Test on Chapters 7-11 Monday, April 28, 2014 No Calculator
Required Chapter Sections: Oceans: 7.1 7.2 7.4 Bathymetry: 8.3
Earths Interior: 10.1 10.2 10.3 Plate Tectonics: 11.1 11.2 11.3
Study/Review: Chapter sections listed here in your textbook Video
lessons Learning Log packets: These should ideally contain all of
your notes and answers to all of the review questions and
assessments Keys to the review questions and assessments are posted
online
Slide 2
Chapter 7: Oceans 7.1: Introduction to Oceans Salinity
(definition and where salt comes from) Earths Five Oceans
Importance of Oceans Oceans and Earths climate Surface Ocean
Currents Gyres and Coriolis Effect Deep Ocean Currents
Slide 3
The salt in the oceans comes from: minerals in the ocean floor
gases released by volcanoes, and rivers that carry dissolved
minerals out to sea.
Slide 4
Can you name Earth s five oceans?
Slide 5
Importance of Oceans Oceans are an important source of water
for the water cycle. Oceans spread energy and heat from the hot
equator to the colder poles. Phytoplankton produce most of the
oxygen in the atmosphere.
Slide 6
Earth s Energy The oceans are able to store heat energy. The
water on Earth prevents the planet from getting too hot or too
cold. Water has high specific heat (requires lots of energy to
change its temperature)
Slide 7
Oceans and Earth s climate The climates on the coastline are
milder than they are inland because ocean-warmed air masses move
over the oceans toward the land.
Slide 8
Surface Currents and Gyres The Sun s unequal heating of Earth
and the Coriolis effect cause permanent global wind patterns.
Surface ocean currents to form large rotating systems called
gyres.
Slide 9
Oceans and Earth s Climate Deep ocean currents move below the
surface of the ocean. They are slower than surface ocean
currents.
Slide 10
Chapter 7: Oceans 7.2: Waves Parts of a wave Crest Trough
Wavelength Amplitude Average Level of Motion Wave movement
Circular, no movement below wave base Wind causes waves Fetch Wind
speed Amount of time wind blows Tsunamis versus wind waves
Slide 11
Slide 12
More About Waves A wave causes a circular motion in the water
as it passes by. Water waves have predictable behaviors.
Slide 13
Wind Causes Waves Most ocean waves are caused by friction
between the wind and the ocean surface. Fetch is the amount of open
water over which wind blows.
Slide 14
What Happens When Waves Meet When waves formed in different
places come together, the waves add to and subtract from each
other.
Slide 15
Tsunamis Compared to Wind Waves A tsunami is a huge wave made
by a large disturbance like an underwater earthquake, landslide, or
volcanic eruption.
Slide 16
Chapter 7: Oceans 7.4: The Ocean Floor Continental Margin
Continental shelf Continental slope Continental rise Deep Ocean
Floor Mid-ocean ridge Seamount Guyot Volcanic island arc Deep-ocean
trench
Slide 17
The Ocean Floor Many of the important features of the oceans
are hidden in deep water. The continental margin is the region
around continents that includes the: continental shelf, continental
slope, and continental rise.
Slide 18
Slide 19
Features of the Ocean Floor Maps can show the location of the
continental shelf (light blue areas). The true ocean floor is
called the abyssal plain. (dark blue) It is flat and smooth because
a thick layer of sediment covers its features.
Slide 20
Slide 21
Bathymetry Scientists measure these great depths using a
technology called echo sounding or sonar. A device on a ship sends
sound waves outward from the bottom of the ship.
Slide 22
Bathymetry Sound waves from the ship echo off the ocean floor.
It takes time for the echo to return to the ship. The longer the
echo time, the deeper the water!
Slide 23
Chapter 10: Inside Earth 10.1: Sensing Earths Interior Seismic
waves, seismologist P-waves versus S-waves S-wave shadow zone
Slide 24
Wave Motion Two type of seismic waves that are important are
primary and secondary waves. P-waves travel faster than S-waves and
move with a forward-and-backward motion. Slower S-waves travel with
a side-to- side motion.
Slide 25
10.1 Wave Motion By studying what happens to the waves on their
path through Earth, scientists are able to make detailed maps of
Earth s interior 1.When S-waves are produced on one side of Earth
due to an earthquake, there is a large area on the other side where
the waves can t be detected. 1.Scientists know that secondary waves
do not pass through liquids. 1.With this fact and these
observations, they realized that the outer core of Earth must be
liquid.
The Crust and the Mantle The lithosphere includes the crust and
a thin part of the mantle. What lies above the lithosphere?
Slide 30
The Crust and Mantle The aesthenosphere lies just under the
lithosphere and is the outermost part of the lower mantle. The
aesthenosphere is a slushy zone of hot rock with a small amount of
melted rock.
Slide 31
The Earth s Interior Why is the inner core solid? The core is
the name for the center of Earth. The outer core is made mostly of
iron, and is so hot the iron is melted. The inner core is also made
mostly of iron, but it is solid.
Slide 32
The Outer Core and Earths Magnetic Field Earth s magnetic field
is created by the motion of liquid iron in Earth s outer core.
Earth s magnetic field protects the planet from harmful radiation
from the Sun.
Slide 33
Layers of Earth Compare and contrast the details of the
different layers of the Earth.
Slide 34
Chapter 10: Inside Earth 10.3: Earths Surface Density
differences of Earths layers Crust floats on the mantle Continental
crust floats higher than oceanic crust because it is less dense
Convection cells Seismic tomography
Slide 35
Ea rth s Materials Sorted by Density Scientists conclude that
Earth formed from the gas and dust that surrounded our young sun.
At first, Earth s surface was made of the same materials as its
center. Later, the materials melted and became fluid. More dense
materials settle toward the center. Less dense materials rose
toward the surface.
Slide 36
Earth s Materials Today aluminum and silicon, which have low
densities, are common in Earths crust. Earths inner and outer cores
are composed mostly of very dense iron.
Slide 37
Earth s Materials The oceanic crust is made mostly of basalt.
The continental crust is made mostly of andesite and granite.
Slide 38
Rocks Float on Rocks! Earth s crust is made of different types
of rock that are less dense than the mantle. It s hard to imagine
rocks floating on other rocks, but this is what happens inside
Earth!
Slide 39
Convection Cells Heating the lower mantle causes the material
to expand. The result is a plume of hot lower mantle material
rising up from near the core toward the lithosphere.
Slide 40
Convection cells Seismic tomography uses seismic waves
collected from all over the world and combined on a computer to
create a 3-D image of Earth s interior. The red blobs in the image
are convection currents of mantle rising toward Earth s surface
from the core.
Slide 41
Chapter 11: Plate Tectonics 11.1: Pangaea Alfred Wegener
Continental Drift Evidence for Pangaea Plate Tectonics
Slide 42
Pangaea Alfred Wegener was a German climatologist and arctic
explorer who suggested the concept of continental drift.
Continental drift is the idea that the continents move around on
Earth s surface.
Slide 43
Movement of Continents Wegener thought that the continents we
know today had once been part of an earlier supercontinent. He
called this great landmass Pangaea.
Slide 44
The surface of Earth is broken into many pieces like a giant
jigsaw puzzle. Plate tectonics describes how these pieces move on
Earth s surface. Movement of Continents
Slide 45
Evidence for Continental Drift Wegener s belief was a
scientific hypothesis based on observations. Continental drift was
not accepted by all scientists because there was no evidence at the
time to explain how continents could move.
Slide 46
Slide 47
11.1 Evidence for Continental Drift Coal beds stretch across
the eastern U.S. and continue across southern Europe. Matching
plant fossils are found in South America, Africa, India, Australia,
and Antarctica. Matching reptile fossils are found in South America
and Africa. Matching early mammal fossils are found in South
America and Africa. Fossils in South America and Africa are found
in rocks of identical age and type. Matching rock types and
mountain belts occur in North America and the British Isles, and
Africa and South America. Evidence of glaciers is present in
regions with warm, dry climates. Continents that are close to the
equator today were once closer to the South Pole in the distant
past.
Slide 48
Slide 49
Chapter 11: Plate Tectonics 11.2: Sea-Floor Spreading Harry
Hess and Marie Tharp (Bathymetry) Mid-ocean ridges Magnetic
reversal patterns Sea-floor spreading How Wegeners hypothesis of
continental drift was shaped into the modern theory of plate
tectonics Oceanic versus continental plates Can a plate have more
than one type of crust on top of it? How convection cells drive the
movement of lithospheric plates Subduction Hot spots and island
chains Hawaiian island formation
Slide 50
Sea Floor Spreading American scientists Harry Hess and Marie
Tharp helped develop the theory of plate tectonics. Hess and Tharp
helped map the ocean floor.
Slide 51
Undersea Mountains Discovered Bathymetric maps showed undersea
mountain chains that formed a continuous chain down the centers of
the ocean floors. Hess (and Tharp) wondered if new ocean floor was
created at these mid-ocean ridges.
Slide 52
Sea Floor Spreading
Slide 53
Development of the Sea floor Spreading Hypothesis The key to
sea-floor spreading was the discovery that there are matching
magnetic patterns in the rocks on either side of the mid-ocean
ridges. Matching magnetic patterns and the age of rocks on either
side of mid-ocean ridges provided strong evidence for sea-floor
spreading.
Slide 54
Slide 55
Types of Lithosphere There are two kinds of lithospheric
plates: oceanic plates and continental plates.
Slide 56
What Drives Lithospheric Plates? Convection cells in Earth s
lower mantle drive the lithospheric plates on the surface. Heated
lower mantle material rises toward Earth s surface.
Slide 57
What Drives Lithospheric Plates? Cooling makes the nearby
material denser and it sinks deeper into the lower mantle. This
sinking process is called subduction.
Slide 58
Hot Spots and Island Chains A single hot rising plume, called a
mantle plume, can cause a volcanic eruption in the plate above it.
If the eruption is strong and lasts long enough, the volcanic
eruption may form an island on the plate.
Slide 59
After the island forms, the movement of the plate carries it
away from the mantle plume. Scientists determine the direction and
speed of plate movement by measuring these island chains. Hot Spots
and Island Chains
Divergent Boundaries Divergent boundaries are found in the
ocean as mid-ocean ridges. A divergent boundary is the line between
two plates where they are moving apart. This type of boundary is
found over the rising plume of a mantle convection cell.
Slide 63
Slide 64
Divergent Boundaries Divergent boundaries can also be found on
continents as rift valleys. When a rift valley forms on land, it
may eventually split the landmass.
Slide 65
Convergent Boundaries When oceanic plates collide, one subducts
under the other. This forms a valley in the ocean floor called a
trench.
Slide 66
Slide 67
Ocean-Ocean Subduction
Slide 68
Convergent Boundaries What happens if an oceanic plate and a
continental plate collide? Which plate would subduct? The oceanic
plate must subduct under the continental plate. A continental plate
is simply too buoyant to subduct under an oceanic plate.
Slide 69
Ocean-Continent Subduction
Slide 70
Mountains and Convergent Boundaries What happens if an oceanic
plate with a continent on it subducts under a continental plate?
The continents cannot be sucked into the trench because their
granite rocks. The two continents collide!
Slide 71
Mountains and Convergent Boundaries Mountain ranges are formed
when continents collide.
Slide 72
Slide 73
Continent-Continent Collision
Slide 74
Transform Fault Boundaries A good clue for locating transform
faults is offsetting. When seen from above, the feature will appear
to make a zig-zag.
