35/35

Commutation Circuit

SCR +t$(ri"tor/ $a" 'e"" &o.er 'o"" t$en t$e ot$er *e0ice" 'i6e t$e IBT

"o )( u"e o# t$i" commutation circuit it can )e u"e* #or t$e *i##erent &'ace

in in*u"trie" to contro' t$e &o.er

4ue to t$i" circuit it can )e u"e* a" t$e e'ectronic ".itc$ #or t$e $ig$

&o.er%

T$ere "$ou'* )e *e0e'o& t$e more e##icient circuit )( t$e mo*i#( t$e our

)a"ic circuit%

#.# CONCLUSION :

In t$i" our &roject .e "tu*ie* t$e c$aracteri"tic" o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/

an* contro' t$e turn on1o## c$aracteri"tic" o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/, "o t$e .e can

contro' t$e time to turn on an* o## o# t$e SCR +t$(ri"tor/%

#.$ REFERENCE :

...%.i6i&e*ia%org ...%e'ectronic"$u)%org7"cr1turn1o##1met$o*"7 ...%e'ectrica'-u%com Po.er 8'ectronic" +Secon* 8*ition/

M 4 Sing$

9 B 9$anc$an*ani B%L% T$eraja

P%S% Bim)$ra
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/http://www.electrical4u.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/http://www.electrical4u.com/

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