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TEST REVIEWThe American Civil War
and
Reconstruction
INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet
In the packet, the slide numbers are listed for each question, so you know where to look to find your answers
If you answer each question correctly and thoroughly, you will be prepared for the test
TEST REVIEW
In the American Civil War, the two sides in the conflict were the United States of America (the Union, located in the North) and the Confederate States of America
(the Confederacy, located in the South)
UNION (NORTH)
CONFEDERACY (SOUTH)
Cotton was the main product grown in the Southern states; it was so important to the
Southern economy, it was called “King Cotton”
“King Cotton” had transformed the South into a rural region with many plantations, but with
little manufacturing and few railroads
The Southern plantation owners depended heavily
on slavery to harvest and
process cotton
While the South was very rural, the Northern states were more industrialized and urban;
the North did not have a great need for slaves
The South, however, DID
rely on slavery; this
issue of slavery would create tension between the
North and South
The differences between the North and South led to sectionalism, which is placing the
interests of a region (or section) of a country above the interests of the whole country
Between 1820 and 1850, sectionalism between the North and South was mild;
their differences were solved by compromise
In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the Wilmot Proviso: this stated that slavery would be
illegal in any new lands the U.S. gained from Mexico
Anti-slavery Northern states were in favor of the Wilmot Proviso, while the pro-slavery
South was against it
The “Free Soil Party” were not abolitionists because they did not think Congress had the
power to end slavery; Free Soilers were against the expansion of slavery into the West
“Abolitionists” are people who want to completely get rid of (or abolish) slavery
Arguments about slavery between
the North and South began to
get more heated in the 1850s
In the state of Illinois, an unknown Republican named Abraham Lincoln ran against Democrat
Stephen Douglas for a Senate seatThe topic of their debates was over the spread
of slavery in the new territories; Lincoln adopted the policy of the Free Soil Party and
was against the spread of slavery
The idea of “popular
sovereignty” means that the
people of a state or region make
decisions for themselves by
voting
The Compromise of 1850 settled the sectional dispute over slavery for a time; with the Compromise, Henry
Clay was hoping to avoid civil war over slavery
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850(1) The slave trade
ended in Washington DC (NORTH LIKES THIS)
(2) Following the idea of popular sovereignty, the people of Utah and New
Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery
(SOUTH LIKES THIS)
(3) California entered as a free state
(NORTH LIKES THIS)
(4) A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed
Southerners to recapture slaves in the North
(SOUTH LIKES THIS)
“The Underground Railroad” was not actually
underground nor was it a railroad;
it was the nickname for the network of safe houses to help Southern slaves escape North to
freedom
Harriet Tubman was the most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad, making 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom using the network of safe houses
In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, a book that
depicted slavery as a terrible moral evil
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” inspired many
Northerners to join the abolitionist
cause
“A house divided against itself cannot stand.
I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.”
—Abraham Lincoln, 1858
RESULTS OF THE DRED SCOTT LAWSUIT
(1) Southerners were pleased because the court said that Blacks were not citizens and
had no rights, including the right to sue
(2) The Missouri Compromise was ruled
unconstitutional
(3) Northern abolitionists were furious
STEPHEN DOUGLAS’ KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854
This law used popular sovereignty to allow residents of the new territories (Kansas and
Nebraska) to vote on banning or approving slavery; the old Missouri Compromise was ended by this
Northerners were outraged by the Kansas-
Nebraska Act, since Congress allowed slavery
to spread in an area where it had been
outlawed
Northerners formed the Republican Party and became committed to
the “Free Soil” movement
Abolitionist John Brown wanted to
lead a slave rebellion in the South
Brown and his people raided an armory at
Harper’s Ferry to get the weapons for the rebellion
He was caught and executed
Brown was seen as martyr in the North and as a criminal in the
South
Southerners believed all Northerners were like Brown and would use
violence to end slavery, so Southerners made life even tougher
for their slaves
The election of the Republican Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. made Southerners push for secession from the
Union
“Secession” is when a state breaks away from the country
Southerners feared Lincoln would make slavery illegal, so
they seceded from the U.S.
South Carolina seceded first; by early 1861, seven Southern states had seceded and formed the
Confederate States of America
The South justified
secession with the North by
saying that since each state
voluntarily had joined the Union,
states had the right to leave the
Union if they wanted to
These seven states seceded by February 1861: Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
and South Carolina
Lincoln viewed Southern secession as illegal and promised to “preserve the Union”; he would not
allow the South to break away without a fight
Fort SumterIn April 1861, Union soldiers refused Confederate demands to vacate Fort
Sumter in South Carolina
When Lincoln sent aid to those Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, the
Confederates fired on the fort
The attack on Fort Sumter proved to be the beginning of the Civil War
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR
(1)The larger population in the
North meant more troops
(2) The North had far greater industrial capacity (to make
more weapons, ammunition, etc.)
(3) The North had a huge railroad network, so they could move troops and supplies to where they were needed
much faster than the South could
NORTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR
(1) To win this war, the North had to invade the South; the South
had “home field” advantage
(2) It was difficult to maintain enthusiasm and support among
the Northern population over a long
period of time
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES IN THE WAR(1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis knew that the South
did not have to win the war by conquering the North; they only had to drag out the war and make the North quit fighting
(2) The South had better fighters and better leaders; they also had motivation to
protect their homes
(3) Because they wanted Southern cotton, France and
England appeared more likely to support the South
Robert E. Lee “Stonewall” Jackson J.E.B. Stuart
SOUTHERN PROBLEMS IN THE WAR
(1) The South is badly
outnumbered by the North
(2) The South did not have the industrial
capacity or railroad system the North had
(2) Blockade the Southern coast, cutting off Confederate trade with England and France
(1) Take control of the
Mississippi River, splitting the Southern
states from the Western
territories
(3) Take the Confederate capital at Richmond
THE “ANACONDA” PLAN
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
New weapons included long-range
artillery and the Gatling gun (the first
machine gun)
Cone-shaped bullets and grooved rifle
barrels led to better accuracy
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
Ironclad ships were a new
innovation in naval warfare
(the battle between the
Union’s Monitor and the
Confederacy’s Virginia was the
first battle between
ironclad ships)
The ironclad ships could ram wooden ships, resist cannon fire,
and resist burning… but they were much slower than wooden ships
NEW WEAPONS AND OLD TACTICS
Old tactics (like massed formations and frontal assaults) combined with these newer, deadlier
weapons led to massive loss of life on both sides
New Orleans, 1862 (USA)
The Battle of New Orleans was a crushing blow
to the South; from that point, the Union forces
controlled the Mississippi River
and split the Southern forces from each other
The Battle of Antietam was the single bloodiest day of the Civil
War, with neither side gaining
ground but both sides having a total of 23,000
casualties
After this battle, Lincoln decided the time was right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation,
which stated that the North’s goal was to free all slaves in the Southern states
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863:Robert E. Lee decided to take
advantage of his victory at Chancellorsville and attack
Northern soil; Lee wanted to end the war quickly by crushing Union morale
The Confederates lost the Battle of Gettysburg, which
proved to be the turning point of the war: Lee was halted,
the South gave up on the idea of invading the North
After this battle, Lincoln made an inspirational speech that would be called the Gettysburg Address
“The Declaration of Independence shows the principles of freedom that our government was founded upon.”
“This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other
republics have failed.”
“We need to make sure that the Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of government.”
Clara Barton worked as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War; she later founded the American Red Cross, which helps victims of wars and disasters
Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of
“habeus corpus” (which protects
people from unlawful imprisonment) during the Civil War; he did
so to prevent the border slave state of
Maryland from leaving the Union
Confederate President Jefferson Davis had a difficult time during
the war: because state rights were so strong in the South,
the Southern governors could
refuse Davis’ requests to draft soldiers or
send money
To finance the war, Lincoln began
the first ever income tax on
Americans’ earnings
Black soldiers fighting for the Union Army in Civil War faced discrimination, were paid less than
White soldiers, and were more likely to be killed than Whites (higher mortality rate)
General Grant and General Sherman considered “total war” necessary to defeat the South;
Sherman targeted not only Southern soldiers, but civilians, too
Using the “scorched earth” policy, Sherman’s forces left a trail of
destruction as they advanced; the Battle of Atlanta ended in the city’s destruction
The victory in the Battle of Atlanta gave Northern morale a huge boost and led to
Lincoln being re-elected
Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, the Union general, at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia; this ended the Civil War
The North’s celebration was cut short when John Wilkes Booth, a well-known stage actor and pro-slavery
Southerner, shot Lincoln in the head as he watched a play; Lincoln died several hours later
The 13th Amendment
abolished slavery, making it illegal
The 14th Amendment
defined citizenship and established civil rights for all citizens
The 15th Amendment gave
all African-American males the
right to vote
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
(1) Southern states must ratify
the 13th Amendment
(2) Southern states must ratify
the 15th Amendment
(3) Southern states must
rewrite their state constitution
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONThis was also known as
“Radical Republican Reconstruction”
Its goals: (1) divide the South into military districts occupied by Union soldiers
(2) The South had to ratify the 14th Amendment
(3) The Freedman’s Bureau was established
THE COMPROMISE OF 1877In the 1876 election, neither candidate won a majority of
the electoral college vote
Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for the
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes if Union troops would be removed from the South
Both sides agreed, and the Compromise of 1877 ended
Reconstruction
IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET,
YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE NEXT TEST
Review created by
Christopher Jaskowiak