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Unit 3

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A new perspective... Biology as Art.

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What is Unit 3 all about?

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The Cell

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Levels of OrganizationSimplest to complex

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

ORGANISM!

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The Cell

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Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of lifeCells can only be observed under microscopeBasic types of cells:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell

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Number of Cells

Organisms may be:

Unicellular: composed of one cell

Multicellular: composed of many cells

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Prokaryotes lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

Ex: bacteria

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Ex: plants, fungi, & animals

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

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Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

NucleusCell MembraneCytoplasm with

organelles

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Bounded by a nuclear membrane

Contains chromosomes

Control Organelle

Nucleus

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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

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Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Cell membrane

Surrounding the CellSurrounding the Cell

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm of a Cell

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OrganellesOrganelles

Very small size

Can only be observed under a microscope

Have specific functions

Found throughout cytoplasm

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The Cell

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Organelles Found in Cells

Examples of Organelles include:

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) -

Canals for movement

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Organelles Found in Cells

Examples of Organelles include:

Golgi Bodies -

Wrap & export proteins

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Organelles Found in Cells

Examples of Organelles include:

Ribosomes –

Makes proteins

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Organelles Found in Cells

Examples of Organelles include:

Mitochondria-

Site of energy production

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The cell as a factory…

What parts of a factory can you think of that would correspond to the

organelles in the cell?

The Cell As a Factory

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Organelles & Their Functions

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Contains chromosomes (DNA)

Control Organelle

Nucleus

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Nucleolus

Cell may have 1 to 3 Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleolinucleoli

Inside nucleusInside nucleus

Disappears when cell Disappears when cell dividesdivides

Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes that that make proteinsmake proteins

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Ribosomes

Make proteins

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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum = canals for movement

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT

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Golgi Bodies = shipping and packaging

Stacks of Stacks of flattened sacsflattened sacs

Have a shipping side & a Have a shipping side & a receiving sidereceiving side

Receive & Receive & modify proteinsmodify proteins made by ERmade by ER

Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with with modified proteins pinch modified proteins pinch off the endsoff the ends

Transport vesicle

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LysosomeContain Contain digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

Break downBreak down food and food and worn out cell parts for worn out cell parts for cells cells

Programmed for cell death Programmed for cell death ((lyselyse & release enzymes & release enzymes to break down & recycle to break down & recycle cell parts)cell parts)

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A large central vacuole used for storage

Contains “cell sap” = Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

StorageStorage

Vacuole

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Contains the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

ChloroplastChloroplast

Chloroplast

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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration

Cell Powerhouse = Cell Powerhouse = EnergyEnergy

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP

Mitochondria

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Non-living material which surrounds, protects, and supports plant cells

Made of cellulose

Cell wall

In plant cells…In plant cells…

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Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Made of fats and lipids“Semi-permeable”

Cell membrane

Surrounding the CellSurrounding the Cell

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm of a Cell

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Plants & Animal Cells

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Different kinds of plant Different kinds of plant cellscells

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

root hair

Guard Cells

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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers

Strong and rigid: protects and supports the cell

Resist entry of excess water into the cell

Give shape to the cell

Cell wall

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Contains the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Chloroplast

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A large central vacuole used for storage

Contains “cell sap” = Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

Vacuole

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Different kinds of animal Different kinds of animal cellscells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cellssperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium

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mitochondrion

nucleus

glycogen

cell membrane

cytoplasm Animal cellsAnimal cells

No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energyIrregular in shape

vacuole

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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

Near the nucleusPaired structuresHelp cell divide

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Similarities between plant Similarities between plant cells and animal cellscells and animal cells

Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between plant Differences between plant cells and animal cellscells and animal cells

Plant cells Animal cells

Relatively larger in size

Regular shape

Cell wall present

Relatively smaller in size

Irregular shape

No cell wall

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Plant Cells Animal cells

Large central vacuole

Starch as food storage

Nucleus near cell wall

Vacuole small or absent

Glycogen as food storage

Nucleus in the center

Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells

Organelles vs. Organ Systems

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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:

Unicellular: composed of one cell** Contains organelles

Multicellular: composed of many cells** Contains organ systems

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LysosomeContain Contain digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

Break downBreak down food and food and worn out cell parts for worn out cell parts for cells cells

Programmed for cell death Programmed for cell death ((lyselyse & release enzymes & release enzymes to break down & recycle to break down & recycle cell parts)cell parts)

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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration

MitochondriaMitochondria

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

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Ribosomes

Make proteins

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Golgi Bodies = shipping and packaging

Stacks of Stacks of flattened sacsflattened sacs

Have a shipping side & a Have a shipping side & a receiving sidereceiving side

Receive & Receive & modify proteinsmodify proteins made by ERmade by ER

Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with with modified proteins pinch modified proteins pinch off the endsoff the ends

Transport vesicle

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Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Made of fats and lipids“Semi-permeable”

Cell membrane

Cell membraneCell membrane

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Non-living material which surrounds, protects, and supports plant cells

Made of cellulose

Cell wall

Cell WallCell Wall

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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Contains chromosomes (DNA)

Nucleus

Nucleus

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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Cytoplasm

CytoplasmCytoplasm

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Endoplasmic Reticulum = canals for movement

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT