TEST & MEASUREMENT FOR THE NEW TECHNOLOGY · 2019. 7. 17. · vals. With them the AK -710 can double as a system camera. There's also an op-tional remote control unit, as well as

JJLY 1981 $3.00

E390ADCAST MANAGEMENT ENGINEER NG

TEST & MEASUREMENTFOR THE NEW TECHNOLOGY

The big news is performance.The good news is price.

Once again Panasonicmakes headlines with ournewest ENG camera, theAK -710. And the reasonsare simple: High perform-ance Saticon® tubes plusprism optics-all for a news-worthy price of $10,950*

The AK -710's compactsize, light weight and du-rable die-cast chassismake it a natural for elec-tronic newsgathering.While the performance of ahigh -index optical systemwith built-in bias light andthree Saticon tubes makes

it a natural for news broad-casting: Performance likehorizontal resolution of500 lines center, a S/N ratioof 52 dB and standard illu-mination of 200 footcandlesat f/3.5. And for even morelight -gathering capabilities,there's a 2 -position high -gain switch.

You'll also get colors asintense as the action, thanksto the AK -710's automaticwhite balance circuit andbuilt-in color temperatureconversion filter wheel. Andfor minimal comet tailing,

the AK -710's feedbackbeam control stabilizeshighlights that exceednormal white levels with-out reducing dynamicrange or resolution.

Equally newsworthy isthe AK -710's built-in genlockand adjustable horizontaland vertical blanking inter-vals. With them the AK -710can double as a systemcamera. There's also an op-tional remote control unit,as well as a 5" CRT view-finder for studio use.

So if news is what you're

after, go after it with theAK -710. A newsmakingcamera from Panasonic.

For more information aboutthe line of Panasonic broad-cast equipment, call yournearest Panasonic office.Northeast -(201)348-7620Southeast -(404)923-9700Midwest -(312)364-7936Southwest -(214)258-6400West Coast -(213)655-1111

*Manufacturer's sugg. price. (Lens not included.)Saticon is a registered trademark of NHK(Japan Broadcasting Corp.).

Panasonic.VIDEO SYSTEMS DIVISION

Circle 100 on Reader Service Card

CREATIVETECHNOLOGYON CMX

Roger Berk, Jr,President, Creative Technology, Inc.Vice President, Group One Broadcasting, Inc.Akron, Ohio

"We Designed Our System Around The 340X"

"When we at WAKR in Akronmade plans to establish a separateproduction facility, our goal was tobuild an organization that wascommitted to excellence. Ourproximity to Cleveland, Detroit,Pittsburgh, and the other large citiesof the Midwest made our marketarea large and competitive. Wedecided to meet this challenge byoffering a facility that not onlyprovided a competent and creativestaff but the very finest in technicalequipment. We designed our systemaround the 340X.

"It is clearly the finest computer -assisted editor in the world today.And its versatile architecture assuresits place as the leader in future

generations of equipment. WithCMX's versatility we have interfacedeverything from our computer -assisted production switcher, to ourone -inch recorders, computer -assisted audio mixdown system, ourmulti -channel Squeezoom,'" and ourcomputer -based animation andcharacter generation system.

"This high level of interface, withthe CMX 'talking' to the othercomputers in our control roomallows us, with a minimum of multi -generational iterations, to performdazzlingly complex effects involvingup to nine levels of video and up to18 tracks of audio on each frame -accurate edit.

"Here at Creative Technology, we're

saving time and money with ourCMX; but of greater importance itallows us to produce more originaland interesting material at a lowercost per spot than could be achievedusing conventional techniques.Further, CMX always has one eye onthe future, as the system is evolvingand improving constantly. We'veregularly added the latest softwareoptions as they have becomeavailable.

"The 340X is a many -faceted andunparalleled tool. It allows creativityto displace technical drudgery inhigh quality production. We can'twait to get our next one."

TM-Vital Industries

Orrox Corporation, 3303 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 988-2000"Telex 910-338-0554Los Angeles (213) 980-7927 / Chicago (312) 325-8488 / New York (212) 371-1122

cmxonnoNThe World Standard for Editing


!A1TACH

An. 011.1JYT.

Hitachi -5Competition -0

That's the score inone -inch VTR technology.

We've gone the first generation of TYPE C machinesfirc better...to help you get all the potential of one -inch out of your video

installation. Here's what the competition dots,/ 't give you.

1. Retracting Tape GuideRetracts for unequalled ease of threading; repositions with one

micron accuracy for up to two million :hreadings. Provides the reli-ability of a quad thread system in a one -inch format.

2. "PRO" Tape PathThe protective reverse oxide ("PRO") configuration of the tape pathmeans only the video and audio heads touch the oxide surface. Mothertransport mechanisms guide the tape by its reverse side. Result: notice-

ably "educed dropouts; longer tape life.

3. Instant Head ReplacementPre -aligned head design permits easy replace:nent of video heads inthree minutes. No adaptors or jigs; no adjustments required.

4. Audio and Video ConfidenceThe others only let you see what you're taping. We let you see andGear everything being recorded... simulzaneously.

5. Non -contact Tape Shuttle SystemIn shuttle and standby modes, tape rides on a cushion of air. Increases

head and tape life immeasurably. Cuts frictional resistance, yieldingshuttle times of only 80 seconds end to end.

We could go on. With impressive features l:ke microprocessor control;broadcastable slow motion; one -touch shuttle and jog; front access circuit

boards; audio spot erase; and on and on. But why run up the score, when it's alreadyno contest? See the Hitachi HR -200, it's equally impressive portalle HR -100model, and companion TC-200 Time Base Corrector.

Tax guide retract, for threading ease Air drumelin,irates head cont act in shuttle /standby modes

HITACHIHitachi Denshi America, Ltd.

Full audio ani video confidence "PRO" tape path reduces dmpouts

Tomorrow's Technology Today175 Crossways Park West, Woodbury, N.Y. 11797 (516) 92:-7200

New York Chicago Los Ange:es Atlanta Cincinnati Dallas Denver Seattle Washington, D.0Ci-cie 102 on Reader Service Card

TEST & HEAsHREMENTFOR THE NEW TEOHILIMY

As new technology poursonto the market to aidbroadcasters in theirsearch for higher qualityand greater efficiency, newproblems arise. Can main-tenance and performancestandards be maintained?Is the industry trained andequipped to support thenewest equipment? Thisissue takes a look at thesecritical questions. Thanksto Crown Engineering for

Analyzer display used inour cover design.

PublisherCharles C. Lenz, Jr.Editorial DirectorJames A. Lippke

EditorDavid HawthorneManaging EditorJanet E. SmithSenior EditorRobin LanierSenior EditorStephen C. MillerNews EditorEva J. BlinderEditorial AssistantDouglas Damoth

Assistant PublisherDjuna Van VortCreative DirectorGus SauterMarketing Services ManagerChristine BunishProduction ManagerDavid RoseAdvertising ProductionDeborah Foley

ComptrollerSteven AbromowitzFCC CounselLovett, Ford,Hennessey, Stambler & Siebert, P.C.

111111EBROADCAST MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING

JULY 1981/VOLUME 17/NUMBER 7

10 Broadcast Industry NewsFirst LPTV application granted; Hubbard joins DBS race as comments reach FCC; AT&TTV rate increases suspended

23 Radio Programming & Production For ProfitProgrammers at NAB

25 Television Programming & Production For ProfitEntertainment Tonight: access from heaven

29 Test And Measurement In The Digital Age

29 Radio Testing: Some Ground Rules For The New GameRadio engineers need fresh skills and up-to-date test equipment

37 Test And Measurement In The Transition PlantThe mixture of analog and digital creates a whole new set of problems

43 Test And Measurement: A Look At What Lies AheadBroadcasters must keep up with increasing complexity

51 NAB Show -In -Print

51 T&M 1981: Keeping Pace In A Tight RaceMaintenance gear is running hard to keep up with sophisticated equipment

61 Broadcast Vehicles: Getting There Is Half The FunDedication to quality was the unifying theme

69 STV: A Business With Clouds Has A "Golden Lining"The problems are there, but they're manageable

75 Speak Out"It's time to get ready for digital television," says Preban Hejberg

77 FCC Rules & RegulationsCourt orders FCC to review site changes

83 Great Idea ContestWin a calculator - enter the Great Idea Contest!

89 Broadcast EquipmentThis month's survey of new products highlights test and measurement gear

BROADBAND INFORMATION SERVICES, INC.295 Madison Ave.. New York. N.Y. 10017. 212-685-5320. Telex: 644-001Publishers: BM/E-Broadcast Management Engineering

BM/E's World Broadcast News

1.(ABPBM E BROADCAST MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING (ISSN 0005-3201) is published monthly by Broad-

WBPArddresInsteodrmtaoti2o9n5SrviravdiciesosnInLeAll Nneowticeysorertk. rVin180T7unBtiEveirsabcIrrcr,r,Itle<ciir wsiZsuctripctoanrgseshtooutlhdobsee

responsible for station operation and for specifying and authorizing the purchase of equipment used in broadcast facilitiesin the U.S. and Canada. These facilities include AM. FM and TV broadcast stations, CATV systems. ETV stations,networks and studios. audio and video recording studios consultants. etc. Subscription prices to others $24.00 one year.$36.00 two years. Foreign $30.00 one year. $48.00 two years. Air Mail rates on request. Copyright 1981 by BroadbandInformation Services. Inc.. New York City. Second class postage paid N.Y.. N.Y. and additional mailing offices.

6 BM E JULY. 1981

I much cleaner on the air I

csg_ prilL411 ovaiiva

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More than 100 GVGTM 1600-4S Master Controlswitchers, many with M200 modular AutomationSystems, are giving broadcasters worldwide thatsought-after better on -air look. Letter after letterpraises system reliability, ease of operation, andsmoothness of the 1600-4S/M200 combination.

One writer states, "-on -air discrepancies havealmost been totally eliminated". Echoes another,about his station's M203 system "-it virtuallyeliminated operator switching errors".

gioft.

"6, lir

The bottom line? One engineering managerinformed GVG their M205 system "-makes uslook like our best operator is switching 24 hoursa day, every day!" "We look much cleaner on theair-" reports a 1600-4S enthusiast, and an M203user stated, "-the on -air look became smootherand more professional".

You can see the GVG 1600-4S and M200systems in action at a station near you.

Or contact your GVG representative.

THE GRASS VALLEY GROUP, INC.P.O. BOX 1114 GRASS VALLEY CALIFORNIA 95945 USA TEL: (916) 273-8421 TWX: 910-530-8280

A TEKTRONIX COMPANY

Offices: WEST; 21243 Ventura Blvd Ste 206, Woodland Hills, CA 91364 (213) 999-2303 SOU I IITAST; 1644 Tullie Cir NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 (404) 321-4318 NORTHCENTRAL; 810 W Bristol St, Elkhart, IN 46514 (219) 264-0931 NEW ENGLAND & MID ATI, 1% TIC; Station Plaza East, Great Neck, NY 11021 (516) 487-1311 SOUTH-WEST; Seminary South Office Building Ste 316, Fort Worth, TX 76115. (817) 921-9411 MID WI T. 3585 N Lexington Ave Ste 238, Arden Hills,MN 55112 (612) 483-2594


"YOU CAN'T RUN A 24'WHEN YOUR EQUIPMENT IS

HOUR NEWS NETWORKTHE FAST -BREAKING STORY"

Jim Kitchell, CABLE NEWS NETWORK

"I chose Sony for its advanced tech-nology, but also because I knew I couldget maximum performance out of it,"says Jim Kitchell, Senior Vice Presidentof Operations and Production for CableNews Network.

CNN has its headquarters in Atlan-ta, with bureaus in major cities in theU.S. and abroad. All bureaus have Sonyequipment. In fact, CNN owns about53 BVU-200A editing recorders, 17 BVE-500A editing consoles, and 28 BVU-110field recorders.

"Our 200A's and 500A1 get a realworkout in the studio," says Kitchell."Werun them 24 hours a day, week afterweek. And they're trouble -free. Occasion-ally we send 200Ms out on the road,and they take even more of a beating,knocking around in the back of a truckfor hundreds of miles. But we haven'thad any problems.

"As for the field recorders, the 110's,Sony equipped them with more func-tions at a lighter weight than anythingpreviously available.They're the main-stay of our ENG operations.

"Another thing I like about Sony isthat the equipment is operator -oriented.Easy to use without a lot of super -tech-nical know-how.

"Sony's U-matic technology is stateof the art.That's because the companyresponds rapidly to the needs of broad-casters. When I have an idea on howto develop the equipment further, I talkto Sony. And Sony listens.That's goodnews in our business."

Of course, Sony makes a full lineof 3/4" and 1" broadcast equipment, in-cluding cameras, recorders, editors, andthe BVT-2000 digital time base corrector.

For more information, write SonyBroadcast, 9 West 57th Street, New York,N.Y. 10019. Or call us in New York at(212) 371-5800; in Chicago, (312) 792-3600; or in Los Angeles, (213) 537-4300.

SONY.Broadcast

Sony and U-matic are registered trademarks of Sony Corp.


BROADCAST INDUSTRY

.3111EIVIIVSFirst LPTV ApplicationGranted By FCCJohn W. Boler, a veteran broadcaster,has been granted the first applicationunder the FCC's low power televisionproceeding. Boler's plan calls for atranslator station in Bemidji, Minn.,that would present local news, publicaffairs, and STV in addition to the sig-nal of an independent TV station, to bebrought in by satellite. The action camein mid -May, after the Commission hadcalled a halt to the flood of LPTV appli-cations that had inundated it (see BM IE ,

June, 1981).

Meanwhile, NAB has petitioned theFCC to exempt translator applicationsfrom the LPTV freeze, calling the in-clusion "without rhyme or reason."There is "no question" but that trans-lator service is in the public interest,NAB contended, adding that since theFCC staff is familiar with the process-ing procedures, little extra time wouldbe required.

Hubbard Joins DBS RaceAs Comments Reach FCCGroup owner Hubbard Broadcasting,Inc., became the third entrant early in

"Trimulcasting" Succeeds In Little Rock

News anchors Angie Goshen (center) and Renee Cordell deliver their report asmorning man Bruce Kramer looks on.

An AM/FM combo in Little Rock, Ark.,has teamed up with the local cablecompany for what they believe is thefirst "trimulcasting" experiment any-where.

KAAY-AM and KLPQ-FM are nowbroadcasting their morning radio pro-gram, Good Morning, Little Rock, overthe facilities of Riverside Cable. Theradio stations' morning personality,Bruce Kramer, shares the spot withnews co-anchors Angie Goshen andRenee Cordell Monday throughSaturday mornings from 6:00 to 10:00.The program originates from thestudios of Riverside Cable in down-town Little Rock.

Phillip T. Zeni, vice president andgeneral manager for KAAY/KLPQ,waxed eloquent about the success ofthe experiment, which debuted May25. Interviewed only a week after theprogram's startup date, Zeni said thestations had already received "veryexciting inquiries" from national aswell as local advertisers, and that re-sponses from listeners and viewers

were equally enthusiastic."We're learning new things every

day that can be done in terms of videoenhancement of audio," Zeni ex-plained. For example, the producerspositioned -an extra live camera out thewindow on a recent rainy day, showinga shot of wet downtown Little Rockwhile the weather reporter was su-pered up in the corner. Another of thestations' standard morning items hasalso benefited from video. The DJ fre-quently plays a trio of songs salutingthe high school class of a particularyear; while the songs are playing, thevideo shows a nine -minute segment ofshots taken from that year's highschool yearbook.

Zeni said the crew was always com-ing up with new ideas -"We're limitedonly by our imagination." The cablesystem, he said, is adding an averageof 150 homes a day and expects tohave 70,000 homes wired by nextspring. A possible linkup with anothercable system in the area is being in-vestigated.

May in the DBS sweepstakes with itsproposal for an interim DBS service.Hubbard's plan differs from those of-fered by Comsat subsidiary SatelliteTelevision Corp. and DBS Corp. in thatit calls for large involvement on the partof local independent television stations.

Viewers could receive the signals di-rectly through their own satellite dishesor through local broadcasters usingconventional transmission. One broad-caster per market could join the system,and Hubbard would pay indies for theirprogramming. Shows would beadvertiser -supported, following NABad guidelines. Viewers would thereforebe able to receive programs at nocharge, in marked contrast to STC'spay-DBS plan, which Hubbard predictscould kill "free, over -the -air" TV.Hubbard called his system "the firstnational broadcast system fully availa-ble to all Americans."

DBS Corp.'s recent interim proposal(BM/E, June, 1981) would also makeits offerings free to viewers, with thecosts borne by programmers distribut-ing their product over the commoncarrier -type service.

Meanwhile, comments are flowinginto the FCC on the DBS proposal. Anumber of educational broadcasters,including the CPB, have commentedthat they see DBS as a potential threat topublic TV licensees, draining off publicstations' local funding. Terrestrial mi-crowave users (as mentioned lastmonth) are concerned over the possibil-ity of having to vacate the 12 GHzband. Both Sony Corp. and NBC stres-sed the need for standardization of DBSequipment to allow consumers to pullprograms in from any DBS bird withthe same dish. NBC noted that suchcompatibility would ease market entryfor DBS latecomers. Sony also urgedreservation of the DBS frequencies forHDTV and digital audio.

AT&T TV Rate IncreasesSuspended By FCCProtests from networks, TV stationlicensees, and program suppliers evi-dently were heeded at the FCC late inMay. At that time, the Commission or-dered a five -month suspension of pro-posed rate increases by AT&T for itsterrestrial private line television trans-mission services, relied upon heavilyby broadcasters.

Filing petitions to suspend or reject

10 BM/E JULY, 1981

Af:V! m ST Series II

High marks in everythingThe ratings are in on our ST Series AM/FM Broadcast Consoles-and

they're number one. They rate high for versatility, reliabilityand overall excellence.

But we know that even the finest products can be made better-that's whywe've introduced the new ST Series II. These new consoles incorporate

even more features to insure greater capability and performance.The new ST consoles offer a series of modular frames that can be equipped

to meet your specific needs. A wide range of input, output and signalprocessing modules is available to cover your present requirements and

provide for future expansion.At ADM we're never content to stand still-the new ST Series II consoles

are impressive proof of that. We're so confident of their excellence thatthey're backed by an exclusive 5 -year warranty.

Contact us now! ADM Technology, Inc.-The Audio Company -16005 Sturgeon, Roseville, Michigan 48066. Phone (313) 778-8400.

TLX 23-1114. West Central Sales Representative,Gordon Peters. Phone (817) 467-2990. West Coast

Sales Office, (415) 664-2400.

News

the tariff revisions were INTV; ABC,NBC, and CBS; Educational Broad-casting Corp., licensee of educationalWNET-TV, Newark, N.J.; HughesTelevision Network (HTN); and WoldCommunications. Also filing againstthe rate hikes were ITT World Com-munications, which sought rejection,ITNA, and CNN.

The petitions cited the enormous rate

increases they said would result fromthe tariff revisions, with independentprogrammers claiming that broadcast-ers could be forced to lower the amountof live news, sports, and entertainmentthey offer. The nets, for example, saidthat annual rate increases under the newtariff would approach $5 million; CNNsaid its rates would jump from $1.1million to $1.5 million.

The Commission cited as a primaryreason for its action AT&T's lack ofjustification for the difference in rate

Another Reason Why MATRIX isthe Leader in Coax Switching Systems.

MATRIX will build and rest yourcomplete switching system from standardcomponents. And save you time andmoney in the process.

There's no need to spend weeksdesigning a custom system when all youneed is a combination of standard MATRIXswitching modules. MATRIX accepts totalsystems responsibility, including computercompatibility, control panel, statusindicators, scanning functions, and powersupplies - everything, right through finalsignal routing.

00000000 00MATRIXSYSTEMS CORPORATION

Remember, too, MATRIX con switchany type of cable system - coax, twinax,triax, common ground, floating ground,etc. MATRIX modules do the job ielioblyand efficiently, using dependable,hermetically sealed reed relays withswitching speeds of one millisecond!

So simplify your next custom switchingrequirement. Just tell us what goes in andwhat goes out. We'll take it from there.You'll soon see why specials hove becomeour specialty

Phone or write for details.

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scales between part-time and full-timeuse. Full-time services are used almostexclusively by the television networks,with non -network customers relyingalmost entirely on part-time service.

In a related action, the FCC first ap-proved, then suspended AT&T's over-all rate increase of 16.4 percent. Theincreases, which had originally beengranted without the usual 90 -day noticeperiod, involved MTS, WATS, andprivate line services. In defering theeffective date of the increases, theCommon Carrier Bureau indicated that"several serious problem areas" in theproposals "require additional informa-tion from AT&T and further analysis byCommission staff." The concerns in-cluded several technical flaws in thefilings and a question as to whetherproposed rate decreases for interna-tional calls would sufficiently offsetlarge increases in other areas. Increasesin private line rates, other than televi-sion transmission services, were al-lowed to stand.

FCC Rejects RCASatellite Rate RisesProposed rate increases by RCAAmericom were rejected late in May bythe FCC, which found them "unjustand unreasonable. " The tariff revisionshad been requested to take effect lastDecember, but instead were suspendedfor five months while the FCC investi-gated them.

The proposals would have, amongother things, reduced the term of ser-vice for subscribers, eliminated one-year and part-time daily service, elimi-nated the unprotected and preemptiblegrade services, increased RCA's ratesand rate of return, and substantiallylengthened the renewal notice periods.

The Commission ruled that the re-duction of length of service was unjus-tified and unlawful. RCA filed addi-tional revisions to its tariffs in Marchthat would restore the unprotected andpreemptible service grades, renderingmoot the Commission's objections tothose changes.

Fowler Sworn InAs FCC ChairmanFormer broadcaster Mark S. Fowlertook office as chairman of the FederalCommunications Commission May 18,five days after his appointment wasconfirmed by the Senate. Informationabout a malpractice suit against Fow-ler 's law firm, Fowler & Meyers,reached the Senate earlier in the monthand precipitated a delay in the confir-mation by Democrats. The "chal-lenge" was short-lived, however, andFowler faced little opposition to assum-ing his new role as nineteenth FCCchairman.

At his appointment, Fowler outlined

12 BM/E JULY, 1981

Harris' new TC-85 upstages allother automatic cameras with...

THE 45 -SECONDMULTI -CAMERASETUP

In less time than astandard commercialbreak, Harris' new autosetup computers cansimultaneously run a pre-production setup of allthe TC-85 cameras in yourstudio.

With independent microcomputersin each camera, fine registration,black balance, white balance,gamma and flare are automaticallychecked and adjusted in allcameras-in less than 45 sec-onds! Full computer setup from anew tube installation is also ac-complished quickly.

The independent microcomputerconcept-a Harris exclusive-eliminates camera interdepend-ence and enhances reliability.

The ASU-85 computer setupsystem is standard in the new TC-85 camera. It can also be added, at

---11r11%,

a surprisingly low cost, to all exist-ing TC-80 series cameras in thefield, and is fully compatible withthe Harris Triax system. You canteach your older cameras newtricks!

Compare the cost. The TC-85camera with full computer setup ispriced well below competitivemodels.

Contact Harris Corporation,Broadcast Products Division, P.O.Box 4290, Quincy, Illinois 62301.217/222-8200.

HARRISCOMMUNICATION ANDINFORIVIATION PROCESSING


News

five objectives for his tenure as chair-man: the creation of "an unregulated,competitive marketplace environ-ment" for telecommunications; elimi-nation of "unnecessary regulations andpolicies;" "efficient, expeditious"service to the public; promotion of thecoordination and planning of "internalcommunications which assures the vitalinterests of the American public incommerce, defense, and foreign pol-icy"; and elimination of governmentinfringement on freedom of speech andthe press.

In addition, the new chairman an-nounced several key FCC appoint-ments. Gary M. Epstein assumed hisduties as chief of the Common CarrierBureau July 1; Epstein was a communi-cations law specialist with Arent, Fox,Kintner, Plotkin and Kahn ofWashington, D.C. Peter K. Pitsch wasnamed chief of the Office of Plans andPolicy, and Stephen A. Sharp was ap-pointed general counsel for the FCC.William A. Johnson was designatedacting chief of the Cable TelevisionBureau. It is expected that Richard Shi-ben will remain as head of the Broad-cast Bureau.

Ascertainment ExemptionUpheld for Small MarketsThe FCC has moved to continue toexempt commercial TV stations insmall communities in non -metropolitanareas from formal ascertainment re-quirements. The exemption, begun in1976 as a three-year experiment, hasbeen granted formal status; it applies tostations serving communities of 10,000persons or less and not located within aStandard Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The Commission noted in its deci-sion that it had received petitions todeny against the ascertainment -exemptTV stations at a rate less than half thatof non-exempt stations. CommissionerWashburn filed a separate statementconcurring with the action, but urgingconsideration of a similar exemptionfor noncommercial radio and televisionbroadcasters. (Commercial radio sta-tions were freed from ascertainment re-quirements by the radio deregulationproceeding.)

"Noncommercial broadcasterswhose operations rely in part on shrink-ing federal dollars should not be left tobear the additional costs of formal as-certainment," Washburn wrote, "if therecord shows that methods which theytailor to their own particular com-munities are a reasonable alternative. "

Broadcasters, Cable FaceOff In Copyright HearingsHearings on a House of Representatives

CATV copyright bill have pitted broad-casters against their cable competitors.The bill, sponsored by HouseCopyright Subcommittee chairmanRobert W. Kastenmeier (D-Wisc.),would grant CATV operators compul-sory license for only a limited numberof distant signals - significantly rais-ing copyright fees for cable operators.Systems serving fewer than 5000 sub-scribers would be exempt fromcopyright liability. Distant signal car-riage rules would be reinstated.

An alternative bill, introduced byRep. Frank of Massachussetts, wouldend compulsory licensing in January,1983 and exempt "standalone" sys-tems with fewer than 2500 subscribersfrom copyright liability.

Opponents of compulsory licensingheld forth at the first of the hearings,with NAB's Vincent Wasilewski,MPAA president Jack Valenti, andbaseball commissioner Bowie Kuhnarguing against the special treatmentfor cable. Both Wasilewski and Valenti

ComsearchWillCleartheWay

with cur w de spectrum of com-nunicctions engineering services:

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RFI -neasute-nents Terrestr al 'requency planning (for

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,3M E JULY 1981 15

News

urged complete elimination of the com-pulsory license, and Wasilewski spokestrongly in favor of required carriage oflocal signals.

Kuhn called cable's retransmissionof distant sports signals a threat to localteams, saying that if the trend is notreversed, "a significant decrease" inlive sports broadcasts could result.

Cable's turn came the following

week, with representatives of cablecas-ters calling for retention of the statusquo. Many of their arguments werecriticized by the representatives, whoappeared to be leaning toward in-creased copyright fees for cablers. Thebroadcasters' push for local signalmust -carry rules seemed to have littlesupport, however; Rep. Sawyer, forexample, opined that "if the signalswere of such value, broadcasters couldat some price induce cable to carrythem." One argument used against the

Case History #437

Electronic News Electro-VoiceGathering is one ofthe toughestenvironments amicrophone willever encounter.Every mike we'veseen has com-

Shock-MountedOmnidirectional

Microphonepromised the demand for low handlingnoise, fine audio quality and virtualindestructibility.

Credit the NBC Electronic JournalismDepartment/Operations and En-gineering in New York for putting theElectro-Voice D056 shock -mountedomni in the field. Although originallydesigned as an on -camera enter-tainment and MC's microphone. NBCfound the D056 to be the micro-phone that provides an audio signalcommensurate with video in real -lifecrisis situations. In these situationsaudio often takes a back seat to video,

resulting in a finalproduct that doesn'taccurately reflectthe broadcaster'sprofessional stan-dards. NBC dis-covered that theD056 takes the

pushes, the shoves, the rubs andfinger taps in stride. And whenhandling really gets rough, the D056'sunique internal shock mount virtuallyeliminates the bell -like clang trans-mitted by other shock -mounted mikes.

Congratulations to the NBC ElectronicJournalism Department in New York.You found the solution-the D056.

For an in-depth description of thisand other case histories, get on theElectro-Voice"Mike Facts" mailinglist. Write on your letterhead toMike Facts, c/o Electro-Voice,600 Cecil Street, Buchanan, MI 49107.


must -carry rules was that viewers couldobtain a switch enabling them to re-ceive over -the -air signals instead of ca-ble; broadcasters pointed out that fewviewers knew about or possessed suchswitches. A third cable copyright hear-ing was scheduled for June 17, afterBM 1E' s press date.

RCA Announces PlansTo Enter Pay Cable FieldRCA, parent corporation of the NBCnetwork, surprised the net's affiliates attheir May convention with its an-nouncement that it was acquiring a 50percent interest in RCTV, the pay cableventure of Rockefeller Center, Inc. (seeBroadcast Industry News, February,1981). RCTV will base much of itsentertainment fare around the pro-gramming of the BBC, which has in thepast been very successful for PBS.

NBC affiliates were reportedly un-happy with the announcement, fearingit might presage the sale by RCA of thenet, ranked number three in a field ofthree. RCA's new chairman, ThorntonBradshaw (who took office July 1, afterthe convention), called the rumors of asale "hogwash," saying that RCA wasstrongly committed to the network.Even so, few affiliates seemed to wel-come the idea of their parent companysupporting RCTV, which would be anatural competitor for them.

Both of the other TV networks havealready announced moves into cabletelevision. A recent restructuring ofABC's television division has movedFrederick S. Pierce, executive VP ofABC, Inc. , and until now president ofABC Television, into a new position inwhich he will work at developingABC's cable interests. John Severinowill step up to fill the presidency ofABC Television.

Teletext Standard CloserAfter Toronto MeetingMay's Videotex '81 conference in To-ronto made the major suppliers of tele-text and videotex equipment to NorthAmerica seem like one big happy fam-ily. AT&T pulled the wraps from itsown new videotex plan, about which ithad maintained much secrecy. Thestandard is compatible with both Teli-don (Canada) and Antiope (France), thetwo systems that have gained most ac-ceptance in the U.S. up to now.Graphics are even higher in quality thanTelidon's - which can be upgraded tothe AT&T level at minimal cost, ac-cording to David Carlisle, president ofInfomart.

Telon and Antiope got another boostbefore the conference when RCA an-nounced its support for a teletext stan-dard with asynchronous transmission,such as the Canadian and French sys-

16 BM E JULY 1981

VICTOR DUNCANVIDEO

For more than 20 years, the Victor Dun-can 'check and double check' symbolhas assured producers that the equip-ment they needed was as clean and me-chanically perfect as skilled technicianscould make it. Every camera package,each light, even the smallest piece ofproduction gear has been carefullychecked, not once - but twice; before itever leaves our office.

Nildoublecheck

The Standard for Electronic ProductionEquipment

This attention to detail begins with acomprehensive physical inspection.Each mechanical function of our videocameras is carefully checked. Housingscrews are tightened, lens functions are

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VICTOR DUNCAN, INC.c Copyright 1980, Victor Duncan, Inc.

verified. The camera is mechanicallyand electrically registered. The whiteand black balance is adjusted. Colori-metry is double checked. The signal tonoise level is carefully monitored.

Each Video recorder is also subjectedto the same physical inspections, in-cluding the signal to noise levels. Theinterchange of tapes from deck to deckis carefully checked.

And then a second check is made ofthe complete system as a unit; camera,recorder, switchers and accessories.These same careful steps are used oneach piece of equipment ordered.Switchers, monitors, CCU's, all are putthrough the same detailed electronictests before they ever leave ourdepartment.

These double check procedures in-sure flawless performance in the field,and guard against costly production tie-ups. "Check and double check" at Vic-tor Duncan Video.

Film & Video Production Equipment

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News

tems employ. RCA's Albert PSCA-TORE (division vice president, busi-ness planning) told BMIE that his com-pany considered asynchronous systemspotentially more rugged and thereforebetter suited to U.S. conditions thansynchronous systems, such as thatbacked by the British.

This leaves the British - first to beon line with a working system - the

only "incompatibles" in the picture.That situation is not expected to last forlong, however; British representativesat the conference said they'd soon bemarketing compatible equipment inNorth America.

Spanish Newscast GoesNational On WestarThe first daily, national Spanish -language newscast made its maidenvoyage June 1, with Wold Communica-

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tions handling the satellite transmis-sions for Spanish International Net-work. About 95 SIN affiliates willbring the show into almost three millionHispanic homes.

Wold's role involves sending thesignal by microwave from itsWHMM-TV (Howard University)origination site to the Wold uplink atFairfax, Va. From there, the programtravels to Westar I, which beams it toSIN's center of network operations atKWEX-TV, San Antonio. SIN then re-transmits the feed to its affiliates via itsown uplink and satellite facilities.

The program involves national aswell as international news, with a focuson issues of special interest to the U.S.Hispanic community.

News Briefs

Ohio State University's WOSU-AM/FM/TV will present a BroadcastEngineers Seminar at the universityJuly 15 and 16. For information, con-tact John Battison, Director of En-gineering, WOSU-AM/FM/TV, 2400Olentangy River Road, Columbus,Ohio 43210, (614) 422-9678 . . . .

NRBA has shifted the site of its1981 convention to the FontainbleauHilton in Miami Beach. The meetingwill take place September 13 to 16, aweek earlier than originally planned. . . . IEEE's thirty-first annualBroadcast Symposium will convene atthe Hotel Washington, Washington,D.C., September 17 and 18 . . . .

SMPTE has chosen the program chair-men for its Los Angeles conference,set for the Century Plaza Hotel October25 through 30 . . . . The Western Edu-cational Society for Telecommuni-cations has scheduled its eleventh an-nual conference for October 13through 15 at Harrah's, Reno, Nevada.Southern New Jersey got a major newtelevision outlet last month whenWRBV-TV, Ch. 65, opened its Vine-land facilities. The new station islicensed to Renaissance BroadcastingCorp. . . . Jacksonville, Fla. life in-surance company Gulf United will pur-chase Gene Autry's 48 percent interestin KOOL-FM/TV, Phoenix. Purchaseprice is a reported $35 million.

Cable News Network has filed anambitious suit against ABC, CBS, andNBC, charging them with antitrustlaw violations. CNN says the nets'practice of "pooling" news coveragehas interfered with its attempts to covernational news. Also named in the suitare President Reagan, White Housechief of staff James A. Baker, and dep-uty press secretary Larry Speaks, foralleged violation of CNN's right toequal access to Presidential activitiesand White House events. . . . The sec-ond of a planned 12 Intelsat V satel-

18 BM/E JULY, 1981

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News Briefs

liter was launched from Cape Canav-eral in May. The series will providesatellite communications in the AtlanticOcean region . . . . A new GOESweather watch satellite, constructedby Hughes Aircraft Co.'s Space andCommunications Group, went intoorbit in May. It is also second in itsline; the third is scheduled for launchnext year.

FCC data for 1980, recently re-leased, show that revenues for theeight radio networks - CBS, MBS(two nets), NBC, and ABC (three AMand one FM) - and 35 network O&Ostations rose by just over 16 percent.Profits, however, fell a dramatic 26percent, reflecting large increases inoperating expenses. . . . Frank Wash-ington has resigned his post as deputychief of the Broadcast Bureau to be-come vice president of Times-MirrorCable Co., Irvine, Calif. . . . The

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Commission is considering a requestfrom RKO General for remand of theappeal of the FCC's RKO decision.

Classical Radio for Connecticut,Inc., has asked an appellate court toreview the FCC's January deregula-tion of commercial radio. Three otherpetitioners, Henry Geller, the CitizensCommunications Center, and the Na-tional Black Media Coalition, have re-ceived the support of the NAB in theirrequest for clarification of the deregula-tion action. . . . Vincent Wasilewskihas announced new members toNAB's Radio and TV Code Boards.New Radio Board members include Ar-thur W. Carlson, Susquehanna Broad-casting Co.; Ramsey G. Elliott,McClatchy; David C. Fuellhart,WPOC, Baltimore; Charles R. San-ford, WGAN-AM/FM, Portland Me.;and William Dudley Waller, KEBE/KOOI, Jacksonville, Texas. Philip T.Kelly was named radio chairman. Join-ing the TV Board were Carl E. Lee,Fetzer Broadcasting Co., and John J.McCrory, Times Mirror Broadcasting.The new TV chairman is ClaytonBrace.

NAB has strongly criticized the FCCfor its continued support of 9 kHz AMspacing, urging the Commission todefer a decision until mid -July. . . .

Radio Code Board chairman PhilipKelly told the board that self -regulation was becoming increasinglyimportant for radio stations as deregula-tion plans progressed in the FCC andCongress. . . . NAB's ExecutiveCommittee has voted unanimously tourge the FCC to give high priority toresolution of the AM stereo quagmire. . . If Congress is to allow collectionof fees by the FCC, it must set "spe-cific and firm safeguards," VincentWasilewski told the House Communi-cations Subcommittee in May.

Walter Cronkite will receive the1981 Paul White Memorial Award atSeptember's RTNDA Conference inNew Orleans . . . . Phil Donahue hasreceived the George Foster PeabodyBroadcasting Award "for sensitive,probing interviews on issues relevant totoday's society. ". . . . PBS and itsmember stations were honored with aspecial award from Action for Chil-dren's Television (ACT) May 12.Other winners of ACT awards includedChildren's Television International,Falls Church, Va.; Children's Televi-sion Workshop; KQED-TV, San Fran-cisco; NBC; KDKA-TV, Pittsburgh;KGO-TV, San Francisco; WCVB-TV, Boston; WFTV, Orlando;WLBT-TV, Jackson, Miss.; and WLSRadio, Chicago.

WTOP Radio, Washington, D4C.,has been awarded the 1981 Maryland -Delaware -District of Columbia UPIBroadcasters Assn. award for best spotnews coverage.

20 BM/E JULY, 1981

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You can depend on our state-of-the-art magnetic oxide formulas that canhandle every signal with plenty of head-room to spare. And because of specialcalendering techniques, our tape finishis mirror -smooth, virtually eliminatingdropouts.

The advantages of Maxell audiocassettes and professional open reelproductdon'tend with our superior tape.Our cassette shells and take-up reels aremanufactured to tolerances far exceed-ing industry standards. They silently anddependably transport the tape withoutstretching, jamming or breaking. Notonly do you get a more faithfully repro-duced signal with Maxell tape, you get tokeep it longer, thanks to our advancedbinder and mixing techniques. There aremany other advantages to using Maxell.To dscover more about Maxell's supe-rior products, call one of our RegionalSales Offices: Eastern Office, Moona-chie, NJ (201) 440-8020 MidwesternOffice, Glenellyn, IL (312) 469-3615 Western Office, Los Gatos, CA (408)395-1998

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Programmers At NABTHE TURNOUT of programmers at NAB'81 brought about 25 to the exhibitfloor, a respectable showing but wellbelow the number at the most recentNRBA Convention. Those who cameto the NAB liked the show, almostunanimously.

At least four were new to the NAB.Emil Ascher of New York maintains alarge background music library. Anypart of it is sold in disc form to radioprogrammers, who thenceforth pay aperformance fee for most of the musicitems. The House of Music is a newsyndicator from Irvine, Calif., with anew format it calls a "True MOR."This is a mixture of Beautiful Music,"softrock vocals, gentle jazz, selectedoldies, and light country." Network isanother background music library,operating much like Emil Ascher -music on discs, with fees paid for per-formances. Sacred Sounds is a syndi-cator of 100 percent religious music. Itsheadquarters is Riverside, Calif.

Reports from most of the syndicatorson the floor pictured the industry as in aperiod of fine expansion, with the old-line syndicators almost universally en-gaged in fresh creativity, new programswith exciting rationales. Drake-Chenault described its new Weekly TopThirty, a weekly three-hour show basedon the week's hit music and put to-gether with strong attention to a fastpace. CaVox had full information onCaVox Country, aimed to meet the de-mand for an inexpensive country for-mat with high standards. Subscribersstart with a library of 600 country selec-tions on tapes and get 60 new selectionsevery month. Live Sound added Coun-try Beautiful to its long -running BigCountry. The new format is for stationsoperated live and starts with an initiallibrary of 1700 "Gold Songs" on101/2 -inch reels. The library is con-stantly reviewed to keep it fresh.

Sound Communications is the newname of an enlarged Automated Music,of Nederland, Texas. The firm is ex-panding its programming with a libraryof The Inspirational Sound, 30 reelssold for a total of $300 (or on a partpayment plan). William B. Tanner de-scribed a number of special programs,series covering weekly or daily shortsof great topical interest.

Bonneville was touting its manage-

ment plan, described previously in thismagazine, which is winning sub-scribers every day. Concept Produc-tions touted its synthesizer system thatallow's the separate voice track, madefor each client, to sound like the localstation personnel on the job. Thomas J.Valentino of New York brought excel-lent material about its very large soundeffects and background music library.

Each of the syndicators in the fore-

going described a full supply shelf offormats, many of them formats thathave been strong on the radio programmarket for a number of years.

Also giving evidence of success witha full range of different formats wereTM, the Music Works, Broadcast Pro-gramming International, KalaMusic,Peters Productions (see BM/E, Febru-ary), and Jam Productions (with jinglesand promotion packages). BM/E

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Entertainment Tonight: Access From HeavenTHE INTRODUCTION of any new syndi-cated program is usually ballyhooed tothe skies. Most of the flag-waving tendsto be, charitably speaking, hyperbole.Entertainment Tonight, ParamountTelevision's new prime time accessshow, is being introduced with theusual bells and whistles, but in this casethey may be deserved.

Entertainment Tonight is the firstoriginal syndicated show to be deliv-ered entirely by satellite. And the fall-out from the distribution system thatwill be set up may have a powerfulimpact on how all shows are deliveredin the future.

Before that claim is defended, justwhat is Entertainment Tonight? It isnot, as the title might indicate, a talk/variety show with singers, dancers andthe inevitable couch. EntertainmentTonight is a news show that deals withshow business.

The show will be formatted in thesame style as a normal news broadcast,but its subject matter will be entirelyshow business -related information. Itwill have the standard look, with regu-lar anchors and correspondents filing -,a11116, S.

.04 .

reports from the field. There will be wPxi, Pittsburgh is one of the stations where Microdyne is doing site surveys before thesegments comparable to such familiar installation of the downlink to receive Entertainment Tonightnews topics as consumer items and spe-cial reports. On Entertainment Tonight,however, the segments will deal withgossip and personalities.

Some well-known entertainment re-porters are signed up to do the show.Nationally syndicated columnist RexReed will handle theater and movie re-views; Robin Leach of The Star willprovide occasional pieces on per-sonalities; and Rick Dubrow of the LosAngeles Herald Examiner will com-ment on television. The three anchors,Tom Hallick, Marjorie Wallace, andMario Machado, will be based in LosAngeles.

In addition to the anchors and thecontributing reporters like Reed andLeach, there will be a number of reportsculled from both staff reporters andfrom reporters working at the variousstations that have purchased the show.At last count, over 100 stations hadsigned up for Entertainment Tonight.

There will be 12 reporters workingon Entertainment Tonight out ofbureaus in Los Angeles, Las Vegas (in-cluding Lake Tahoe and Reno), andNew York. The support staff (exclud-

The anchors for Enter-tainment Tonight (left toright) Mario Machado,Marjorie Wallace andTom Hallick will broad-cast from Los Angeleswith reports from aroundthe country

BM/E JULY, 1981 25

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Most major' manufacturers ofvideo cameras install Tiffen filtersas original equipment in the filterwheel behind the lens.Most major TV stations and studiosuse Tiffen filters in front of the lens.

Why? Because cameras are onlyas good as their componentsWhen quality components are requiredTiffen filters meet all the requirements.They're rugged, reliable, precision -made. And the performance isalways outstanding.Superior technology and qualitycraftsmanship combine to makeTiffen filters the industry's first choice.

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The frequency coordination is being checked for a dish installation at a station in San Diego

ing technicians) will run about 42 per-sons in the Los Angeles office.

Entertainment Tonight will be fedout of Los Angeles every day at 3:30EST on Westar III. The stations willtape it and turn it around for airing in the7:30 access period. A few stations willair the show outside that time period,but most will air the show at 7:30.

Even though Entertainment Tonightwill be taped in Los Angeles forplayback on the satellite, it will betreated as a live show. It will be post -produced minimally or not at all.

From the station standpoint, Enter-tainment Tonight raises a number ofissues over and above the decision tobuy a syndicated program. When a sta-tion buys the show, it buys the conceptof satellite delivery. And over 100 sta-tions have bought the concept. Why?

On one level, the idea behind Enter-tainment Tonight would fit neatly intocurrent program trends no matter how itwere distributed. A number of pro-grammers polled by BMIE all agreedthat they probably would have pur-chased the show in any case. ChuckSherman, VP and general manager ofWTRF-TV, Wheeling, W. Va., ex-plained, "We feel that some form oflight information - magazine type in-formation - would fit in extremelywell with our news block. "

Sherman had looked into PM Maga-zine because there is heavy cable pene-tration in the Wheeling -SteubenvilleADI and many local viewers werewatching Evening Magazine onKDKA, Pittsburgh. The station had hada commitment to news. It is the domi-nant news station in its market and doesan hour of local news (until very re-cently, there were a couple of stationsin Pittsburgh that didn't do an hour of

early news). The station felt that somekind of informational broadcast shouldfollow the network news at 7:30. That'swhere Entertainment Tonight came into fill the void.

"The entertainment industry is onethat a great number of people are in-terested in," says Ken Ladage, pro-gram director at WRTV-TV in In-dianapolis, "so that kind of format hasgreat potential. "

Since many stations would have pur-chased Entertainment Tonight anyway,the method of delivery has also givenstations a potential for more than asame -day airing of the program. Theinstallation of a downlink in the major-ity of the stations served by Entertain-ment Tonight increases the possibilityof more flexible and creative local pro-gramming. According to Sherman, "Itwill give us much greater flexibility inprogramming that we've ever had be-fore. "

At this point, no one is quite surehow many of the Entertainment To-night stations will install their owndishes. Wold Communications, theprime contractor to Paramount for thedistribution of the show, has in turncontracted with Microdyne to install atleast 50 seven -meter steerable dishes.The 50 dishes are being either leased orsold outright to the stations. In eithercase, the dish will be used for Enter-tainment Tonight during the half-hourdaily feed and the hour version that isfor air during the weekend. That leavesa lot of time available to take in othertypes of programming coming off thevarious birds.

When Entertainment Tonight goeson the air with its first show on Septem-ber 14, it will usher in not only a newprogram but a new era. BM/E

26 BM/E JULY, 1981

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RADIO TESTING:SOME GROUNDRULES FOR THENEW GAMETo keep a radio plant up to the technicalstandards today's market demands, aradio engineer needs a set of fresh skillsand a complement of test equipmentmany times as precise and resourcefulas the gear radio grew up with.

KEEPING A RADIO STATION up to today's demanding opera-tion standards requires testing and measurement about anorder of magnitude more precise and resourceful than wascommon in radio stations a decade ago. T&M gear isresponding to the need, with the whole measurementprocess on an upward ramp. The climb is not over, by anymeans. The "sophistication gradient" keeps tilting up.

As a benchmark of the sophistication gradient, considerthe fact that a number of radio managements have boughta new spectrum analyzer, marketed by Tektronix earlythis year, for about $15,000. This super -precise, super -resourceful instrument (one of several on the market) has ascore of important uses in a radio station. It is not essentialto good testing; however, it makes a number of testsrapidly and accurately. The radio managements that spentsuch large sums for test instruments were simply raisingthe efficiency and the many-sidedness of their operations.Their decisions on this point emphasize the strong pullthat radio operators feel today toward a radically inten-sified test operation.

The trends that have combined to create this 1980s kindof radio testing emerged clearly in a series of interviewsBMIE undertook for this report. The talks were with about20 experts in the field - radio chief engineers, radiohardware makers, test equipment designers, consultants,and network engineering officials - and there was a 100percent consensus on the following: Operating equipment is roughly 10 times as refined as itwas a decade and more ago, and engineers need corre-spondingly refined test methods to find out if any unit isworking properly or not;

Signal processing is much more widespread, demand-ing far more sensitive testing; While the objective in the past was to just meet the FCCminimum requirements and then forget the subject untilthe next proof of performance had to be made, competi-tion in the radio market and the public's hunger for top -

grade sound now force a station to considerably exceedthe in important respects or lose audi-ence; Expert engineering help is scarce, so testing must behighly efficient to make full use of the staff skills that areon tap.

James Loupas pointed out another incentive for high-grade testing. He noted that today even the smallest radiostations with any success are capitalized for at least$500,000, and the great majority at $1 million and more.The owner's investment demands a first-class mainte-nance and protection effort plus highly efficient operationfor a reasonable profit.

One of the main aspects of the problem of refining theradio signal to today's standards is isolating the cause oftrouble when it turns up. If, for example, the overallsignal-to-noise ratio of an FM station reads 45 dB on amonitor of some kind, the engineer needs test gear withhighly precise and repeatable responses to run down thetrouble and isolate the weak links in the chain. Inciden-tally, there is a gray area here in the FCC requirements.The FM proof of performance requires, of course, an S/Nof 60 dB. But the rules say that processing equipmentcan be bypassed when the test is made. Thus, an FM plantthat makes the 60 dB with all processing units bypassedcan easily fall below that when those units are cut back in.

This is just one case in which very reliable, precise testgear with repeatable settings is needed. Geof Mendenhallof Broadcast Electronics noted another similar situationthat frequently occurs: management buys top-level con-soles and other audio gear (which can achieve 85 to 100dB S/N), but fails to examine the old FM exciter. Olderexciter models typically are noisy elements of an FMplant. Very good testing is needed to pinpoint this.

Since distortion and noise can be cumulative in a chain

BM/E JULY, 1981 29

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of units, the test precision for individual units must beconsiderably better than the overall standard requirement.A distortion test system has to reach to about 0.01 percent,even though this is far below any audibility levels. Simi-larly, all other quantities must be measured to levels thatare a fraction of those considered the "bottoms" a fewyears ago. Luckily, there is a considerable body of equip-ment on the market that reaches these precision levels,which would have seemed both impossible and ridiculousa little while ago.

Those are some of the general ideas that came up inBM/E's survey for this report. In the remainder of thisarticle we briefly consider specific kinds of testing and testgear.

Distortion measurement. For a long time harmonic andintermodulation distortion tests have been basic in radiostation maintenance and tuneup. Today, as already noted,the "allowable" figure has dropped to a small fraction ofwhat it used to be. The body of superlative distortionmeasuring systems on the market betters considerably thissmall -fraction -of -one -percent precision.

This micro -valued sensitivity makes it possible tocheck individual units to such levels that the chain as awhole has cumulative distortion still very far down. Thehighly precise individual -unit checks have another vitalfunction. If a unit develops distortion well above its"best" level, but still within the usual allowable range, itis often a sign of maladjustment or of incipient malfunc-tioning.

Every unit in the plant must be periodically checkedwith this "advance signalling" in mind - not just audioconsoles (the best ones are almost distortionless), but alsoand especially processing gear, stereo generators, exciters,and STLs. Disk playing gear is a particularly good exam-ple. Phono pickups need a periodic IM check with a testrecord that has the two-tone IM signal. The IM analyzer inthe distortion meter can read the result. IM from a phonopickup will start to rise as the stylus begins to wear - andbefore the effects of the wear are evident in any other way.Maladjustment of the tracking force, very destructive ofrecord surfaces, also triggers early increases in IM.

The new test equipment, therefore, is a potent mainte-nance tool. This vital emphasis on close individual -unittesting, however, should not divert radio operators fromwhole -chain testing. Kenny Stout, chief engineer ofWPAT in Paterson, N.J., pointed out the importance ofthe whole -chain distortion test to uncover any interfaceproblems that may be degrading performance. The"overhead, " the room for peaks above the normal operat-ing level, says Stout, is a highly significant figure for thestation's overall audio performance.

Four of the most popular distortion test sets are theSound Technology Model 1700 (with IM option), the newTektronix 501/505 analyzer/oscillator combination, the

The Crown BDP-2 spectrumanalyzer has eight memorieswhich can be used to holdlong-term averages, ormaximums, of up to eight signals.Display on screen showslong-term frequency contours offour different broadcast stations,for study of the particular -sound"of each station

Amber multi -test set, and the Hewlett-Packard multi -testset. All measure distortion to levels so low they wereunheard of as little as 10 years ago. They also include awide variety of automation features that make operationfast and precise. Automatic nulling of extreme precisionand automatic ranging are both standard, for example.

Frequency response. Every radio engineer has an indi-vidual approach to frequency response checks, still fun-damental in any test program. Again, meeting the FCCminimums is no longer the whole story. There are a scoreof test situations in a radio plant in which a frequencyresponse check is a necessary part of some more complexcheck. There are a large number of ways to do the check- and a variety of test gear that will do it.

This can range from punching in discrete frequenciesone after another on a pushbutton oscillator while watch-ing the results on a voltmeter, up to sweeping the wholeband with a spectrum analyzer. Another test equipmentcombination is the audio generator feeding automatictracking on an output analyzer. Virtually every radiostation has the gear to do this job- though not necessarilyat high speed and with extremely high precision.

Pink -noise generator. The handiness of a pink noisegenerator for many kinds of tests was a point made re-peatedly in the BMX interviews. Bob Orban of OrbanAssociates pointed out that a pink noise source of goodquality can be made with about $10 worth of parts, usingan IC made especially for the purpose by NationalSemiconductor.

Flutter and wow. Digital recording is training us to heara near -total absence of flutter. The old allowable range ofabout 0.06 to 0.1 percent will increasingly produce dis-

New FM Modulation MonitorsPromise Super -PrecisionMany radio engineers interviewed by BMIE have called themodulation monitor the weak link in precision testing forradio today. Two new monitors just coming on the marketmay remove this weakness.

Versa Count's new Model MM80, a microprocessor -con-trolled FM monitor, will read a number of characteristics ofthe FM signal. The maker says the distortion level is below0.01 percent and the S/N ratio better than 80 dB. The unitreads true RMS as well as peak and average signal levels.

Belar Electronics, a stalwart of radio monitors for manyyears, will have a new FM monitor that reads modulationonly. Arno Meyer of Belar calls it a factor of 10 better thanearlier models. Again, the stated specs are extremely ad-vanced: S/N ratio, 90 dB; harmonic and intermodulationdistortion, 0.02 percent each; separation, beter than 70 dB;"birdie" interference with SCA signals, down more than 90dB. The stereo model is auto -ranging to facilitate proof ofperformance.

BM/E JULY, 1981 31

Radio Testing

On screen of Tektronix 7L5 spectrum analyzer are basebands ofmodulated carriers for analysis of interfering signals from othertransmissions

tasteful and obtrusive effects, depending heavily, as al-ways, on the character and tempo of the music. Weightedflutter on today's excellent turntables is down to the 0.01to 0.03 percent range, and test gear should have precisionenough to reach that range.

This new precision is especially valuable as a mainte-nance tool. Radio engineers with banks of reel-to-reel orcartridge tape players (often both) have a prime mechan-ical maintenance problem. Moderate increases in the flut-ter on any kind of tape machine, too small to cause audibledistortion, are infallible signals of wear in rotating partsor misadjustment of some kind - in tape tension, forexample. The same applies to turntables for playing diskrecordings.

Modulation monitors. The one shadowy spot on thebright test equipment picture, according to several of theexperts, is the modulation monitor, especially the FMmonitor. There was agreement that the modulationmonitor has fallen a little behind the general march to thenew precision. A frequent complaint was the difficulty inkeeping a modulation monitor precisely calibrated.

However, at least two monitors just on the market mayhave brightened the outlook. One is from Versa Count,the other from Belar. They are described in the box ac-companying this article.

Frequency counters. Radio engineers can now buy, atvery reasonable prices, as much precision as they want ina frequency counter, up to super -laboratory levels. Acounter is not a necessity, but it is obviously very handyfor a number of test jobs. This includes checking not onlythe carrier but also every variety of local oscillator - inthe STL, for example, and in digital equipment.

Function generator. Square waves, used for years forquick checks of the quality of audio equipment, havelately burst into another test area: checking transmitterperformance. This was emphasized in BM/E's May arti-cle, "New AM Transmitters for a New Grade of Sound. "Many engineers now like square wave testing, not only forindividual audio units but for the whole audio line and the

whole plant, from console input to demodulated signal.Performance of the transmitter in the infra -bass region, asnoted in the May article, has become important for itseffects on the handling of highly processed audio signals.Square waves can show a number of different things aboutthe performance of any part of, or the whole of, a radioplant.

The spectrum analyzer. This familiar instrument hassprung up in the last two or three years to a distinctlyhigher level, becoming almost a new breed of device. Ithas far higher precision, far greater test resourcefulness,and a lot of automation. The new spectrum analyzer cancarry out a score or more of valuable tests in a radiostation, including: Absolute measurement of signal levels with built-incalibration, Very high precision in reading frequency response,gain, noise, and distortion; Instant identification of components of noise, distor-tion, and composite signals (for example, a noise spike at120 Hz is clearly from poor power supply filtering; 60 Hzis leakage from ac circuits into low-level signal circuits); Close monitoring of the composite signal in FM trans-mission, with identification and measurement of all ele-ments; With one or more memory sections, comparison of thesignal with a standard curve programmed into the instru-ment, or determination of the highest peaks over a periodof operation, or a number of other valuable checks makinguse of the instrument's ability to "hold" and "re-member"; Measurement of depth of modulation, deviation, andindex in FM; Detection and identification of spurious signals leakingin from transmitted signals of nearby stations.

This list is a small part of the story; instruction bookletsof any of the new super -resourceful spectrum analyzerswill stir any engineer's imagination.

But the instrument is not essential, and some radiomanagements will find the cost too high. What, therefore,is a kind of bedrock complement of test equipment thatwill allow today's engineers to keep their station on thehigh -precision track?

Dave Harry of Potomac Instruments suggested the fol-lowing list, which, in fact, describes quite well the avail-able functions of Potomac's popular multitest set: Low -distortion audio generator with square wave andsine wave outputs; A set of precision attenuators; Analyzer for harmonic and intermodulation distortion; Electronic voltmeter (not necessarily digital); Circuitry to read stereo phasing directly on the meter; Wow and flutter testing; Balanced and unbalanced input and output at both 150and 600 ohms.A useful addition would be the pink -noise generator men-tioned above. Total cost should be in the $3000 to $4000range.

Checking audio processors. A fairly new need for a lotof radio engineers is keeping tabs on the performance ofcomplex audio processing units. Greg Ogonowski ofGregg Laboratories pointed out that the peak -to -averageratio in the processor output is a significant overall per-formance figure. There are a number of ways to measurethis, a spectrum analyzer providing one of them. Thespectrum analyzer or a good scope will allow the engineerto see the waveform of the processed signal.

32 BM/E JULY, 1981

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Of course, the processor should be given all the stan-dard tests for units in the audio line: frequency response,harmonic and intermodulation distortion, and noise. Likeevery other unit in the line, it should perform well withinthe whole -line figures the engineer is shooting for.

Bob Orban also suggested that the pink -noise generatorbe used to feed standard signals to the processor. Theinput signal levels should be carefully adjusted to a seriesof values standard for the test. Then the output of eachAGC band in a multi -band processor can be measured tofind the exact amount of gain reduction at each input level.A spectrum analyzer will, of course, show the outputs ofthe various bands separately but simultaneously on thescreen -a quick way to make the check. It can, however,be done with a simpler test setup on a "one at a time"basis.

Checking digital equipment. This is the future of testingin the radio plant. The technology has not reached thepoint of standards for coding or error correction, whichcomplicates the testing job. Users of digital units are stillheavily dependent on the manufacturer for maintenanceand repair, which often takes the form of replacement ofmodules on a pull-out/plug-in basis.

Once an owner is thoroughly familiar with the opera-tion of a digital remote control (or console or whatever),however, some troubleshooting will be advantageous.Fred Barbaria of Moseley made some suggestions alongthis line. A logic probe, of course, will show the state ofeach logic unit at any given time. This can pinpointtrouble spots. A frequency counter is very handy forchecking internal oscillators and the internal clock. A fastscope with sensitive triggering will let the user seewaveforms at various points in the gear for comparisonwith the manufacturer's diagrams of proper waveforms atthose points.

George Stephenson of Harris added some further com-ments. He noted that a high -precision voltmeter is notnecessary for checking TTL circuitry: any voltage fromabout 3.8 to about 5.5 means that an operable pulse is

present. Thus, field checking of digital units can often bedone with the simplest voltmeters, in the $15 to $20 class,and analog readout is better than digital because it morereadily averages out fast-moving pulses.

For looking at the pulse train, a good scope of about 35MHz speed or better, with a calibrated time base, willsupply the needed readout on pulse width and pulse inter-vals. The Tektronix 465 or 475 series or an equivalent willdo this job (with built in voltmeter).

Stephenson agrees with the basic usefulness of the logicprobe. He notes that a scope with sensitive triggering canshow a pulse that is too fast or not repeated enough tomake a visible trace: the triggering itself is the signal.

Stephenson also added that an engineer who knows theinternal operation of a microprocessor or small computerin detail and has knowledge of the programming and howthe unit is supposed to handle it can do in-depth trouble-shooting with a system like the Hewlett-Packard Model1610 digital analyzer. This will allow the engineer to seeevery move the system makes and to determine whether ornot the moves are the planned ones in the system.

The greatest need: engineer training

Stephenson also made a comment that seems extremelyimportant in any consideration of the New Test Era. Hesaid that too many radio managements do not require orencourage their engineering staffs to go to manufacturers'seminars and professional meetings at which they canlearn the latest testing techniques and keep up at leastpartially with the rapid advances of test methods andstandards. The field is changing so much and so fast thatan engineer who stays out of contact with the mainstreamwill become effectively incompetent. Simply studying theexcellent application notes, brochures, and general dis-cussions issued by such firms as Tektronix, Hewlett-Packard, Bruel and Kjaer, Sound Technology, and Philipscan go a long way to filling the gap. The gap must be filledin one way or another if radio engineers are to keep theirplants fully in the game in the competitive '80s. BM/E

34 BM/E JULY, 1981

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TEST ANDMEASUREMENTIN THE TRANSITIONPLANTThe modern television plant, neither fishnor fowl, is trying to make sure that allthe analog and digital equipmentoperates up to spec. The mixture ofmodes presents a whole new set ofproblems.

THE PROBLEM WITH test and measurement in the televisionstation of the '80s is that it is like being a little bitpregnant. The modern television plant is a mixture ofanalog and digital equipment with different requirementsfor checking performance.

"Every time you buy something new, it's handled .digitally until it gets ready to come out of the output port,"says Johnnie Popwell, maintenance supervisor at WTSP-TV, Tampa. Popwell and many of his colleagues are facedwith the same kind of problem - what kind of testequipment do you buy in a plant that is not really analoganymore and not yet digital?

The problem is more than just buying hardware. Thewhole concept of test and measurement is different whenyou start dealing with digital equipment. "You never getto work down to the component level anymore," explainsPopwell. "You call the manufacturer and say 'hey, I'vegot a problem, and they say that it sounds like it'scoming from such and such board. They end up justsending you the new board. The manufacturers are morethan happy to send you all the boards you want, but youreally can't get down to the component level and go in andcorrect an IC to correct the problem."

That seems to be one of the key complaints in dealingwith whatever problems develop in digital equipment andthe testing and measurement that goes into spotting theproblem early. Many maintenance engineers around thecountry have little or no idea of what some pieces ofequipment are supposed to do. It is difficult to do com-parisons of readouts with a logic analyzer if you have noidea what the correct reading should be.

"Without knowing what should be there, it's very

The 308 Data Acquisition Probe connected to a V.A.R.T. in theD-8000 keyboard

difficult to do much of anything with the equipment,"concludes Popwell. He and others feel that many man-ufacturers have become so concerned about their proprie-tary software that they are reluctant to give out too muchdetailed information about what the system is supposed todo.

"The whole area of the documentation of a piece ofequipment is a problem," says Walt Nichol, engineeringmanager at KPIX-TV. "It was a serious problem in thedays of analog. In the world of digital equipment it isfrightening. It almost panics one to realize that you'vepurchased this highly sophisticated piece of equipment,and when you open the instruction book to where youexpect to see schematics or logic diagrams, you find outthat the information is proprietary."

Even if the problem is not with proprietary information,

BM/E JULY, 1981 37

The Transition Plant

it often lies with the sheer volume of information that goesinto describing a system. "I've been told," says Popwell,"that the documentation for one piece of equipment thatwe have supposedly occupies a volume that is 12 inchesthick."

The implication is that the problem is not so much thatthere isn't test equipment available to analyze the data, butthat it's difficult to tell what the data is supposed to be.

"In most of the digital equipment that we are lookingat, we're looking at very high speed data streams," ex-plains Nichol. "You can't stop the system and look at it

Here the 308 is using the Serial Data Probe connected to theSerial Output of AE -600 Editor. The Serial Data is sent to theremote control panels for the status indications

The 308 is connected to aPROM in the QuantelDPE-5000. A look at thePROM output showsdifferent address inputs

because it doesn't exist unless it is running at full speed.The data stream is changing so rapidly in time that in mostcases a logic analyzer is useless unless you know exactlywhat you are looking for. This is what the documentationdoes not provide."

The documentation issue gets further reinforcementfrom Steven Smith of Broadcast Technology Consultants."There are all sorts of tools available to test digitalequipment," Smith notes, "but you're not able to usethem if you plug them into the equipment but don't knowwhat to expect. The documentation doesn't tell you howto use it. "

Gene Leonard of Da Vinci Systems Group also feelsthat there has to be a clearer understanding of what thesystem does. "Any diagnostic system has to include amodel to assure that you can get early warning," Leonardstated. "It takes a good diagnostician or a guy who reallyunderstands the machine to know what warnings he isgetting."

As an example of the kind of problem that confoundsmaintenance engineers, Walt Nichol describes trouble-shooting a digital video effects device:

"You look at the output video and see a problem -there is a glitch in the output video. You can go in withyour oscilloscope and look at the analog output stages.The problem is there, allright, but at the first point youhave analog and it's still there.

"It tells you that it is either in the digital -to -analogconverter or it's back in the digital domain. You startgoing back until eventually you get to a point where youhave a logic analyzer hung across a data bus where datathat comprises the video signal is charging through it.

"Unless you know very clearly what the data protocoland the data flow is through that system, you have no idea,when you are looking at any particular word comprising avideo signal, what it really is. You're just getting thismass of data streaming by.

"To know what to pick out of that, where to trigger,what to look for - that information just isn't there. Manymanufacturers are providing you with a kind of guide.You look at the output video and match your descriptionof what you're seeing to their list of descriptions, and thattells you in general where your problem most likely is.

38 BM/E JULY, 1981

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"Sometimes the final video itself is your best diagnos-tic tool. Sometimes it's your only diagnostic tool. "

This leaves most stations with a greater dependence onthe manufacturer for support. Unfortunately, this alsoleads to a tail -chasing situation for all concerned. Thegreater the dependence the broadcaster places on the man-ufacturer for diagnostic help, the more strain is placed onthe manufacturer's already strained field support staff.When manufacturers declare that their more sophisticatedequipment is not "field maintainable," however, broad-casters have nowhere to turn except back to the manufac-turer.

"It takes very specialized computer -aided diagnosticsystems just to figure out where the problem is," saysNichol. "We find ourselves in the position of limiting ourtroubleshooting to just get it down to the board level andget the board back to the manufacturer for repair. Many ofthe manufacturers have never been in this position them-selves before and their field support operations can'thandle it. The broadcaster gets caught in the middleagain. "

On one level, this situation looks bleak for all con-cerned. It is difficult to set up monitoring systems if theend user has no clear idea what is supposed to be thenormal output of the system. The lack of adequatedocumentation because of proprietary software places aheavy burden back on the manufacturer to provide strongfield support services. Because the support services aren'tadequate to handle the increased demand it is incumbenton the broadcaster to set up inhouse monitoring systems. . . The circle continues.

There is, of course, some hope. There are two ap-proaches that seem to offer the best way out of the digitaltesting morass.

The first is for manufacturers to begin designing -inself -diagnostic systems. According to Walt Nichol, "Amajor piece of digital equipment today that cannot, in themajority of the failure modes, tell you which board thefailure is on is not meeting the needs of today's industry. "

Along the same vein, there should be some way of atleast plugging into the manufacturer's host computer so itcan interrogate your device and tell you what's wrongwith it.

The other approach that will help solve many of the testand measurement problems in the digital plant is thesetting of standards. And most of the people BM/E inter-viewed for this story feel that just setting the standards isnot the total solution. There has to be a recognition that, asSteve Smith puts it, "There are other types of test equip-ment that are prevalent in other industries that ought to beprevalent in our industry. It is because [without digitalstandards] manufacturers aren't designing their systems touse standard test equipment. "

Leonard concurs, "When you get into the question oftest and measurement in the digital plant," he states,"you are going to be confronted with a situation in whichno one will invest in diagnostic equipment until thingsbecome stable. Nobody is going to invest in a $100,000diagnostic unit unless they are sure that the monitoringand communications techniques are the ones that aregoing to be used for the next five years."

In the digital plant, that will be the test and the mea-surement. BM/E


40 BM/E JULY, 1981

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TEST ANDMEASUREMENT:A LOOK AT WHAT!log AHEADIncreasing complexity and impendingdigitization are forcing changes intime-honored broadcast plantmaintenance methods. Here, arepresentative of a company intimatelyinvolved with these changes gives hisviews on what broadcasters need to doto keep up.

LIKE THE WORLD, broadcast technology is getting morecomplex. Broadcasters want more technical and adminis-trative control over the broadcast plant; they want morecreative tools with which to dazzle the market; they wantequipment that is more reliable; they want to cut costs;they want to keep up.

Some, however, have mixed feelings about the trend togreater technical sophistication. They see the age of seat -of -the -pants engineering slipping away, and many weremore comfortable with it. They see fewer and fewerskilled technical people to go around. They see digitalcircuitry replacing analog circuitry, and they are awarethat digital equipment has different characteristics. It canonly tolerate drift or distortion to a certain threshold, andthen it's go/no go. It is basically more reliable, can reporton its own status, and can help diagnose its own problems.Much of it is programmable, and much can operate unat-tended. But there is still a need for test and measurementequipment, and there is concern that in the new world ofdigital equipment, T&M instruments will become expen-sive, difficult to use, and expensive to service.

This whole subject, of course, is of intense interest tomanufacturers of T&M gear. By and large, I feel that theconcern is unwarranted. In this article, I want to sum upcurrent trends and where they're leading, and make someeducated guesses about what lies ahead.

One basic shift among broadcasters is to the use ofdigitally controlled systems that require data terminals,

Tom Long is vice president and general manager, Com-munications Division, Tektronix, Inc.

Data analyzers like this Sony/Tektronix 308 will find increasingapplication as broadcasters confront state, timing, serial data andsignature analysis problems

some in-house programming, and data -communicationslinks. This is really part of a global trend affecting allindustries, but broadcasters, because they deal in preci-sion signals and minute fragments of time, have greaterconcern than many about lost data bits and high-speedtroubleshooting. Terminals, storage devices, and main-frames are generally serviced by a manufacturer or itsrepresentative; but problems may arise elsewhere, incommunications links or interfaces. Conventional stationtest gear won't do here; the instrument of choice is a dataanalyzer (or logic analyzer) that can be quickly connectedto the data stream at specific points to track down the fault.

The most immediate evolving change is likely to bedriven by the television industry's need for higher quality

-VolIVIC 1 i.7 mr neauvr aervive taira

BM/E JULY, 1981 43

Test And Measurement

As higher quality audio becomes a necessary competitivestrategy for radio stations, greater care must be given to large EQsystems and other audio paths employed

multichannel routing system and provides freedom fromelectromagnetic interference with the audio signal.

Programmable instruments are solving other naggingT&M problems for broadcasters, such as the time-

NTC 7 and FCC requirements. The analog instrumentstraditionally used are subject to drift, loss of accuracy, andthe need for frequent adjustment. Programmed digitalinstruments can do the work quickly - even automati-cally - with great accuracy and with the ability to diag-nose their own faults, if any. They are less subject to drift.The other virtue of programmable equipment is that whenfuture measurement needs change, it is a matter of updat-ing software, not hardware.

Tek's Answer system is oneof several largercomputer -based systemswhich manufacturers areintroducing to handleautomatically a wide rangeof on-line and off-line testand measurementrequirements

Quadrature and in -phase detector provide avectorscope-like display to help identify thesource of intercarrier buzz

The increased use of microwave links for ENG cover-age and the use of satellite up/downlinks, coupled with agrowing shortage of skilled technical people, has created ademand for programmable versions of some testing in-struments. Programmable spectrum analyzers, for exam-ple, are available for automated measurement and,through a GPIB interface, automated documentation ofresults. We see the trend in spectrum analyzers going bothways: simplified versions for some applications, moresophisticated microprocessor -controlled versions forothers.

Another development that will affect the test and meas-urement of broadcast video signals is teletext, essentiallya system of providing alphanumeric and graphic informa-tion to home users by means of common carriers -telephone, cable, broadcast TV. It is a reality in Britainand France and is being tested in Canada and the U.S. In

as adigital pulse train in the vertical blanking interval. It isvulnerable to distortion in transmitters or receivers, sincedistortion or ghosting can result in lost data bits that willgarble the information and make it useless.

Teletext signals may require tightening of group delayand gain frequency response flatness in the 1 MHz to 3MHz range. Delay and flatness errors result in inter -

symbol interference, a condition in which pulses lose theirindependent meanings and the transmission becomes gar -

46 BM'E JULY, 1981

CREATIVITY TAKES FLIGHTON AMPEX VIDEO TAPE.

BROADCASTERS AND PRODUCTIONCOMPANIES DEPEND ONAMPEX TAPE.From videotape equipment to the videotape itself. broadcasters and productioncompanies throughout the worlddepend on Amdex. High quality,durability. reliability. and prompt serviceare just some cf the reasons.

Ampex 175 Highband QuadruplexVideo Tape has proven itself unde-every conceivable type of operatingcondition within every video standard.Excellent color performance, low drop-outs, and a tough durable formulationwith low headwear are features whichhave contributed to this dependability.

And now Ampex 196 High EnergyBroadcast Helical Video Tape has beenspecifically engineered to fill theincreasing needs of a particularlydemanding group of video profes-sionals-those who have chosen one ofthe new broadcast helical VTRs.

No matter what your video tapeneeds are, there's an Ampex video tapefor you. And, once you've tried Ampextape, you'll see why broadcasters andproduction companies have grown todepend on Ampex.

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Test And Measurement

Digital signal generators are becoming more common in order toprovide the array and stability of test signals required for precisemeasurement

bled. A sequence of modulated sine pulses in the 1 MHz to3 MHz range allows the testing of gain and delay flatness.

The digitization of the television signal, which is cur-rently being done in digital video effects and which will befollowed with digital videotape recorders and other studioequipment, will bring with it unique problems. Certainproblems center around the need for a parallel -to -serialand serial -to -parallel data -stream conversion system thatstatisfies the industry's need for precision signal transmis-sion. Intersymbol interference, noted as a possible prob-lem with teletext, will be much more of a problem in theserial transmission of digital television signals. New testand measurement equipment will unquestionably beneeded.

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High -quality fiber-optic television distribution systemsalso present engineering -instrumentation problems. Testinstruments to deal with these problems are in the works.

T&M equipment generally will become smaller, moreintelligent, and programmable. More T&M instrumentswill automatically monitor equipment and indicate faultsor status by lights or LEDs, rather than providing readoutsin absolute values. There will be more and more remote,unattended transmitters, creating a greater demand forautomatic monitoring equipment and for highly portableT&M equipment. Remote production also demandssmall, light, simple reliable test gear.

As digital circuitry helps reduce the size of T&M in-struments, it will also make them inherently more reli-able, with more and more serviceability built-in. Changewill occur also in customer service. Companies makingT&M instruments will be doing more and more servicework, not at the broadcast station, but at regional shops.This is an inevitable outgrowth of two factors: the short-age of capable technical people, and the growing com-plexity of the instruments. The approach to product man-uals may change as well. We prefer to explain theory aswell as practice in our manuals, but it may well be that theemphasis will shift to structured diagnostic proceduresrather than the theoretical information that permittedtechnicians and engineers to deduce problem sources.

Tracing the future

What other trends do we see? While the size of T&Mequipment will shrink in the years ahead, the sophisticatedinstruments used in shops and labs will be substantiallymore complex and expensive. And although status indi-cators will multiply, don't look for LED's to replacecathode ray tubes. The oscilloscope gives a continuum ofinformation that is difficult to reproduce any other way.

With the arrival of digital audio and digital video, is itpossible those familiar scopes and WFMs will eventuallydisappear? Not likely. They will be supplemented withother products to help unravel the complexity of the sig-nal.

Other developments - the slow change of the stationfrom a technical to a data -oriented business environment,the advent of high -resolution video systems, theemergence of fiber optics as a transmission medium, andstill others - will keep T&M people on their toes in theyears to come. The products the industry will need arealready taking shape today. BM/E

Editors note: There is, today, more test and measurementinstrumentation available than ever before. Much of thenewer T&M approaches were in evidence at this pastNAB. For a comprehensive review of the new products,from Tektronix and others, see our report on page 51.Other instrumentation is just coming to the attention ofbroadcasters especially in the areas of equipment fordigital circuitry and computer maintenance.

Certainly, as computers become more pervasive inbroadcasting, companies less familiar to broadcastersbut known to the computer industry will begin to offerspecialized instrumentation to this industry in competitionwith conventional suppliers. Companies providing logicanalyzers and data analyzers likely to be heard frominclude, for these newer types: Hewlett Packard, Gould,Paratronics, Dolch, Philips. Audio distortion analyzerslike Tek' s AA -50, will also come from companies likeSound Technology and Potomac Instruments.

48 BM/E JULY, 1981

1Vtest equipmentfrom the inventors ofthe Plumbicon tube.

At long last a new, reliable source of TV test equip-ment One that offers fast, predictable delivery. One witha name all the world trusts-Philips. Four quick examples:

PM5565 Waveform MonitorEnjoy the luxury of examining one line and one field

at a time. On top of this, there's a convenient front probeinpJt so you can use the monitor as a troubleshootingoscilloscope.

PM5567 VectorscopeIt you want more accurate decoding and the ability to

have an external reference from composite video signals,choose our vectorscope.

Both waveform monitor and vectorscope mount sideby side, fit all existing hardware and use less power thanthe competition.

*-r-

PHILIPS Test & MeasuringInstruments

M5539 Color AnalyzerTake it on a quick trip through your studio or control

room and adjust all monitors to the same color tempera-ture in a matter of minutes.

With four different memories, there's no problem inquickly calibrating four different phosphors.

Variable full-scale, from less than set up ro more thanreference white, allows measurement of color tracking asa function of APL.

PM5534 Color Pattern GeneratorOur universal pattern contains all the s gnals needed

to verify overall system operation-directly kern the pic-ture. No wonder virtually every set manufacturer uses ourpattern for their TV set alignment.

Of course our TV tesT equipment line doesn't endhere. Today Philips offers a wide range of equipment in-cluding sync and pattern gererators, VITS generators andanalyzers, and TV modulators arid demodulators.

For nationwide sales and service information call800-631-7172, except in Hawaii, Alaska and New Jersey. InNew Jersey call collect (207) 529-3800, or contact PhilipsTest and Measuring Instruments, Inc., 85 McKee Drive,Mahwah, New Jersey 07430.


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NM 1981:KEEPING PACE IN A TIGHT RACE

ON II II II I III ON II II II By David Acker

As the industry rushestoward computerizationand digital systems,concern grows over theability of maintenance tokeep up. NAB '81 showedtest and measurementrunning hard and stayingwith the pack.

A TREND HAS BEEN SET by the major testequipment and instrumentation man-ufacturers in several new product intro-ductions at last April's NAB. With rad-ical equipment changes taking place atboth radio and television stations, pre-saged by the equipment reported in lastmonth's BM/E, the need for more au-tomatic, faster, and simpler test, mea-surement, and monitoring technologyis clear.

BM/E chose to treat T&M separatelyin this issue in order to give the readeran opportunity to see this new test andmeasurement gear against the backdropof the changes taking place in otherbroadcast equipment and in the light ofthe structural changes taking place inthe industry as a whole. The precedingarticles describe some of the major con-cerns for support of the highly sophisti-cated equipment now coming on line. Itis- not surprising, therefore, that thesharp turn towards digital circuitry andcomputerization in other classes ofbroadcast equipment is recreated in theT&M category.

Microprocessor control is a key fea-ture in many new products and permitsmore inherent sophistication and capa-bility while easing the equipment oper-ational interface. In many cases, themicroprocessor programs test sequ-ences, makes data comparisons andanalyses and provides a more routineapproach to testing studio, engineering,or production equipment. Periodic test-ing with hard -copy printout of several

David Acker is a consultant to the tele-vision industry and former president ofMicrotime, Inc.

important system parameters allows theuser to get the full performance picture,preventing costly equipment break-downs or degradation in performancethat otherwise might go undetecteduntil a catastrophic breakdown occurs.

Multiple -parameter testing is anotherkey feature of many new products, sav-ing money from several angles. Sincefewer test units are needed, costs fororiginal capital equipment, setup, andoperating labor are reduced.

Promises of speedy or off -the -shelfdelivery are also an important objectivefor many manufacturers. Most equip-ment introduced is either currently avail-able or will be within 90 or 120 days.

The television monitor is appearingwidely as a display medium for the newequipment. Notably, the picture moni-tor functions as an oscilloscope forLenco's SCH measuring product, Vid-eoscope. Several audio manufacturersare also incorporating the monitor as aspectrum analyzer display. Anothermonitor -based product feature seen inmany test equipment units is "spot"measurement for parameters such asluminance or chroma noise. Specificareas anywhere in the field can beselected for evaluation and measure-ments made to determine performanceof important system parameters.

All in all, manufacturers are trying toprovide the degree of sophistication re-quired to quantify the performance oftoday's television processing equip-

ment, while at the same time makingthe job easier for the operator. It is a bigtask, particularly in light of the ever-growing complexity of digital videoequipment.

It appears that we're headed in theright direction, however. Micro -pro-cessor -controlled systems can providethe versatility and speed needed to testnewer, more complex equipment.Cost-effective test systems that operateon a routine or, in some cases, con-tinual basis will help spot problems be-fore it's too late. Finally, the computerworld can make important contribu-tions as well. Standard computer inter-faces will strengthen the test equipmentrole by providing the better, more reli-able gear needed to continue the ad-vancement of television equipment andprogramming.

While in this transitionary stage,however, conventional T&M systemscontinue to expand their capabilities byprogressively adding automatics anddigital storage. One definite concern isthe desire not to leave the analog worldbehind. Many of the new systems,therefore, look and operate like earlierequipment, but move the speed and ac-curacy of their functions far forward inorder to keep pace.

TV heads toward computersOne direction in test and measure-

ment was clearly demonstrated by Digi-tal Video Systems' DPS-100 diagnostic

Philips introduced two companion instruments, the PM 5567 vectorscope and PM 5565waveform monitor

BM:E JULY. 1981 51

NABSHOWINPRINTsystem. As reported last month, thishighly sophisticated system exempli-fies the trend toward on-line T&M,providing constant monitoring of thevarious video and time base parametersand reporting developing problems tothe operator. The system, of course,also provides off-line system testingthrough a series of digitally generatedtest signals that can be run andevaluated for complete system checks.

Philips Test and Measuring Instru-ments (not involved in the CDL deal)introduced the Model PM5565 wave-form monitor and a new vectorscope,Model PM5566. These complementaryproducts are available in both PAL andNTSC standards and list for $2095 and$2570, respectively. Other equipmentfrom Philips' Professional Television(PTV) measuring division included thecolor pattern generator PM5534, whichhas a test pattern with 27 parameters,and several other video signalgenerators. A new digital storage oscil-loscope, Model PM3310, samples theinput waveform and stores it for analy-tic comparison purposes. Fourmemories provide multiple trace dis-plays of stored information. Themicroprocessor -controlled unit can beinterfaced to other equipment via the

Thirty-two different testsignals are provided by theSPF 2

All111111111111111111111k.

IEEE -488 bus. Transient signals up to12.5 MHz and periodic signals up to 60MHz can be processed. The unit is cur-rently available at $6995.

Several new T&M products were in-troduced by Tektronix, including a dig-ital storage oscilloscope, a solid-statewaveform monitor, a SMPTE color bargenerator, a digital storage RF spec-trum analyzer, and some new productsfor the overseas market. The digitalstorage oscilloscope, Model 468, oper-ates exactly like the non -storage 465Bexcept when in the storage mode,which is achieved with the push of asingle button. The $5600, 468, due tobe available next month, uses a 25MS/s, eight -bit digitizer and a displayinterpolation technique to achieve a 10MHz "useful storage bandwidth. "

The new waveform monitor, Model528A, is designed for use with camera

I 11111111-711T7IM. . '1,1, tgir

outputs, video system output lines, andvideo input lines in 525 -line systems(625 -line models are optional). The$2095 unit is extremely compact at just5.25 inches high. Its small size makes itappropriate for use with a companionunit such as a vectorscope. The newcolor bar generator is the TSG7 SMPTEmonitor alignment color bar test signalgenerator. It is part of Tek's 1410generator series and provides, in addi-tion to monitor alignment, EIA colorbars, full -field color bars, and severalsplit -field color bar signals. The unit ispriced at $1300, and, according to Tek,deliverable in four weeks. A retrofit kitto add the monitor alignment functionto the TSG1 will become availableshortly.

Lenco, in addition to showing itsVideoscope (which uses a conventionalpicture monitor to graphically display

1,(11101 S PCIONAP7 MOM 6111110,108 SCP 0.1.111 fut ttlI0440

(../

Rohde & Schwarz's noisegenerator provides whitenoise over a bandwidthfrom 20 to 50 Hz

Marconi's new SR1100and SG1100 audio testingsystem can examine some46 key parameters in 3.5seconds

relative horizontal and subcarrier tim-ing relationships), demonstrated a newproduct - the PGL-413. This unit notonly provides a genlock function andgenerates a black burst signal, but alsooperates as an RS -170 to RS -170Aconverter. Using the basic principles ofthe Videoscope, which permits accu-rate measurement of the SCH of onesignal relative to another, the convertercan correct the SCH of a given signalrelative to an external reference or gen-lock to the signal and correct it on anabsolute basis. No disturbance is seenwhen the correction is made, allowingcorrection to occur on the program linewhile on -air. The system is a goodexample of a simple display interfaceoperation for maintenance people. Theunit will be available in November,1981 at an estimated price of $2500.

Marconi also demonstrated its au-tomatic video measuring equipment.Comprised of an insertion signalanalyzer (Model 2914A), aline selector(Model 3146), data monitor (Model2915), and data selector (Model 2917),the system, shown interfaced with anHP85, measures key performanceparameters of processing equipmentwith a particular emphasis on VTRs.Line selection and hard -copy printout,among other features, permit fastroutine testing with a copy of perfor-mance levels for future references.

If you want real -life color and clarity from your3/4 inch videc tape masters or copies use newScotch' Coo- Plus. It gives you 2.5 dB moreohroma signa -to-lose, 1.5 dB more signal-to-ioise and 1.5 dB mcre RF output thar standardJ-Matic format videocassettes. That's equal to ateast one genarat or of picture quality.

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NABSHOWINPRINTSoftware prompting provides an easyinterface for the operator. All equip-ment is currently available, with pricesstarting at $17,500 (the cost of the2914A). The system is good example ofautomated measuring equipment easingthe complexity, cost and time of testand maintenance measurements.

Several new products from Rohde &Schwarz included the digital video testsignal generator SPF 2, which provides32 different test signals including colorbars, linear and non-linear distortiontest signals, convergence, and VITS. Itemploys digital processing and is avail-able in both NTSC and PAL standards.Priced at $9500, the unit is currentlyavailable.

The R&S video noise meter UPSF 2features microprocessor control andease of operation, along with digitalreadout of true RMS and peak valuesand autoranging. The unit will measureluminance and chroma noise over alllines, in any line or a selected spot in thefield. Available in both NTSC and PALstandards, the UPSF 2 is priced at about$16,000. Deliveries will startNovember 1.

The noise generator SUF 2, currentlyavailable at $4400, generates whitenoise over a bandwidth from 20 Hz to50 Hz. The noise spectrum can be usedto detect non-linear distortions and tomeasure frequency response.

Videotek unveiled its new TSM-5waveform monitor and a new vec-torscope, Model VSM-5. The 5'/4 -inchhigh compactness of both units is attrac-tive. They can be purchased separatelyor as a companion set housed in thesame cabinet. The waveform monitor isavailable in either NTSC or PAL andprovides several modes of display andfilter selections. The vectorscope alsoprovides several operational modes andan A/B input selectable display, as wellas a test circle for calibration. Price forthe combination is $4530, with deliveryin two weeks. Videotek also displayedits standard lines of professional picturemonitors and receivers, a tuner/demodulator, and an audio programmonitor.

Asaca/ShibaSoku continued to ex-pand its influence in the television testand measurement field, displaying itswidely respected color video noise me-ter, Model 925R; video sweepgenerator, SV11; white balancechecker, 898B, and TV signalanalyzer, TSA-7/1. The TSA-7/1 is anextremely sophisticated unit for au-tomatic waveform measurement usinga microcomputer for arithmetic -typemeasurement. It offers a wide variety ofinterfacing opportunities to extend itseffectiveness. New to the line was thevideo sweep generator, SV11. This unit

54 BM/E JULY, 1981

is for wideband video sweep operationfrom 100 kHz to 30 MHz. Twoamplitude ranges allow sweep of theentire range or selection of a particularfrequency. Sweep signals can beselected by switching V sweep of thebuilt-in sync signal and power line fre-quency. A variety of marker functionscan be added or extracted to allow theindication of attenuating band in themeasured circuits. The unit is also suit-able as a signal source for adjustmentand test of high -resolution, widebandvideo equipment.

For -A Co. introduced a new syncpulse/color signal generator, the TSG-5000. Available in NTSC and PAL, theunit provides full sync drive outputs aswell as color bars, black burst, and acolor background signal. Genlock isderived from either composite video orsubcarrier, comp sync and PAL pulse(as applicable). The unit also has a re-mote control feature that permits opera-tion of the sync pulse/signal generatoras well as the hue, saturation, and lumi-nance level of the color backgroundsignal. Operation to full broadcastspecifications is a key performance fea-ture.

Leitch unveiled its microprocessor -controlled DTG-1000 digital testgenerator, capable of providing 35 dif-ferent test signals on five separate out-puts. Each test signal is digitally gener-ated, based on a software program.Output signals are grouped into five testmodes, each consisting of seven con-figurations. Scope trigger outputsfurther add to the versatility of the unit.Test signal selection and output can beremotely controlled. Status indicatorsprovide the equipment operationalmodes. "Zero SCH" is a key feature.The $8500 unit will be available in Sep-tember.

Broadcast Video Systems introduceda new color signal monitor, modelEV4060. This instrument, manufac-tured by Electronic Visuals Limited, isswitchable between waveform andcolor vector display modes. Featuringfull broadcast specifications, half -rack5% -inch height, a high -brightness traceon all sweeps, sound -in -sync capabil-ity, test circle, and squarewave calibra-tion, the unit will be available in July ata cost of $4500. BVS also showed thePW-200 pulse width measuring set,which determines sync and H and Vblanking widths when used in conjunc-tion with a black and white monitor.The unit reads out measurements as setby a cursor anywhere in the field.

Comprehensive Video Systemsbrought the new VTC-100 video testcenter. The $795 equipment conve-niently brings together video and audiotest signals for checkout of cameras,VTRs, or any other processing equip-ment. Monitors are easily interfaced viaseparate connections on EIAJ eight -pin

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BM E JULY, 1981 55

NABSHOWINPRINT

proved that broadcast vehicle success isnot predicated on hand -rubbed lacquerpaint jobs or oversized off -the -roadtires. Packed into a 20 foot stripped -outparamedic ambulance box atop a Fordchassis are three SK -70 digitally con-trolled cameras and an SK -80 minicam,a Grass Valley 1600 switcher, aYamaha PM 700 21 -input audio board,and an RTS intercom interfaced with afour -station telephone, so producers donot have to stay in the truck.

Video Productions of Nevada hashad the van for three years, duringwhich time it has produced world -classshows for clients as diverse as DonKing Productions and NASA, forwhich it provided 17 days of non -faultpool coverage of the Pioneer flightthrough Saturn's rings.

VPN's ex -ambulance must travelwith an outboard van that carries anRCA TH-200 one -inch VTR with slowmo and a TH-50 portable one -inchVTR; there is no on -board tape facilityin the three -year -old truck, whichcounts among its clients Japan's NHK,Italy's RAI, and West Germany's ARDas well as the three commercial U.S.networks and PBS.

Midwest Corp. of Cincinnati, Ohio,showed its M-1, an EFP vehicle that isbeing built as near to a standard vehicleas is possible in this business. Based onan econoline-type van, the vehicle -which costs just under $100,000 - isequipped with two Hitachi FP -40Scameras, an Echolab SE2 switcher, aQuantafont QV character generator, aSony V02860A U-Matic recorder/editor, Microtrak 6455 audio console,and a Technics RS -M85 audio cassettedeck. In addition, the standardizedbroadcast van carries Panasonic TR932dual nine -inch monitors, a VideotekVM8PR color monitor, a Tektronix 528waveform monitor, and a VAC BPM-1burst phase monitor,as well as a LencoVideo distribution system.

Vidcom offers a number of productionvehicles suitable to almost any size locationneed

Mobile production vans increasingly offerspacious and comfortable interiors rivallingthose found in studios. This is F&FProductions control room in its trailer

Options on the truck include editingequipment, microwave relay systems,additional cameras, a time base correc-tor, and alternate equipment selectionsand floor plans. The company promisesthat if it cannot have a basic M-1 vehi-cle ready for delivery within 30 days oforder, it will knock $2000 off the pricetag.

A name new to NAB - but not to thebroadcast vehicle field - isGerstenslager, a custom coach builderbased in Wooster, Ohio. Although thecompany did not bring its vehicles toLas Vegas, company representativeswere happy to discuss the three modeltypes the company builds. They includea four -camera transit bus model, a 20 -foot Forward Control EFP truck, and40 -foot trailer rig equipped as a studioon wheels.

Even the camera makers are gettingin on the broadcast vehicle act. Philips

Strike Systems "Eagle" offers a surprisinglycomprehensive news production package inone of the smaller off -the -road vehiclesaround

introduced its new line of mobile televi-sion production vehicles, which areequipped with several Philips cameraoptions, a one -inch VTR, productionswitcher, and audio facilities.

Philips initiates its mobile unit enter-prise with four vehicles, the A-10, a10 -foot unit for single camera use; theB-14, a 14 -foot unit for two cameraoperation; the C-16, a 16 -footer also fortwo cameras, and the D-22, a 22 -footunit designed for three cameras. TheB-14 and C-16 are expandable to threecamera units while the D-22 can handleup to six cameras. All units sport com-plete audio and lighting facilities.Suggested cameras are triax or conven-tional LDK-14S, LDK-25B, or LDK-5B.

Video Production Services of KansasCity and Dallas endorsed Philips'scamera choice. VPS showed off its newvan, a Compact Video Services Com-

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62 BM/E JULY, 1981

Two AssignmentsCanon J13 x9B IE plus Canon J25x11.5111E and your camera

Two assignments, one location. Forexample, get great actior shots of a footballgame and also get player interviews athalf-time. You can do it wth one cameramanand one camera -like theone shown here-witt-Canon's amazing E.F.P. lenses. Here's how:

Mount our J25 x 11.E.B IE on a tripoc atyour principal location. It's 2/3" system wasdesigned specifically to work with ENGcameras, yet this lens provides a 25 -to -1 zoomratio, power zoom and focus. automatic cis andthe image quality you'd ecpect from a Canonbroadcast lens. Another choice is the CanonJ20 x 8.5B IE, with a 20-b-1 zoom ratio. (Boththese lenses have built-in extenders. too!) VVitt.your ENG camera attachad, you've got fullcapability.

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pact 27 (these were introduced at lastyear's NAB by the California group)that carries four LDK 5Ps and two LDK14s, all of which are triaxed. Elec-tronic Location Productions displayedits new Compact Video Services Com-pact 21B, which also packs PhilipsLDK 14 cameras.

A new facilities house, Best Audio(whose partners, Mssrs. Brand, Estrin,Schwartz, and Tourkow recently leftFilmways to form the North Hollywoodcompany), arrived at Las Vegas with a75 -day -old audio production van thatalready had done the Golden Gloves, aDiana Ross special, the AcademyAwards, the AFI tribute to Fred As-taire, and a Bobby Vinton Special.Built on a 32 -foot Ford utility van chas-sis, the vehicle makes up in accessibil-ity, engineering ergonometrics andfront -running audio technology what itlacks in flash. Focal point of the van isits heavily redesigned Eclipse "C"Sphere console, providing 136 inputsand 42 outputs. Eight buses have beenadded, giving a total of 32. Six 16 byfour submixers are on board, in addi-tion to eight stereo submixer pots. TwoAmpex ATRs and two Ampex 24 -trackMM 1200s complete this vehicle,which is available to production houseson a rental basis.

San Diego -based Centro Corp. ,which at the time of the show had justbeen acquired by one of its best clients,Skaggs Telecommunications Servicesof Salt Lake City, pulled the wrapsfrom its "Iso Pack" truck. Essentially,the vehicle - on a GMC chassis - canbe reconfigured from a series of 19 -inchisolated (hence, "iso") modules.

Among the "Iso Pack" reconfigura-tions: a film -style van that includes twocameras and two one -inch VTRs; an Isocamera van, with one camera and mi-crowave transmitter/VTR; an Iso tapevan, which carries a slow-mo with twoAmpex VPR-2s; an Iso graphics, with aChyron character generator; audio mixpack, a multi -channel audio mixer withmulti -track ATR; a camera control packthat handles up to six camera systems; atransmission pack with engineering -only equipment; and a cable pack thatincludes cable reels and motor.

Centro executives concede that theIso Pack approach is not inexpensive,but it is considerably cheaper than hav-ing to purchase several different vans toachieve the same operational or techni-cal flexibility afforded by a single"Iso" vehicle.

The company also introduced a 100kW generator trailer that develops itsoutput from a Lamborghini diesel. Cen-tro, which has established itself as adesigner/builder of studio controlrooms and broadcast vehicles, is "defi-

Centro, a well -established OB outfitter,continued to pack comfort and technicalpunch into its line of EFP vehicles

nicely thinking" in the direction of air-borne news, according to ranking com-pany insiders.

Compact Video Systems continuedto push its Compact 17 and 19, 27, 40and 42 series of vehicles. One of itsstrongest voices came from Video Pro-duction Services (the folks with thePhilips cameras), which was at theshow with its new Compact 27. In addi-tion to the four LDK-5 and one LDK-14triaxed cameras, the vehicle carries twoAmpex VPR-2B one -inch VTRs withcontrollers, an Ampex VPR-20 one -inch field recorder, a Chyron IV titlingsystem, a Grass Valley 1600-3Fswitcher, Quantel digital effects, Con-rac color video monitors, an RTS four -channel IFB, a Studer 16 by four audioconsole, an Ampex ATR-700 audio re-corder, an ITC stereo cart deck, JBLaudio monitor, and an Adda framesynchronizer/still store.

The custom vehicle racket can betough. Television Engineering Corp.was showing an unfinished four -camera unit built in a Barth body thatsits atop a 23 -foot Chevrolet chassis.The van features self-contained power,and while the VCR rack accommodates3/4 -inch video with editing, companyofficials were quick to point out thatchanges could be made to customerspecifications. This particular truck,with its side skirt and rear panel storagebins, could be completed within 30

Airborne televisionwas still a highlyattractive vehicularalternative at NAB.Bell's LongRangerprovides room forfive crew members

0!11111111111111%,.....AMIL

( ANAL

TELE-CURACAO

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One of the first units outfitted by Philips itself,has gone to Tele-Curacao. Philips offers fourdifferent size vehicles with cameracapacities ranging from one to six

days of the show - all it needed was acustomer (normally, TEC takes be-tween 90 and 120 days to produce abroadcast vehicle).

The company currently is buildingtwo identical 18 -foot vans, the firsttime it has had a concurrent order forthe same vehicle.

E -N -G Corp. , which company offi-cials say, has had "tremendous suc-cess" with its four -wheel -drive subur-ban vehicles since last year, arrived atthe show with an even smaller vehicle- an Oldsmobile Cutlass ENG car, onloan from San Francisco's ABC af-filiate, KGO-TV. The news car willcarry three people in addition to the 500W on -board generator and the Micro-wave Associates 13 GHz video/2 GHzaudio microwave transmitters.

Wolf coach decided not to show itsStep -Van -based Hippo this year,choosing instead a microwave relaytruck built on a Ford econoline 350chassis that the Northboro, Mass.,company has built for New York City'sWNBC-TV. Sticking with the micro-wave theme, Wolf this year introducedits QD-1, a bumper -mounted 12 -foottall post for any mini -transmitter. TheQD-1, which breaks down for storage,can be fitted to virtually any vehiclebumper.

Getting off the ground with a turnkeyairborne ENG Package, HughesHelicopters unveiled its 300C piston -

64 BM/E JULY, 1981

Excelleice in complete television systems designaic construction for mobile and fixec facilities.

Mobile Televisionis a lot more than just Television.

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If you want the best mobile...for the best price...and with the best equipment... start with Philips.These 4 standard fully equipped mobiles willconsistently and reliably produce the quality yourequire for prime time and network feeds.Selectively equipped with rugged, reliable equipmentincluding: Philips LDK14S ENG/EFP cameras, or LDK5B triax

or LDK25B mudcore remote/studio cameras,or Philips' new LDK44 ENG/EFP cameras,

ADC or CDL switchers, portable or rack mount 1" C type VTR's... even lighting kits and mics,

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Photos courtesy Wolt Coach (Models A. C 0) Shook Electronics (Model B)

A-10: 10-11' production area, 1-2 cameras,1 portable VTR, audio mixer, video switcher,audio cart recorder, and ancillary equipmentB-14: 12-14' production area, 2-3 cameras,1 studio VTR, audio console, productionswitcher. audio cart and reel/reel recorder,intercom, and ancillary equipmentC-16: See illustration to right. 16-18'production area, 2-4 cameras, 1-2 studio VTR's;other equipment similar to 8-140-22: 18-24' production area, 3-6 cameras,1-3 studio VTR's, A/V routing switcher,2 audio cart recorders, telephone system;other equipment similar to B-14.

Model C-16

1

CENTRAL DYNAMICSCORPORATIONThe U.S. Broadcast Company for a CDL PHILIPS American Data


NAB SHOWIN PRINTengined chopper, which packs eitherTayburn or Microwave Associates mi-crowave equipment - both of whichare light enough to stay within the smallhelicopter's load capacity. The three -place bird, which can broadcast liveor operate as a microwave trans-ponder, costs $160,000 fully equipped- about one-third the cost of otherfully equipped turbine helicopters.

Included in the on -board equipmentare a three-inch Sony color monitor, aWolfburg 12 -band UHF transmitter,and a Wolfburg 9600 channel VHFtransmitter. Camera power is throughthe aircraft's electrical system, obviat-ing the need for battery packs. Hughesrepresentatives at Las Vegas said theywere anticipating a very strong over-seas market for the microwave -equipped 300C.

At the other end of the helicopterspectrum was Bell's LongRanger II, aseven -place turbine-engined aircraftthat sells for $500,000 without anybroadcast equipment on board. Thiswas the first time Bell has shown theLongRanger at an NAB; last year it hadarrived with the five -place, $300,000JetRanger.

Advantages to the LongRanger, Bellrepresentatives pointed out, were that anews director could work from eitherside of the fore or aft cabin, a reportercould sit next to the pilot or in the pas-senger cabin, the camera operator couldshoot from either side of the craft orcould shoot the reporter from a work-able distance while in flight, andmonitoring equipment could be placedpretty much wherever a producer de-sired.

Although ENG Helicopter did notshow up with an aircraft this year, itspresident, Alex Carey, was showing hisnew Magic Movement camera mount,which, because it lacks counter-weights, saves a seat within a helicop-ter. The nine -pound mount will ac-commodate cameras weighing up to 40pounds. Cost of the constant resistancedamping mount with aircraft fittings is$12,000. BM/E

For more information: Strike Sys-tem's Eagle Camera Car, 322; F&FProduction's GTX, 323; Video Produc-tions, 324; Midwest Corp's M-1, 325;Gerstenslager custom-built broadcastvehicles, 326; Philips mobile televi-sion production vehicles, 327; CentroCorp., "Iso Pack" truck, 328; Televi-sion Engineering Corp., custom vehi-cles, 329; ENG Corp.'s ENG car, 330;Wolf Coach's QD-1, 331; HughesHelicopter's 300C, 332; Bell Helicop-ter's LongRanger II, 333; ENGHelicopter's Magic Movement cameramount, 334.

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50 kW VHF power, greater efficiency.4CX40,000G tetrode and cavitiesfrom Eimac.Eimac's new CV -2200 seriesof practical, low-cost cavitiesare available now. Combinedwith Eimac's 4CX40,000G VHFtetrode, this efficient, compactpackage is recommended forFM broadcast service, VHF -television, particle accelerationand VHF radar.

Generating a measured poweroutput of 60 kW, the 4CX40,-000G tetrode offers powergains of 20 dB up to 218 MHz.High stability is achieved withthe pyrolytic graphite gridstructure. And a highly efficient,economical and quiet anodecooling system is inherent in itsdesign.

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STV: A BUSINESS WITH CLOUDSHAS A "GOLDEN LINING"

II II II II Oil 11 II II II I

With the growth of STV,UHF broadcasters andLPTV visionaries wranglewith some sticky problemsin the search for a newservice.

OF ALL THE SESSIONS at this year's NABconvention, none proved more intrigu-ing than STV. Clearly the new busi-ness has problems, but in the opinion ofthe panelists, the problems are manage-able. The technology for STV is also aproblem, but the exhibits demonstratedthat the technical problems largely stemfrom a measure of confusion over howan STV operation is best created, and towhat ends. To compete for viewers,STV needs the highest possible signalquality and complicated security for itsterminal equipment. These "musts"are faced by an equally compellingneed for economy.

The panel, "STV: Boom or Bust,"was moderated. by Robert Cahill ofChartwell Communications, LosAngeles. Cahill struck a theme in hisopening remarks that was to pervadethe rest of the discussion: "[STV] is nota get -rich -quick scheme," Cahill as-serted. Rather, he said, it is a compli-cated, difficult business that can be animportant and successful service ifthose who would prosper by it under-stand it and cooperate with one another.

STV, Cahill noted, is just over fouryears old. Its quick success in L.A. mayhave been too quick, he said, leading"all the UHF station owners im-mediately to think of this as a gold mine. . So the UHF operators began toexact their nine pounds of flesh . . . andquite frankly, it brought STV to a haltfor a time. " It should be rememberedthat STV involves a delicate relation-ship between program supplier, serviceoperator, broadcaster, and consumer.At this vulnerable stage of STV's evo-lution, any one of the participants couldkill it off.

Panelist Chip Morris of AmericanTelevision and Communications Corp.pointed out that STV holds tremendous

potential. A recent survey showedpeople want not just one, but multiplepay channels. Ninety percent of thosesurveyed who have one channel wanttwo, and of those with two, 50 percentwant a third. The technology for deliv-ering multiple STV channels is devel-oping and such multi- or all -channelboxes are only marginally more costlythan single -channel boxes. The demandfor new services can lead to tiered offer-ings as well as to entry into the marketof multiple suppliers. John Gwin, rep-resenting Oak Communications on thepanel, pointed out that in Oak's recentoffering of an adult channel in Phoenixand Ft. Lauderdale, 60 percent of thebasic subscribers signed up for the newtier. Sports channels have also provedsuccessful, and while STV does notnecessarily compete for the big prosports, offering a careful selection ofregional, amateur, and professionalsports can help the STV operator appealto males who make the STV decision.

Two sides to every storyPanelist Dick Wolfson of Wometco

Enterprises said, "There are terribleproblems in STV. " Boxes become ob-solete, pay TV gets most of the first -runproduct from Hollywood, service calls

on users' boxes are increasingly expen-sive with wages up, fuel prices are ris-ing - the litany goes on. But, Wolfsonsaid, " . . . it's 'get rich slowly.' "With perseverance and cooperationthings can change. The economic bal-ance will shift to STV's favor fromCATV systems, which, Gwin said,"pay for themselves in somethingunder a century. " MDS is not seen as aserious competitor yet, and with somehelp from the producing community,the FCC, and the courts, CATV maysomeday be an asset. DBS is seen as anatural ally of STV. Several of thepanelists noted that DBS could becomea customer of STV programming.

But problems do abound. Piracy is abattle that STV may be winning. Gwinpointed to some success in getting thecourts in Detroit to find against piratesuncle' section 605 of the Communica-tions Act and sees the FCC consideringapplication of Section 302. More pros-ecution is needed, and STV operatorslook to producers to help them in this.Some STV operators report success inseeking damages against pirates. Re-cently, one operator sought to forecloseon the home mortgages of two pirates.Said one panelist, "We will beat it -we will see a lot of pirates in jail!"

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NABSHOWINPRINT"Gold mine" hard to tap

While STV is profitable if doneright, doing it right is not easy. Non-STV programming on an STV stationmust be beefed up to give the station anidentity as a quality programmingsource. The signal must be crystalclear, which means higher -pricedequipment and sharp attention to main-tenance. For the STV operator, thereare always the problems of maintainingthe consumer equipment, collection,box theft, disconnects, and program-ming costs.

Oak's Gwin said that a break-evenpoint exists in a system of 30,000 to60,000, depending on the market po-tential. Before Oak is interested, Gwinexplained, the market must have thepotential for 90,000 to 100,000 sub-scribers. Chip Morris said that between10 and 12 percent of a typical market'sviewers were likely to subscribe, andthat under today's economics, amillion -home market is probably theminimum target.

It should also be noted that theseguidelines vary when there is more thanone pay service per market. A recentBoston Research study, however,placed the amortizable cost per sub-scriber at $400, which gives the poten-tial operator some guidance on thesuitability of a market.

LPTV: maybe yes, maybe no

Wolfson of Wometco said flatly,"LPTV? I'm afraid it's a snare and adelusion." With potential market sizeprobably much smaller, LPTVoperators will still need to invest in allthe hardware. Said Gwin, "I fail tounderstand what people envision for allthese applications which have inun-dated the FCC." All Gwin could seewere "new swimming pools " for thelawyers. He did allow, however, thatsome giant STV operator with a net-work of LPTV stations connected bysatellite might make a go of it, thoughcost might well escalate.

Nevertheless, some panelists sawLPTV opportunities as possible ad-juncts to cable services or as avenuesfor new specialized programs that couldbe produced economically for smalleraudiences. One cited advantage ofLPTV was the absence of public servicerequirements, which might lead to all -day STV and even new services.Clearly, the experts have severe doubtsabout the potency of STV as a magicelixir for the as -yet unborn LPTV in-dustry.

Exhibits show systems ready

Among the exhibitors showingSTV-related gear were Blonder -Tongue, Dynacom International, and

Oak Industries. As were the panelists inthe STV session, the hardware peoplewere concerned about the threat of pi-racy. The problem has two aspects: out-right theft of the boxes and simple non-payment. The manufacturers offer twoanti -piracy strategies, scrambled sig-nals and addressable boxes.

Blonder -Tongue, supplier toWometco Home Theatre, displayed itsBTVision system, which offers a ter-minal to the subscriber containing a dig-ital key word on ROM. Each sub-scriber gets a unique coded word in-stalled in the user decoder at manufac-ture. The codes for all subscribers be-come a part of the station's computersystem and can be used to turn on or offany of the boxes. The binary code istransmitted along with the normal TVsignal. Theft of the box itself, or anattempt to defeat the key code, will leadto turn-off. Ten thousand unique ad-dresses can be addressed every minute,and up to a million subscribers can beserved on one system. The system canbe expanded to handle up to four mil-lion subscribers.

Dynacom International took alower -cost approach with its ticketmodule system, in which a coded key ismailed to the authorized subscriberwhen payment of the current bill is re-ceived. This very simple system hasbeen used by several small -marketoperators. A larger, more sophisticatedaddressable system, Digicode, is of-fered for larger markets. The systemsare available in NTSC, PAL, andSECAM. Dynacom offers completeturnkey installations for STV.

Oak Industries, of course, pluggedits complete service, which includesturnkey installation of Oak STV gearand expert consulting by an Oak im-plementation team offering guidanceon marketing, technical operations, in-stallation and service training, andcomputer operations.

Oak uses the Sigma system, whichoffers audio and video encoding withcomplete addressability. Only slightmodification to the station's transmitteris required. A complicated signal istransmitted to the decoder. If the datamatches the decoder's unique addressand authorized level, the Sigma de-coder unscrambles the signal. Insteadof reception through a UHF tuner, theunit converts the received signal to alocally unused VHF channel frequencyfor viewing. Getting STV on the VHFtuner is considered a marketing advan-tage.

One of the more talked -about STVsystems comes from Zenith. This all -channel decoder system, however, wasnot on display at NAB. BM/E

For more information: Blonder -Tongue BTVision, 280; Dynacomticket module system, 281; Oakturnkey service, 282.

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SPEAK OUT

"It's Time To Get Ready For Digital Television,"Says Preban HejbergTHE 1980s WILL BE, without a doubt, thedecade in which digital equipmenttakes over the majority of functions inthe TV world. Digital circuitry has beenmoving into television for a long time;the process started in the early 1960s.Before that time all equipment wasanalog only. Even master sync pulsegenerators made use of one -shots anddelay lines to generate the synchroniza-tion waveforms.

The availability of fast and reliableintegrated circuits (particularly TTLcircuits) advanced the use of digital cir-cuits, especially in production and testequipment. In fact, Philips marketed itsfirst digital test generator in 1972. Theinstrument, PM5546, is an RGBgenerator that produces various videosignals with high accuracy. Thegenerator has no real memory circuits,but the digital waveforms are made byhorizontal and vertical time base count-ers and logic circuits. Like much digitalequipment, this unit is still going strongnine years later. The digital signals areconverted to analog by a number ofprecision current generators, the cur-rents of which are summed in a 75 -ohmprecision resistor. This is exactly how amodern digital -to -analog converterdoes it.

The digital framestore was on themarket in the mid -1970s, and digitaltime base correctors and digital stan-dards converters have also been in usefor years. So why all the excitementnow about digital TV?

First, because state-of-the-art inte-grated circuits such as D -A converters,A -D converters, and large memories(RAMS and PROMs) are now fastenough to meet the demand for sam-pling rates of 15 to 20 MHz, necessaryfor video applications. Furthermore,these circuits are becoming less and lessexpensive so that it is cost-effective to

make more and more circuits digital.Second, the evolution of digital tele-

vision equipment has reached the pointat which it is desirable to interlink thevarious digital units on a digital basis,rather than converting each one back toanalog output and then converting thenext unit from analog to digital at theinput. These analog interfaces now con-form to analog TV standards defining linenumbers, field rate, color encoding, po-larity, and transmission levels.

In the same way, the shift to the digi-tal interface from one unit to anotherwill require the definition of a digitalinterface standard. Standardizationcommittees in various parts of theworld are now discussing this issue. Ifthe industry succeeds soon in agreeingon such a standard, it will be thegreatest single thing that has happenedto digital television.

The drive toward digital television isso strong that the standards agreementwill probably come before very long inany case. So the mostly digital TV plantis on the way. What test equipment willwe need?

As a manufacturer of television testequipment, Philips is of course, con-fronted with this question. The long -standard television and universal testequipment that we have now will con-tinue to be important for a time - aslong as the television chain is basicallyanalog.

More and more of the individualunits are becoming digital, however.This complex digital equipment re-quires sophisticated digital test equip-ment for repair and fault-finding. Suchdigital test equipment is standard in thecomputer world, and as soon as a videosignal has been digitized, any furtherprocessing or transmission is identicalwith that taking place in computers.The same techniques and equipment,

are used, therefore, as for computer re-pair and service.

This equipment is now on the marketand includes such items as pulsegenerators, standard oscilloscopes, os-cilloscopes with word triggering anddigital event delay, logic analyzers, biterror rate analyzers, and even completecomputers that run text programs andcheck that these programs are pro-cessed and transmitted properly.

As soon as the digital interface stan-dard has been agreed on, test signalgenerators and corresponding monitorsand analyzers with both digital andanalog inputs and outputs can be de-signed. This kind of equipment will beimportant in the mixed digital/analogtelevision chain (digital islands in theanalog sea and, eventually, the otherway)..

On a longer term, the total televisionchain may or may not be completelydigital. The outcome depends not somuch on technology as on economicfactors, standardization, the way it in-tegrates into the television world as awhole.

To sum up: In the present phase,more and more analog units in televi-sion are being replaced with digitalunits. but the interfacing is still analog.Analog test procedures and test equip-ment are still essential, but the digitalunits themselves require computer -related general-purpose test equipment.

In the near future more and more ofthe individual units will become digital,putting more weight on the computer -related test equipment and procedures.The interface, however, will still beanalog. The final phase, the totally digi-tal television plant, will be a technolog-ical possibility. Just how soon it willcome is uncertain at this time. Stan-dardization and economics will be thecontrolling factors. BM/E

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INTERPRETING THE&

REGULATIONS

Court Orders FCC To Review SiteChangesBy Frederick W. Ford and Lee G. Lovett; Lovett, Ford, Hennessey,

Stambler & Siebert, P.C., Washington, D.C.

SURELY EVERY BROADCAST LICENSEE has consideredmoving its transmitter site at one time or another. Thepossible motivations are many: too high a rent for the landoccupied by the transmitter; the desire to eliminate un-foreseen interference, and so forth. Since such a changeinvolves modifying the facilities specified in the license orconstruction permit, the licensee (or permittee) must file anew FCC Form 301 Application, as required by theCommunications Act, so that the Commission can for-mally approve the new facilities.

Generally, the Commission grants such applicationswith a minimum of effort. Sometimes, however, moreserious issues are raised when grant of the applicationwould actually amount to changing the community oflicense. In a recent decision in the Communications In-vestment Corporation (CIC) case,' the Court of Appealsruled that when such "substantial and material questions "are raised by the transmitter move, the Commission musthold a hearing to resolve those questions.

The result of the FCC decision overruled by the CICcase was a "de facto reallocation" of the community oflicensee by two Ogden, Utah, FM stations to Salt LakeCity. Section 303 of the Communications Act ("The'Communications Investment Corp. v. FCC, No. 78-1715, U.S. Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit, Slip Opinion, January 21, 1981, 4 RR 2d 1291.'See Hall Broadcasting Co., 71 FCC 2d 235, 237 (1979):

"[Die facto reallocation involves an attempt to utilize a channel assigned to onecommunity in order to establish a broadcast service in another community,thereby depriving that assigned community of service from that channel. So longas it appears that an applicant will provide service to the assigned communityadditional service rendered by it to other communities does not result in de factoreallocation. -

n the instant case, the Court determined there was such a reallocation.347 U.S.C. §303 (1976).447 U.S.C. §307 (b) (1976).547 U.S.C. §§309 (d) (e) (1976).6C/C v. FCC, supra. Slip Op., p. 50.7Id., p. 3.

Act"), as amended, gives the Commission the responsi-bility to assign the various frequencies to individual com-munities.; Each construction permit and license specifiesthe community of license for the AM, FM, or TV broad-cast station. Only the Commission can authorize a changein communities. When it does so, the Commission mustconform to the requirements of Section 307(b) of the Act,which empowers the Commission to distribute frequen-cies to different communities "so as to provide a fair,efficient, and equitable distribution of service" to each.4

In the CIC case, the court's primary legal concern wasthat the Commission had not complied with the legalrequirement for a hearing when material questions of factare raised.5In the court's words, it reversed the FCC because:

. . we believe these questions may raise substantialquestions under the 'suburban community' policy or 'defacto reallocation' doctrine. We believe the Commis-sion's decision to act without a hearing was plainly unrea-sonable in this case. 6

However, the Court's policy concern is fairly apparent -the Commission should examine carefully proposedlicense changes which might amount to disrupting servicein one community to benefit another.

In this article, we will discuss this important case, witha focus upon the particular policy emphasis of the court.Although the court did caution that the measurements itarticulated for its decision should not become an absolutestandard (see below), the particular issues that it raisedmerit review. The court noted that:

. . [A] pattern of summary approval for transmitterrelocation on the basis of an inadequate paper record maynow once again be emerging . . '7

The court is warning the FCC to approach these applica-

BAIT JULY, 1981 77

FCC Rules & Regulations

tions, maybe including yours, with more care than itevinced in this case.

The KDAB case

In 1973, an applicant for an available frequency inOgden, Utah, specified a transmitter site on a mountainonly 18 miles west of Salt Lake City but 41 miles, or morethan twice as far, from Ogden. Salt Lake City FM stationKALL, licensed to C/C, filed a petition to deny, arguingthat such a proposal violated Section 307(b) by amountingto a de facto reallocation to Salt Lake City. The applicant,the predecessor to the current license of KDAB, eventu-ally specified the site from which KDAB now seeks tomove. The Commission approved the Ogden applicationin July 1975.

Only 11 months later, KDAB, now licensed to D & BBroadcasting Co., applied to move its transmitter to theoriginal, and presently disputed, site - Farnsworth Peak.KDAB claimed that it was experiencing multipath prob-lems as the signal from the site near Ogden reflected off arange of mountains east of the city. The signal as transmit-ted from Farnsworth Peak would travel parallel to theinterfering range.

KDAB provided very little documentation of this prob-lem, only a letter filed by a "field man" from KDAB'santenna supplier who conducted informal "tests." Al-though this fact was not of decisional significance, JudgeWilkey, noted that:

"The weight to be accorded his conclusion is uncertain,however; the president of the antenna company was quick

to assert in a letter [to KDAB] . . . that 'the antenna isvery much OK' while admitting that 'we are not consult-ing engineers.' Furthermore, the 'field man's' qualifica-tions were never determined."sThe court determined that the need for Commission

review of the applicant's motivation, i.e., that it might beinspired by more than multipath problems, might turn onthese facts: Salt Lake City's upgrade from "relatively low quality"primary service to city grade coverage; and The move would eliminate 10,000 rural residents out-side of Ogden but add about 230,000 new Salt Lake Cityarea listeners.Furthermore,

. . because most of those added would be in the urbanSalt Lake City vicinity, the added listeners represented amore concentrated and perhaps more affluent market, andtherefore . . . demographically more attractive toKDAB's potential advertisers, than the scattered ruralresidents. '9

Two stations had filed petitions to deny, including KALL.They also offered evidence of other sites nearer to Ogdenfree of multipath problems.

However, the Commission granted the KDAB applica-tion in February 1978.10 It ruled that the petitioners failedto show that the move amounted to de facto reallocation.Although the court noted that Ogden would still get asstrong a signal as required under the Rules, it expressedconcern that the FCC failed to consider that Salt Lake Citywould get an even stronger signal than Ogden.

81d., pp. 10-11.p. I2.

'°D & B Broadcasting Co. (KDAB), 67 FCC 2d 570 (1978).

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FCC Rules & Regulations

The KZAN application

The facts behind the KZAN application were related tothe KDAB case. In an original comparative proceeding,one group applied for yet another available FM at Ogdenbut at the Farnsworth Peak site. Another proposed a sitecloser to Ogden. KALL filed a petition to deny against theformer just as it had against KDAB.

The Farnsworth site applicant dismissed its applicationin return for 20% of the remaining applicant but themerged applicant specified the Farnsworth Peak site. TheCommission approved the settlement since it had recentlysettled the KDAB matter.

The CIC decision

The court reversed the Commission in both instances.As the court read the history of Section 307 of the Act, theCommission's duty was clear. "It must forestall exces-sive concentration of FM assignments in larger cities andensure adequate service to smaller communities and'sparsely populated' regions. ' '11 High power Class C FMstations, like those involved in this case, had been as-signed in limited numbers to serve the central cities,suburbs, and surrounding rural areas with a protectedradius of 65 miles. These stations had been assigned toOgden and Salt Lake City with these several objectives inmind, although some overlap between the two sites wasexpected since they are only 33 miles apart.

In the majority view,"If left to their own devices broadcasters would congre-gate around the biggest city in the area. In fact, it wasagainst just this concentration that the current version ofSection 307(b) was directed." 12

In addition to this substantive duty to prevent such move-ment, there was also a procedural duty:

"Congress has also explicity specified a quite natural andprudent procedural requirement that the Commission, incarrying out its Section 307 (b) mandate, hold hearingswhenever an application for a transmitter site raises asubstantial and material question of fact. "3

In the past, whenever the Commission had forsaken hear-ings when such questions were raised, the Court hadreversed the FCC."

Nine test factors

Here, in addition to the de facto reallocation question,as in other related FM license proceedings, the courtdecided that "some careful inspection of the matter ofbroadcasters in selecting transmitter sites was necessary toassure that applicants had not subverted the policies be-hind the table [of assignments]. "15 So, the Court pro-posed "test factors, "16 based on previous cases, thatmight suggest the need for a hearing: The ratio of the population of the city of license to thatof the larger city, since it is likely that the temptation tocater to a larger market will grow in proportion to therelative size of that market; The ratio of the distance between the proposed trans-

'ICC v. FCC, Slip op., p. 19.uld., pp. 20-21. Emphasis is the court's.'3Id., p. 21.'"See Wometco Enterprises v. FCC, 314 F.2d 266 (D.C. Cir. 1963) (per curium),reversing Scripps -Howard Radio, Inc., 22 RR 1054 (1962); and Louisiana Televi-sion Broadcasting Corp. v. FCC, 347 F.2d 808 (D.C. Cir. 1965) (per curiam),reversing St. Anthony Television Corp., 2 RR 2d 348 (1964)."C/C v. FCC, Slip Op., p. 28.

mitter site and the city of license to the distance betweenthe transmitter site and the larger city to which the stationmay be, in effect, moving; The expected ratio of the signal strength in the city oflicense to the signal strength in the larger nearby city; Whether a portion of the city of license is expectedactually to lose coverage or, especially in the case of aClass C station with a duty to serve a widespread coveragearea, whether there will be a loss area outside the city oflicense; Whether the proposed site is already in use by stationsassigned to the larger city;" Common ownership with an AM station in the largercity and plans to share staff facilities on programmingwith it as well; Whether the station has evinced a prior interest inlocating in the larger market; A proposal to move the studio as well as the transmitterto a larger market; Whether there is some unique advantage in the siteproposed.The court cautioned that it had based this analysis on pastdecisions and "not on our own invention. " The courtadded that it in no way intends to foreclose communityaction so long as it complies with its statutory mandate.

Five of the nine factors suggested questions about a defacto reallocation from Ogden to Salt Lake City. First, thepopulation ratio of Ogden to Salt Lake City is "substan-tial," about 1:2.4. The distance ratio is similarly large,41:18, alcin to the Louisiana case. A stronger signal was tobe expected in Salt Lake City, although "evidence" couldnot be found in the record. Furthermore, Ogden wasexpected to receive "the absolute minimum signal" per-mitted by the rules. Fourth, over 10,000 people would bedeprived of the KDAB service, although it was uncertainwhat other services they might still receive. Finally, as ina TV reallocation case, the new transmitter sites werebeing used by other stations in Salt Lake City (see note17).

Both the Commission and the Ogden stations arguedthat they were in full compliance with statutory and regu-latory requirements.

"All the key early cases cited to us . . . involved appli-cants in full literal compliance with all relevant FCCrules, yet hearings were nonetheless ordered to determinewhether the table of assignments, an FCC rule, would beundercut by the proposed move. "8

The Commission and the Ogden stations had failed todisprove concerns raised by the applications and hearingswere ordered by the court.

Conclusion

All broadcasters should consult with communicationscounsel about this decision if they contemplate a transmit-ter site move for the Commission has taken some steps inrecent months somewhat in conflict with the CIC deci-sion, at least as regards new FM stations.1 ' The Commis-sion's questions in particular involve the actual method ofdetermining whether a reallocation has occurred. How-ever, the court decision is now law unless amended oroverturned in the future. BM/F

"Id., pp. 30-33 for factors 1-9.'7"No matter where a sation claims to be 'located', if FM tuners receive a signalfrom the same place as other stations allocated to the larger city, from a purelyengineering perspective, the location of the station is the larger city. "id., p. 32."Id., p. 44.

"See Bie Broadcasting Co., 81 FCC 2d 1, 49 RR 2d 471 (Rev. Bd. 1980); RadioWheeling, Inc., 48 RR 2d 1675 (Rev. Bd. 1981).

80 BM/E JULY, 1981

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Editor's Note: Before attempting to implement any GreatIdea involving the modification of equipment, station per-sonnel should check with the equipment manufacturer toinsure that no violation of warranty will occur.

If the Great Idea involves any technical standards gov-erned by the FCC, stations should make sure that the ideawill in no way cause a violation of FCC rules.

16. Video Test Pattern GeneratorJ.R Hall, Director of EngineeringHunter College, New York, N.Y.

Problem: We needed a low-cost alignment patterngenerator with video line output. National Semiconduc-tor's MM5322 is an LSI chip that has most standardcrosshatch and line patterns. The only problem is that forproper operation it needs a 378 kHz xtal or tuned network.We could not locate such a crystal, and the tuned networkdrifted.

Solution: The solution turned out to be quite simple. A4046 CMOS PLL, when used in the X24 multiply mode,provides exactly the right frequency with the additionalbonus that it can genlock to some outside 15734H2 hori-zontal reference.

Circuit description: A CA3130 buffers and shapes theexternal clock or sync input. It provides the needed fastrise time input to the 4046. The output of the 4046 (pin 4)VCO is the input to the clock input of the MM5322. Toobtain a reference signal for the comparator input, thePLL VCO will adjust itself until both inputs (pins 14 and3) are of identical frequency and phase. Since theMM5232 divides the clock by 24, the PLL output must bemultiplied by 24 to go into phase lock.

The composite video output of the 5322 is designed tofeed directly to a video modulator (pos sync) and must beinverted and buffered to be useable as a line source. Ahigh-speed HA2525 opamp does this. An IM318 shouldwork just as well, if compensation is changed.

Patterns are changed by four toggle switches or by aBCD hex thumb switch. For color bar patterns the circuitin National's handbook (MOS) should be followed, butagain, it uses a strange frequency.

VOTE FOR BEST IDEASBallot On Reader Service Card

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BM/ E JULY, 1981 83

Great Ideas

17. Troubleshooting Moseley TRC-15Bob Mayben, General Manager and Chief EngineerWKXC-FM, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Problem: A single method for troubleshooting adowned Moseley TRC-15.

Solution: Recently, my remote control went down.Upon arrival I found the studio unit would calibrate,control, and read, but no action was taken by the transmit-ter unit. At the transmitter site, I made sure the phone linewas good by attaching the phone line to the amplifier Ikeep at the transmitter. When the studio unit sent a pulse,it arrived up the hill, so my next step was to reconnect theline to the transmitter unit and then ground the shield onthe audio lead while attaching a probe to the hot lead. Ithen walked through the Moseley, using the test pointsprovided for scopes and metering. I was able to locate theproblem quickly by simply signal tracing while feeding araise burst from the studio unit. I replaced two ICs and atransistor and was back remote controlling in a flash.

18. AM Off -The -Air Carrier AlarmHank RoedellWIBCIWNAP, Indianapolis, Ind.

Problem: To construct an AM off -the -air carrier alarmwith LED bar graph modulation indication.

Solution: This circuit has an 11 second delay, with an

LED indicating an outage has occurred. It doubles as afine listening radio. The antenna rod, capacitor, and IFtransformers can be taken from an old inexpensive transis-tor radio. Q1 through Q5 are ECG 123A. Q6 is an ECG132.

This circuit has been built, and all component valuesare proper. The LED VU is a moving dot, which is veryimpressive and shows at a glance whether the station ismodulating properly. I built the circuit to fit into a four byseven by two-inch plastic case, with a 12 V 300 mAregulated power supply. The PC board layout shouldmake PC work easier.

Diagram of Roedell's AM carrier alarm

VOTE NOW!Ballot On Reader Service Card

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If you have timed a system, you will know how much of a nuisance it is to make adjustments at each camerahead. It almost always requires two people and the conversation goes like this, "A little more. No! No! Theother way". Well, now there is a better way.

The 6006B enables timing to be done from one central location, with a clear view of scopes and monitors.It has individual adjustments on four black burst outputs, both horizontal and subcarrier.

If your cameras require drives instead of black burst, there is the standard 6006A. In the same family, the6006C, has color bars and an audio tone generator.

All three generators save you a lot of distribution amplifiers. They all have:

GENLOCK FIVE SUBCARRIER OUTPUTS, FOUR PHASE ADJUSTABLE FIVE H. DRIVE OR SYNC OUTPUTS, FOUR ADJUSTABLE TWO NON ADJUSTABLE BLACK BURST OUTPUTS FIVE VERTICAL DRIVE OUTPUTS TWO OUTPUTS EACH FOR THE OTHER DRIVES

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84 BM/E JULY, 1981Circle 154 on Reader Service Card

The Dolby' Cat. No. 155 or 255module allows you to plug thebenefrs of a Dolby A -type ioisereduct on directly into your Sony'BVH-1000/1100 or Ampex'VPR-2 1" VTR* Operation is fullyautomatic. And at long last theaudio performance of your VTRwill rival that of professional audiotape recor:ers.

Dolby A-tycie noise reduction hasbeen accepted for years through-out tie wo-id for high -quality tapereco'ding and other audio -.rans-mission and storage media. Itprovides 1C dB of noise reCuctionfrom 30 Hz upwards, increasingto 15 dB at 9 kHz and above,without the audible side effects(such as noise modulation andovershoot distortion) associated

with mare conventional tech -n ques. Dolby noise reduction canalso lead tc lower distortion, as itpermits more conservativerecording levels to reduce the risko' tape saturation.Today wide audio bandwidth andIcw no se a -e becoming common -p ace ii many parts of the tele-vision origination/transmissionchain. Contact us to find out howDolby liaise reduction can pre-vent the VTR audio track frombeing one of the weak links.

*Outboa'd Dolby noise reductionsnits are available for use withvirtually any other video or audiorecordEr

C rcle 155 on Reader Service Card

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Rules for BM/E's 1981Great Idea Contest

Mail to:

Editors, BM/E

295 Madison Avenue

New York, New York 10017

1981Entry Form

Name Title

Station Call Letters City

State Zip

Telephone No.

Licensee

Class of Station at which idea is used (check one)

TV FM AM

Category: Audio RF Video Control

Objective or Problem: (In few words; use separate sheet

for details)

Solution: (Use separate sheet -500 words max)

I assert that, to the best of my knowledge, the idea

submitted is original with this station; and I hereby give

BM/E permission to publish the material.

Signed Date

1. Eligibility: All station personnel are eligible. Consultants tothe industry may enter if the entry indicates the specific stationor stations using the idea or concept. Manufacturers ofequipment or their representatives are not eligible.2. How to Enter: Use the Official Entry Form on this page orsimply send BM/E a description of your work. State theobjective or problem and your solution. Include diagrams,drawings, or glossy photos, as appropriate. Artwork must belegible but need not be directly reproducible and not exceedingthree in number. Camera reproducible material is preferred.Length can vary, but should not exceed 500 words. BM/Ereserves the right to edit material. Entry should include: Name,title, station affiliation, and the class of station-TV, FM, AM.Indicate if idea is completely original with you.3. Material Accepted for Publication: BM/E editors will makeall decisions regarding acceptability for publication. Ifduplicative or similar ideas are received, BM/E editors will judgewhich entry or entries to accept. A $10 honorarium will be paidfor each item published.4. Voting: Every reader of BM/E is entitled to rank the ideaspublished. This can be done on the Reader Service Card in themagazine or by letters or cards sent to the BM/E office. To vote,readers should select the three ideas they like best and rankthem 1, 2, or 3.

5. Winners: Top rated entries in the year -long tally will becomewinners in each of the three major categories (AM, FM, TV).Final winners will be picked in February, 1982, and announcedin the March, 1982, issue of BM/E.6. Prizes and Awards: Three top prizes will be awarded; aprogrammable electronic calculator will be awarded for thehighest rated entry in the respective categories of AM, FM, andTV. Ten engineering slide rule calculators will be awarded assecondary prizes for the highest rated entries in the followingadditional categories (top three winners are not eligible forthese prizes): audio (three prizes, one each in the AM, FM andTV categories); RF (three prizes, one each in the categories ofAM, FM, TV); Control (three prizes, one each in the AM, FM andTV categories); Video (one prize in TV).

86 BM/E JULY, 1981

We put beautifuldowntown Burbank in orbit.

Compact Video's blasting off into space with the mostcomplete array of satellite services available anywhere.

So if you're a network, cable system, teleconferenceplanner, or news/sports programmer, we can provide youwith the latest technology that satellite transmission hasto offer, including arranging transponder time.

Our gleaming Satellite Broadcast Center in downtownBurbank is the most complete production facility of itskind anywhere on the planet. You'll find spacious, ultramodern sound stages, plus the finest in playback, pro-duction, and sound services all under one roof. For directsatellite transmission, you'll have use of two steerable 10meter uplink/downlink dishes that can instantaneouslyconnect you with any commercial satellite in the sky.

And besides our industry renowned VideoMobile Units, we also offer the services of ourTransportable Earth Station, a unique andself contained broadcast facility complete

with folding uplink antenna dish. The Earth Station givesyou the capability to broadcast live and direct from anylocation.

If that wasn't enough, we can perform on -the -air stan-dards conversion direct to or from European transmission.

We're making a heavy commitment to satellite services.But this is only the beginning. Compact feels satelliteswill be more than a technological breakthrough, they'llbecome an excellent way to save you big money overthe high cost of land lines and microwave links you'represently using.

For more details on our complete satellite services,give Hynndie Wali a call. She'll show you how we'll gocompletely out of this world to save you time and money.

But then, what else would you expect froma company like Compact, the com-

pany that put beautiful downtownBurbank in orbit.

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2813 W Alameda Ave.. Burbank. CA 91505 [213] 843-3232Circle 160 on Reader Service Card

MOBILE TELEVISION UNITSIf your future plans include a mini -van, afull scale production truck, or somethingin between, Lerro can develop yourideas into a complete televisionproduction vehicle. An experiencedstaff designs andengineers into yourvehicle the needs ofyour organization. As

authorized representatives for leadingmanufacturers, Lerro provides turnkeyinstallations of state of the art technolo-gy anywhere in the continental UnitedStates. To find out more about Lerroand how they can provide your mobileunit, contact Bob McTamney at (215)

223-8200.

LERROELECTRICAL CORPORATION

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS DIVISION3125 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19132

Serving the Continental United States

viremeseernill11 II OM au


BROADCAST

EQUIPMENTThis month's Broadcast Equipmentcolumn continues the theme of theissue by highlighting new products fortesting and measurement.

Audio Transmission Tester 250

Model S1100 AWA audio transmissiontest system consists of a compactgenerator and receiver that combine tomeasure up to 46 significant transmis-sion parameters, including absolute re-ceive level, frequency response, THD,IM distortion, RMS noise, 1 kHz noisestereo crosstalk, stereo phase, peaklevel, wow and flutter, and quasi -peaknoise (weighted and unweighted).These can all be measured and reportedin approximately 3.5 seconds. TheSG1100 generator inserts on command,in place of program, a brief multiplefrequency stimulus that includes aunique signal source ID code. TheSR1100 receiver monitors the programline but remains quiescent until it de-tects a particular coded sequence, whenit performs the selected parameter mea-surements. The system enables exten-sion system performance measure-ments to be carried out with virtually nointerruption to program in both radioand TV sound channels. $13,200.MARCONI INSTRUMENTS.

Color Bar Identifier 251

Model CB7300 is a portable televisioncolor bar identifier for verifying signalsource in portable link operations. Itoperates on either 115 V ac or 12 V dc(switch selectable) and combines acolor bar generator with alphanumericcharacter generator and audio signalsource in a compact 19 by two by 71/2 -

inch enclosure with video bypass. Theunit incorporates a 525/60 NTSC colorsync generator, EIA RS -189 split fieldcolor bar generator, and field -pro-grammable eight -digit ASCII charactergenerator. An audio generator providesa 1000 Hz +18 dBm full level tonefrom a 600 ohm, balanced trans-former -isolated output. $2295. QSISYSTEMS, INC.

Vectorscope 252

The VSM-5 vectorscope providesbright, sharp, easy -to -observe vectordisplays on a five -inch CRT and is de-scribed as a perfect companion to themaker's TSM-5 waveform monitor.Standard features include: selectableA/B video with looping BNC inputs

and subcarrier "A" select; selectableA/B calibrate subcarrier and externalsubcarrier looping inputs; test circle/alternate line, pushbutton selectable;high voltage regulation; and 100 per-cent solid state circuitry. The compactdesign mounts in 5% inches of verticalrack space and is one-half rack widthwide. VIDEOTEK.

Waveform Monitor 253

Model 523A is a solid state video wave-form monitor designed to display andmonitor waveforms from camera out-puts, video system output lines, andvideo input lines on 525 -line systems(with an option for 625 -line systems).

The compact (5.25 inches high byone-half rack space wide) monitor, anupdate of the older 528, has an internalCRT graticule that provides parallax -free waveforms for more accurate read-ings. Display of either of two 75 ohmvideo signal inputs is, selectable from

For more informationcircle bold face numberson reader service card.

the front panel. The displayed videosignal is also provided at a video outputjack on the rear panel for viewing on apicture monitor or vectorscope. Otherfeatures include built-in 1 V calibrationsignal; flat, IRE, chroma, and diff gainfrequency response positions on thefront -panel response switch; and a hori-zontal sweep selector switch. $2095.TEKTRONIX, INC.

Videocassette Evaluator 254

Model 750 is a videocassette evaluatorthat incorporates the same technologyas the maker's larger videotape evalua-tion equipment. Illuminated bar graphdisplays are located on the front panel,with a tape time reference scale abovethe bars, calibrated from 0 to 66 min-utes in half -minute increments. Thecenter bar identifies video dropout andthe upper and lower bars identify edgedamage. Each bar has 128 illuminatingLED segments, each representing a

half -minute of tape. Also featured arethree pushbuttons that can becustomer -calibrated to sort tape intocategories (for example, "masterstock," "commercial quality,""minimum acceptable standards "). Anoptional printer reproduces all threegrading or nine bar charts together withtime/location scale. A one -hour cas-sette can be cleaned, evaluated, andrewound with constant tension, andgraded in six minutes. Manufactured byElcon Associates. TELEVISION EQUIP-MENT ASSOCIATES.

TV Monitor Scope 255

0S3350/5 is a portable, professional -quality TV monitor oscilloscope thatcombines the functions of an NTSC525 -line waveform and picture monitorwith those of a general-purpose 40MHz dual trace scope. It is expeciallysuited for testing and troubleshootingTV, CATV, CCTV, video recorder/playback, and other video equipment in

BM/E JULY, 1981 89

Broadcast Equipment

mobile TV, broadcast station, and otherapplications. A timebase generatorpermits the scope to perform line -by-line examination of 525 -line wave-

forms or to display complete pictures. Itaccepts standard level composite videosignals with or without sound -in -syncsignals and provides five different trig-gering modes. A multiturn vernier con-trol provides triggering delays up to 90µs, allowing parts of a line to beexamined in detail. $4395. GOULD. INC

Diagnostic System For T.O.P.S.Y.256

TDE II diagnostic equipment for theT.O.P.S.Y. option for the Mark III fly-ing spot telecine gives the user access toall addresses in the T.O.P.S.Y. address

field. The manufacturer states that thissimplifies analysis and fault diagnosisand allows the user to program dataexternally for analysis of a required ad-dress area with an oscilloscope. Theunit's monitor program gives theoperator a trace instruction, registerdisplay, break points, run or go, mem-ory display, exit, and system reset.With the system, the user can analyzethe local interface, mainframe, and re-mote racks either by running the pre-

programmed routines or by writing aspecial program for examination of aspecific parameter. If desired, TDE IIcan run T.O.P.S.Y.'s remote rack it-self. RANK CINTEL.

100 MHz Oscilloscope 257

Model V-1050 is a new quad trace,100 MHz oscilloscope with stated sen-sitivity of 500 µV/div (5 MHz). It willsimultaneously display four signals; atotal of eight traces can be seen with the

alternate time base feature. Frequencyresponse of channel 1 and channel 2vertical amplifiers is dc to at least 100MHz (- 3 dB) and rise time is 3.5 ns orless. Channels 3 and 4 have frequencyresponse dc to 70 MHz (-3 dB). Abandwidth limit switch can limit band-width to approximately 20 MHz. Theunit offers calibrated delayed sweep

ThePerfect

CompanionsVSM-5, the latest in a series of professional testequipment from Videotek. A television Vectorscopewhich provides bright, sharp, easy -to -observe vectordisplays on a 5 -inch CRT. Available as a separateunit, or rackmounted ... The Perfect Companion toour popular TSM-5 Waveform Monitor.

Qualify Endures

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CHIEFENGINEERWANTED

Our client, a television group broadcaster, isseeking a very special person with strongmanagement credentials to become chiefengineer at one of their network affiliatedVHF television stations in a top 75 market.Prior supervisory or management experienceis mandatory and labor relations experienceis highly desirable.

This is a turnaround situation. Thetask is not easy. The challenge is great. Butthe opportunity for a bright, ambitiousindividual to establish a strong track recordand be recognized throughout the industry,as an outstanding engineering manager andleader, is even greater.

Our client is an equal opportunity employ-er and your name will not be discussed withour client without your permission.

If you have what it takes, and would liketo discuss this position in total confidence,send us your background profile or call today

Joe SullivanSi Associates, Inc.

Executive Search and Recruitment1270 Ave of the Americas. NY NY 10020

(2121 765-3330

Circle 158 on Reader Service Card90 BM/E JULY, 1981

If Your Television Operationis on the Move Stop Right Here.Today, after more than a decade of successful user -oriented experience, Compact Video is manufac-turing and selling mobile location systemsdesigned and engineered to answer your remoteproduction needs for the eighties.Compact builds a standard line of mobile locationproduction vehicles and a portable up -link earthstation with generator, each ruggedly designed tomeet the demanding requirements oflocation production.

Our Compact 17 and 19are economical EFP unitsready to meet the worldon a moment's notice.The Compact 208 is anEFP system containingup to four cameras andup to two one -inchVTR's. Capable of han-dling a wide range of remoteproductions, the Compact 27 is designed formaximum economy and flexibility with up to sixcameras and up to three VTR's. Our Compact 40has roomy provisions for a production staff of tenand is ideal for sports and intricate entertainmentspecials. It contains up to eight_cameras and four VTR's. r -

Each unit in our standardline not only representstoday's state-of-the-arttechnology, but each isalso wired both electri-cally and electronically toaccommodate orderlyexpansion as your pro-duction requirements change.And delivery is surprisingly prompt.

So, if your television operation is on themove, learn how Compact can help getyou there. Contact Mr. Robert Manahan,Sales Division.

Compact VideoSalesA Step Ahead

West Coast Headquarters1104 W Chestnut Street, Burbank, CA 9150612131843-3232 Telex 662404

IllinoisWashington Executive Plaza, 552 S. Washington, Suite 101,Naperville, IL 60540,1312) 369-0714

London17 Old Church Lane, Kingsbury London, NW9 8TG Eng.01-205-3231 Telex: 896616

Compact 40

Compac: 27

New York1700 Broadway, 38th FloorNew York, NY 10019 1212) 265-6203

TexasKeystone Park13773 N. Central Expressway, Suite 1230Dallas, TX 75243 (214) 783-0044


THE 300 SYSTEM!

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The unique 300 System was created indirect response to customer require-ments for flexible system design. Cur-rently there are over 1000 systems inservice throughout the United States-dramatic testimony to its acceptanceby industry professionals.

The Lenco 300 System offers you liter-ally 3 BILLION combinations. Mix ormatch the 30 different plug-in modules,and you achieve a degree of flexibility

and versatility in television terminalequipment unmatched in the industry.

With the 300 System, you buy onlywhat you need, when you need it -youdon't pay for unnecessary or unwantedfeatures. And the 300 System defiesobsolescence, since you may recon-figure it at any time by simply changingor adding plug-in modules.

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Call or write today for complete details.

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The Professional's ChoiceCircle 161 on Reader Service Card

Broadcast Equipment

capability. Horizontal display modesinclude A only, A intensified, alter-nate, and B delayed. The six-inch CRThas an acceleration voltage of 20 kV,with useful screen area of eight by 10cm. Internal graticule, variable scaleillumination, and P31 phosphor arestandard, as is a TV synchronizationcircuit for video applications. Powerconsumption is 50 W or less. $2390.HITACHI DENSHI AMERICA.

Microwave Receiver 258

The Series 1780 programmable mi-crowave receiver is designed to reduceantenna testing time by providing highdata rate capability. Programmablebandwidth and data averaging offer achoice of high measurement speed orincreased sensitivity. The IEEE -488compatible receiver is programmablefrom 1 to 40 GHz and operates at fixedfrequencies to over 100 GHz. An op-tional low -frequency converter extendscoverage down to 100 MHz. Two- andthree -channel models are available,with up to three channels of amplitudedata and two channels of relative phase.The receiver automatically calibratesthe IF system with a stable internal crys-tal oscillator, allowing compensationfor any IF system errors resulting fromlong-term or short-term drift. A pro-grammed service mode permits internaltroubleshooting to the board level, re-ducing servicing time. SCIENTIFIC-ATLANTA.

Signal Generators 259

Two new signal generators, Model6070A (200 kHz to 520 MHz) andModel 6071A (200 kHz to 1010 MHz),feature many microprocessor -con-trolled features: direct keyboard func-tional control; "spin knob" tuning; dig-ital sweep with ramp and pen lift out-puts for x -y recording; internal"learn -mode" memory for storingcomplete front -panel setups for later re-call (up to 50 locations); AM, FM, orOM relative frequency and amplitudefor offset measurements; and frequencystep buttons. They have a noise floor of- 150 dBc/Hz at 20 kHz offset; non -line related non -harmonic spurs are- 90 dBc to - 100 dBc. IEEE -488interface is standard. Virtually allfront -panel functions of the 5'/4 -inchhigh units are remotely programmable.Model 6070A, $15,000; Model 6071A,$17,000. FLUKE.

For more Informationcircle bold face numberson reader service card.

EFP MATTE BOX

For the "Film Look" inVideo!The EFP Matte Box is a full production matte box designed toprovide the "videographer" with the extra measure of flexibilityand filter control normally associated with motion picturecinematography and the "film look:'

Swing -away type matte box mainta nsconstant orientation.

Features two clip -on rotatable filter stages,each accepting standard 41/2" diameter

special effects filters such as starand fog filters, neutral grads,polarizing filters, etc.

Designed for use with Fujinonand other popular video lenses.

Extremely lightweight andeasy to mount, the EFP MatteBox is ideal for shootinghandheld, as well as fcr tripodor Steadicam use.

For farther information, please contact:

04 products<, Fl FI Al- I 0 IN

2037 Granvi le Avenue. los Angeles, California 90025Telephone (213) 478-0711 (213) 477-1971 Telex 69-1339

XLR Connectors

19" Rack Mount Phantom Power E.Q. Defeat

Exclusive Dealer Territo-ies still available.For comprehensive catalogs e p lease write or call:

1365-C Dynamics Street, NorthAnaheim, California 92806(714: 528-4930, Telex - 678407

rc e on ea e, .ervice a

BM/E JULY, 1981 93

Broadcast Equipment

TV Sync Option For Scopes 260

Television sync capabilities are addedto 100 MHz oscilloscopes Models1740A, 1741A, and 1742A with the005 option. This option adds the cir-cuits and controls necessary for trigger-ing on a composite video signal whilemaintaining measurement capabilities

for design and troubleshooting. Oscil-loscope inputs are modified to provideconvenient matching to video signals.Channel A incorporates a built-in 75ohm input for impedance -matchingmost video sources. Channel B has aTV clamp that stabilizes the display ofvideo signals. This TV sync circuitlocks on the one complete frame ofvideo, with switching between fieldsaccomplished by a pushbutton. TV linescan capability allows individual linesto be singled out for inspection and

use our new1' 9 2" CLEANING &/

EVALUATION SERVICcapital equipment

SAVE: labor costsmanpower costslong term contracts available

STUDIO FILM & TAPE INC.630 Ninth Avenue, New York, NY 10036 212/977-93306670 Santa Monica Blvd., Hollywood, CA 90038 213/466-8101

TM


NEWEST AUDIO PROCESSORS

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EXR Exciter SP -1

EXR Exciter EX -3

1112ZWAIIIMPIalltAudio & Design Limiter M-600

is ma Ena a

Telex MC series Cart Machines

Telex Headsets

Eventide BD -955 Digital Delay Line

Lexicon 1210 Speech Compressor

Otari5050-BHalf orfull track

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Otari MX -7800Eight track

Signal Processors Microphones Tape Machines MonitorsAuratoneJBLTannoy

Audio & DesignRecording

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Plus: Acoustic design and con-sultation services for your controlroom or production facility.

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Factory service forwarranty and repair

Sri ARS-1000Automated tape deck

EMU THINGploz16055 Ventura Blvd., Suite 1001Los Angeles, California 91436

Phone (213) 995-4175 Tlx 651485

measurement. Segments of individuallines may also be examined in thetriggered mode. Adds $215 to price ofscope. HEWLETT-PACKARD.

Audio Multimeter 261

The Bulgin Soundex audio multimeteris a multi -purpose instrument suitablefor line testing and listening, peak pro-gram metering, amplification of micro-phone signals, calibration of peak pro-gram monitors, and other audio func-tions. It combines a switched gainamplifier with 400 V peak instrumenta-tion input and a full -spec PPM capableof audio program level measurements

down to -72 dB with 0.1 dB accuracyat center scale, as far as -50 dB. Ampinput is fully protected to 400 V, iso-lated and balanced to prevent ground-ing when connected to a jack field. The50 ohm impedance output has sufficientpower to drive headphones. Front -panel buttons provide four gain set-tings, ON/OFF, battery test, 600 ohmtermination, and access to variable gainpotentiometer. Power is from internalrechargeable batteries, with built-in acconverter/charger for bench use. Meas-ures 175 by 115 by 67 mm. H.R. KIRK -LAND CO

Communications Line Tester 262

The CLT 1000 Communications LineTester is a portable unit for testingcommunications lines used in two-wayradio remote control and other standard600 ohm audio line applications. It pro-vides all features necessary for trouble-shooting and level setting, including:tone synthesizer; separate guard tone

oscillator; separate 1000 Hz tonegenerator; burst generator section tosimulate actual operation of a base sta-tion control console; intercom featurefor communication between the tester

94 BM/E JULY, 1981

and a remote control unit; wide rangedBm meter for measurement of humand noise down to -60 dBm and tonelevels up to +13 dBm; high -quality lineamplifier for matching or bridgingphone lines; and auxiliary input jacksfor inputs from external audiogenerators. Options include dc linemodule and dual tone module. INDUS-TRIAL ELECTRONICS SERVICE CO.

"Educated" DMM 263

The 6504 microcomputer -based porta-ble digital multimeter is described by itsmanufacturer as "the most educatedDMM in the world." The 41/2 digit,LCD -display instrument offers five -range measurement of dc and ac voltageand current, with true RMS ac sensingand six -range measurement of resist-ance. It has a basic accuracy of +0.03percent ±2 digits and wideband ac fre-quency response (to 20 kHz).Programmed -in automatic self -

checking routines make operation accu-rate and foolproof, according to themanufacturer. Any combination of sixbasic computing modes is selectable bypanel pushbutton keys: filter, null,scale/offset, percent deviation, max/min monitoring, and hi/lo limits. TheLCD readout provides a user/machineinterface that maintains continuouscommunication with the operatorthrough its self -diagnostic ability andeight -word prompting vocabulary.Standard options include rechargeablebattery and IEEE -488 interface bus. Aseries of probes is also available. $690.WESTON INSTRUMENTS.

Sweep Oscillator 264

Model 430C sweep oscillator main-frame, applicable to both octave bandand Model 4310A/K-16P multibandsystems, features an integrated IEEE -488 interface bus option, designated-09. The option may be field -installed. Functions controlled by Op-tion -09 and the bus include: RF power(with up to 256 -point resolution over a15 dB range); frequency (with 10,000point resolution between any start and


FIGHT Increased use of carts makes tape noisereduction more critical than ever in your

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Combine them for simultaneous encode/decode. Get up to 16channels in one 51/4" high rack mount frame. Broadcast noisereduction is the latest addition to the dbx 900 Series modularsignal processors. All interchangeable, all compatible. See yourdbx Pro dealer, or write for complete technical information.

'Manufacturer's suggested retail price, Model 941. Model 942, $270.

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dbx, Incorporated, Professional Products Division,71 Chapel St., Newton, Mass. 02195 U.S.A.Tel. (617) 964-3210, Telex: 92-2522. Distributed inCanada by BSR (Canada) Ltd., Rexdale, Ontario. bx


The AUTOMATICAudio Test System

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BM E JULY 1981 95

Broadcast Equipment

stop frequency); band select; sweepon/off; and RF on/off. The unit is de-signed for applications in the 0.01 to 40GHz frequency range and is suited forEW or communication systems evalua-tion and broadband testing of RF at-tenuators, cables, and other RF compo-nents; it will also serve as the signalsource in computer -controlled test sys-tems. The 430C measures 14.29 cmhigh by 42.54 cm wide by 40 cm deep.WEINSCHEL ENGINEERING.

True RMS Voltmeter 265

The MV -800 analog voltmeter is a trueRMS instrument that will accuratelypresent the effective power ofwaveforms that depart from a true sinewave. Fifteen ranges are provided,from 30 FIV full scale to 300 V, andfrom -90 dB full scale to +50 dB indecades. Readings as low as - 105 dBare therefore readily accomplished. Afront -panel bandwidth switch permits achoice of wideband measurements,standard first -order audio bandpass(20-20 kHz), or "external filter." Arange of standard or custom plug-in fil-ter modules are available. The unit, de-scribed as highly accurate and ex-

tremely rugged, has internal recharge-able Ni-cad batteries. $495. IET LABS,INC.

Audio Console 266

The 6509 broadcast audio consolecomes in four versions. Models 6509 -RS and 6509 -LS are five -channel stereounits, the first with rotary pots and thesecond with linear pots. Models

6509-RM and 6509 -LM are monauralunits. Each is packaged in a new low -profile housing design. Audio levelcontrols feature proven VCAtechniques with conductive plasticpotentiometers. Sealed rotaries andhigh-performance Waters® linear unitsprovide long -silent service, the man-ufacturer states. A dipswitch selectablemuting system allows mute on any orall channels. The standard unit featuresone low -impedance mic preamp andfour high-level inputs. Channels 1, 2,

and 3 each have one input, while chan-nels 4 and 5 have three each, switch-selectable from the front panel.MICRO-TRAK CORP.

Stereo Equalizer 267

The 674A stereo equalizer is a dedi-cated split -stereo version of the maker's672A. It features eight bands, graphic-type EQ controls, and continuously var-iable center frequency and bandwidthin each band. Wide -range and low-passfilters with 12 dB/octave Butterworthslopes follow the EQ section and canfunction as independent, tunable two-way electronic crossovers. Gangedcontrols make one -hand stereo opera-tion easy, the manufacturer states. Eachof the eight bands tunes over a 3:1 fre-quency range and offers 16 dB boost orcut with reciprocal curves. "Q" typi-cally can be varied between 0.3 and 20for extra -narrow notches. High andlow-pass filter sections are continu-ously tunable over 100:1 frequencyrange in two decades; each is indepen-dently switchable. Nominal output


bvs VIDEO & PULSE DELAY LINES

PC MOUNT BOXED RACK MOUNT

DELAY CARDS

TOP QUALITY LARGEST STOCK BEST DELIVERY LOWEST PRICE

CONTACT THE DELAY LINE COMPANY

broadcast video systems ltd.1050 McNicoll Ave.Toronto, Ont. MIW 2L8(416) 497-1020

1438 N. GowerHollywood CA. 90028(213) 460-2949


First Class Broadcast Engineer for WQUE /WGSO, New Orleans. Take charge of FM studioand transmitter operation. Able to assist AMdirectional operation. Contact Herb Korte, InsilcoBroadcasting, P.O. Box 85, New Haven,Connecticut 06501. Phone 203/281-9600.Affirmative Action / Equal Opportunity Employer.

NOW!CONTINENTAL'S

2.5 KW FM

High Performance 2.5 kW trans-mitter uses field -proven exciter;delivers clean crisp signal; has auto-matic filament voltage regulation,power control; is suitable for unat-tended operation; is solid-stateexcept for one tube in final amplifier;provides efficient, cost-effectiveoperation.Write for brochure on 814R-1Continental Electronics Mfg. Co.Box 270879 Dallas, TX 75227(214) 381-7161

96 BM/E JULY. 1981Circle 169 on Reader Service Card

level is +4 dBm; maximum outputlevel before clipping is over + 19 dBm.Total noise at output is less than -78dBm, giving a dynamic range of over97 dB. THD and SMPTE IM are bothless than 0.08 percent at +18 dBm out.$1149. ORBAN ASSOCIATES.

Digital Multiple Charger 268

Model CATC 35 is a digital multiplecharger designed to charge sevenNi-cad batteries simultaneously and in-dependently. It will charge all types ofNi-cad batteries, with voltage varia-tions from 2 V to 40 V. Charging timefor any specific battery will depend on

its state of discharge; for example, afully discharged 4AH battery will fullyrecharge in 21/2 hours. Each channel ofthe CATC 35 is an independently func-

Field ServiceEngineersThe Grass Valley Group, Inc., a lead-ing manufacturer of television broad-cast equipment, is looking for peoplewho want challenging professionalpositions. Openings exist in Califor-nia, Indiana, New Jersey, and Georgia.

These challenging positions combinechances for U.S. travel plus market-ing and engineering career opportu-nities. Individuals with experiencedesigning and/or maintaining televi-sion broadcast systems are requiredto provide after -sales support for ourwide variety of complex systems.

Interested and qualified candidatesare invited to send a resume in con-fidence to Sylvia Smith, The GrassValley Group, Inc., P.O. Box 1114,Grass Valley, CA 95945. An EqualOpportunity Employer M/F/H.

The Grass Valley Group, Inc.A Tektronix Company

tioning plug-in module, programmableaccording to the battery to be re-charged. The charger features a two -digit counter for setting charge time; adigital clock that continuously displaysremaining charge time; battery light;charge start pushbutton; and toggleselector switch. Operates on 110 and220 V. The unit measures 5% by 171/2by 121/4 inches and weighs 38 pounds.$2195. CINE 60.

Reverb Decay Analyzer 269

The RT60 reverb decay analyzer, de-signed to operate in conjunction withthe maker's DN60 real time analyzer,gives the user control over many of theparameters of decay analysis. A cursorswitch allows choice of measurementusing any single ISO third -octave fre-quency or the total bandwidth. The usercan also select any portion of the timewindow from 0 dB to -30 dB in 2 dBincrements. The unit will plot the decaycurve, displaying the results on theDN60. Choice of 16, 64, or 208 msgives the user control over the horizon-tal resolution of the plotted curve. Theuser can also accumulate up to 32 sepa-rate curves, enabling a true averagingof different point measurements.$1395. KLARK-TEKNIK ELECTRONICS,INC.

Fluid Head 270

Model A-4000 Pearson balanced fluidhead is designed for the professionalcamera operator. It allows the camerato remain in perfect balance in any posi-tion; camera position is quickly adjust-able to compensate for camera bodyload and lens weight. The magnesium -cast head is lightweight (15 pounds)and rigid. Pans of nearly 360 degreesand tilts with fingertip control are pos-sible. The control handle adjusts 360degrees and is available in stainlesssteel or chrome plate. Fluid tension isadjustable; springs, pads, weights, andtilt plates are unnecessary. BCD, INC.

Power Amplifier 271

Model 7000, first member of the "Pro -Line" family of power amplifiers, isFTC rated at 200 W average continuouspower per channel into 8 ohms, 20 Hzto 20 kHz, at no more than 0.1 percentTHD (350 W/channel into 4 ohms,IHF). The amplifier is 51/4 inches highand rack mountable, and includesfront -vented forced -air cooling. Levelis adjustable by means of detentedfront -panel controls. $749. BGW SYS-TEMS, INC.

Electric Rain GaugeNow you can report minute -by -minute rainfall amounts andnot get wet! This new, low cost, remote -reading gaugeshows announcer rainfall accumulations in 1/100 -inch incre-ments. Transmitter can be located several hundred feetaway and is completely automatic - needs no service orattention. Ask for free Spec. Sheet, Model 525 Rain Gauge.

(214)631-2490

Also, a complete line ofWeather Instruments


Department B

TexasElectronics, Inc.P. 0. Box 7225

Dallas, TX 75209

When =curacy Counts...Count on Belor

foram Fill/TV mONITORS40 30 93

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ABELAR CALL ARNO MEYER (215) 687-5550ELECTRONICS LABORATORY, INC.LANCASTER AVENUE AT DORSET. DEVON, PA 19333 BOX B26 1215) 687-5550

Circle 171 on Reader Service CardBM/E JULY, 1981 97

Advertisers IndexADM Technology, Inc. 11All Mobile Video .59Ampex Corp AVSD 70Ampex Corp MTD 47Asaca Corp of America 35Audio & Design (Recording) Ltd 28Auditronics, Inc. 30

Belar Electronics Lab., Inc. 97Broadcast Audio Corp. 22Broadcast Video Systems 96

Canon USA, Inc 63Central Dynamics Corp 66Centro Corp 65Christie Electric Corp 67Cinema Products Corp 93CMX/Orrox 3Compact Video Sales, Inc 91Compact Video Services, Inc 87Comsearch, Inc. 15Continental Electronics Mfg. Co 71, 96Crosspoint Latch Corp 84

dbx, Inc 67, 95Delta Electronics 18Digimax Instruments Corp 42Dolby Laboratories, Inc 85Victor Duncan 17

Electrohome LtdElectro-VoiceENG CorpESEEverything Audio

Global Specialties CorpAlan Gordon Enterprises, Inc

Grass Valley Group, Inc 7, 20, 97Gray Engineering Labs 48

Harris Corp 13Hitachi Denshi American Ltd 4-5

Insilco Broadcast Group 96International Tapetronics Corp 41

US JVC Corp 39

James B. Lansing Sound, Inc 57Lenco, Inc 92Lerro Electrical Corp 88

3M/Magnetic Tape Div 52-53Marconi Electronics, Inc 27Marconi Instruments, Inc .50Matrix Systems, Inc 12Maxell Corp of America 21MCl/Ouantel (Micro Consultants Inc) 19Microtime, Inc 24Midwest Corp 60

Otari Corp 14

Panasonic Matsushita C2Philips Test & Measuring Instruments .49Potomac Instruments 95Practical Technology 54

Ramko Research 33RCA Broadcast Systems 72-73

79 Rohde & Schwarz 811698 Sony Broadcast 8-940 Sound Technology 45

94 Spectra Sonics 78Studer Revox America, Inc C3

74 Studio Film & Tape, Inc 9471 Studio Master 93

Joseph Sullivan & Assoc .90System Concepts 44

Telemet 44Telex Communications, Inc 55Texas Electronics, Inc 97Tiffen Filters 26

Ultra Audio Products 98

Varian, Eimac Div 68Video Aids Corp of Colorado 82Videotek, Inc 90Vital Industries, Inc 36

Ward Beck Systems Ltd C4Wolf Coach 76

The AUDIO FOLLOW , VIDEO =-1Ic._ _VHEE R

You've always needed ... but couldn't find anywhere.

WITH BALANCED, STEREO AUDIO TALLY TIME -CODE SWITCHING, TOO

4, 6, 8 & 12 input -stations requiring but 1 RackUnit space. BNCon-nectors for video & time -code (or balanced video or 2 standard,isolated video sources per station). Screw -terminal audio strips.3-24 v.d.c. external tally power (inexpensive accessory UAPowerSupply, UL -approved). Changeable designation strips. VA -seriesSwitchers for rackmount or tabletop. Video sources internallyterminated 7511 except the pushbutton pressed.

Ultra Audio Pixtee P.O. BOX 921 BEVERLY HILLS'A ENVISION OF AUDIO INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CA 90213 213/276.2726 NU1')


SALES OFFICES

1111[11EBroadcast Management/Engineering

295 Madison Ave.New York, New York 10017

Telex: 64-4001

Eastern & Midwestern States295 Madison AvenueNew York. New York 10017212-685-5320James C. MaywaltDenis J. O'Malley

Western States353 Sacramento StreetSuite 600San Francisco, CA 94111415-421-7330William J. HealeyRodger Wadley18008 Skypark Circle, Suite 260Irvine, CA 92714714-556-6480Bob Hubbard

United Kingdom/EuropeChilberton HouseDoods RoadReigate, Surrey, EnglandTelephone: Reigate 43521Bronwyn HolmesDerek Hopkins

Japan/Far EastEiraku Building1-13-9, Ginza,Chuo-Ku. Tokyo 104 Japan03 (562) 4781S. YasuiK. Yamamoto

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(415) 798-4060


98 BM/E JULY, 1981

Familiaritybreeds respect.You'll appreciate the Studer B67 MKII fromthe day it arrives at the station. After severalyears of hard use, your appreciation will turnto deep respect.

From the beginning, you'll appreciate Studerperformance. You'll notice the solidity of thetransport, the smoothness of the tape -handling, and the positive feel of the controlmechanisms. And you'll hear the sonic clarityyou expect from a Studer.

Soon you'll grow accustomed to the features:three speed (15/7.5/3.75 or 30/15/7.5 ips)operation, quartz PLL capstan drive, servocontrolled spooling motors real time counterwith plus or minus readout, fader start, dumpedit, and auto repeat. Improvements on theB67 MKII include locking tension sensorarms and better head access for easier edits.Full remote and vari-speed available as options.

Finally, as the months turn to years, you'llgain great respect for the B67 MKII'sthoughtful design and meticulous Swisscraftsmanship.

Studer professional recorders. Respectedworldwide for exceptional reliability andunmatched quality.

STUDER gStuder Revox America, Inc. / 1425 Elm Hill Pike, Nashville, TN 37210 (615) 254-5651

Offices: Los Angeles (213) 780-4234 / New York (21`2) 255-4462 Canada: Studer Revox Canada, Ltd.

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Documents

TEST & MEASUREMENT FOR THE NEW TECHNOLOGY · 2019. 7. 17. · vals. With them the AK -710 can double as a system camera. There's also an op-tional remote control unit, as well as