MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY&

BODY SYSTEMS

Test scores indicate that students who learn a foreign language have a much stronger grasp of English language skills. Tests also indicate that studying a foreign language sharpens the mind.

Classical languages may prove the most profitable foreign languages for a student to learn. Consider LATIN. Everywhere we turn, we read English words which originally came from Latin words. Over 60% of English words have Latin roots. There is so much Latin in English that learning Latin will help you to better understand English.

GREEK is also useful. While legal vocabulary is all Latin, most medical and scientific words come from Greek. Knowing Greek will give the student a head-start on the terminology of these professions. A large part of the study of these professions is the terminology.

Why learn Classical Languages? For centuries, classical languages have been recognized as an essential part of a good education. The primary benefits are the mental discipline and the usefulness for all other studies

Look for Relationships between new words and words that you already know

SUICIDE Fungicide Herbicide Genocide Algacide

Laryngitis Appendicitis Arthritis Arthropod Pseudopod Pseudonym Cardiologist Podiatrist

Erythrocyte Leukocyte Leukemia Anemia Cytology Hematology Hemophilia Hemolysis

ANY IDEAS ???

HEPATITIS

HEPATIC VEIN

PSYCHOPATH ?

PATHOLOGIST

PATHOGENIC (Hint GENerate)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Try These Words Out For Relationship

PTERODACTYL

PTERIDOPHYTE

ASYMMETRICALHAIRCUTAPTERYGOTA

PHYTOPLANKTON

Try This!!Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

[noo-muh-noh-uhl-truh-mahy-kruh-skop-ik-sil-i-koh-vol-key-noh-koh-nee-oh-sis,]

Breakdown• Pneumono

• lungs

• Ultramicroscopic• Really small

• Silico• Silicon

• Volcano• Coniosis

• Condition

A respiratory disorder caused by microscopic volcanic silicone dust

Other BIG WORDS!!!• otorhinolaryngological - 22 letters

• immunoelectrophoretically - 25 letters

• radioimmunoelectrophoresis - 26 letters

• psychoneuroendocrinological - 27 letters

• hepaticocholangiogastrostomy - 28 letters

• pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism - 30 letters

Anatomical Planes and Directional Terms

All right class…first things first!

Anterio

Pos

caudal

cephalic

Principle of Complementarity

• Function always reflects structure

• What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

Molecules

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Body Planes:

• Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections

Directional Terms Table 1.1

Directional Terms Table 1.1

Body Planes• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies

on the midline• Frontal or coronal – divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts• Transverse or horizontal (cross section) –

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

• Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body Planes Figure 1.8

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

Divides body into equal right & left halves.

Frontal (Coronal)

Plane

Frontal (Coronal)

Plane

Divides body into front & back portions.

Transverse Plane

Transverse Plane

Divides body into upper & lower portions.

Superior(cephalic)

Inferior

(caudal)

Towards the head

Towards the feet

Transverse Plane:

Horizontal plane dividing the body into a top and bottom half1. Superior = body parts above other parts2. Inferior = body parts below other parts

3. Cranial = body parts near the head4. Caudal = body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (or near the tail bone)

Medial

Moving towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Lateral

Moving towards the side of the body

Median Plane:

Divides the body into right and left sides1. Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body2. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body

Anterior (Ventral)

Front part of body

anterior

Posterior

(Dorsal)

Back part of the body

posterior

Frontal Plane:

Divides the body into front and back section.1. Anterior = body parts on the front of the body2. Posterior = body parts on the back of the body

• Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference

• Distal = body parts away from the point of reference

Body Cavities:

Spaces within the body which contain vital organs

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b

Body Cavities• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is

divided into two subdivisions– Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the

brain– Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral

column and encases the spinal cord• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),

and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Body Cavities

• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial

cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

– Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body Cavities• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from

the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm

• It is composed of two subdivisions– Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs– Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and

contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

• Orbital – house the eyes• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that

transmit sound vibrations• Synovial – joint cavities

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