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International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN 2249-6866 Vol.2, Issue 2 June 2012 32-40 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,

CHLORIDE ION IN CON-GLASS-CRETE

M.N.BAJAD 1 ,C.D.MODHERA 2 AND A.K.DESAI 3

1Research Scholar, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,

Surat , Gujarat , India.

2Professor, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,

Surat , Gujarat India. 3Associate Professor, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,

Surat , Gujarat , India.

ABSTRACT

When we are dealing with durability of concrete, chemical attack which results in volume

change,cracking of concrete and the consequent deterioration of concrete becomes an important part of

discussion.In this work,an experimental investigation has been carried out to study chemical analysis of

concrete.Chloride deposited in the concrete that tend to make the concrete more porous.Cement

replacement by glass powder in the range of 5% to 40% in increments of 5% has been studied.Minimum

chloride content in the specimens with 20% replacement of cement was obtained

KEYWORDS : Chloride content,glass powder,chemical analysis,porous

INTRODUCTION

By contrast with the complex chemistry of the attack process, chloride ion penetration is more

physics in action with ion bonding and reduction, if not elimination, of these ions reaching the

reinforcing steel. While the subject of much debate, the chloride threshold of corrosion is believed to be

in the range 0.2 to 0.4%.Once these ions reach the steel they depassivate the area surrounding the steel

and in the presence of air/water, the steel commences to corrode. The products of corrosion are greater in

volume (up to 600%) than the original steel resulting in an expansion and later spalling of the concrete.

However, in terms of the role of the binder, the objective is to come up with options, which will prolong

the time to initiation of the corrosion and cracking. Corrosion is, in effect, an electrochemical process

necessitating the formation of corrosion cells, with the formation of an anode and a cathode, either on

one piece of steel or between two dissimilar metals. The anode reaction involving ionization of metallic

iron will not go far unless there is electron flow at the cathode: to achieve this there must be air and water

at the surface of the cathode. Thus the importance of reducing permeability of the concrete by mix design

and construction practice become vital factors in reducing chloride ion penetration, steel corrosion and

“concrete cancer”.

Glass is a rigid liquid i.e. super cooled liquid, static, not solid, not a gas but does not change

molecularly between melting and solidification in to a desired shape. Glass is one of the most versatile

substances on earth used in many applications and in a wide variety of forms. Glass occurs naturally

when rock high in silicates melt at high temperature and cool before they can form a crystalline structure.

Chloride Ion in Con-Glass-Crete 33

Obsidian or volcanic glass is a well know example of naturally occurring glass. When manufactured by

human’s glass is a mixture of silica, sand, lime and other materials. The elements of glass are heated to

982 0 Celsius. Heat can return the glass to a liquid and workable form, making it easy to reuse and

recycle.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE

Waste glass contain high silica(SiO2) i.e.72% waste glass when ground to a very fine powder

(600 micron) SiO2 react with alkalis in cement (pozzolanic reaction ) and cementitious product that help

contribute to the strength development and durability (Caijun et al.,2005).

When concrete contain waste glass powder gives higher percentage of C2S,Low C3A,C4AF,C3S/C2S

Content which result in produce less heat of hydration and offers grater resistance to the attack (Nathan

et al., 2008).

Therefore an experimental investigation in developing concrete containing waste glass powder is

very important.

THE METHODOLOGY AND INVESTIGATIONS

Experimental Programme

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of cement by

waste glass powder (GP) on durability of concrete specimens.

Constituent Materials

Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 43 grade confirming to IS 8112

Aggregate

Locally available sand and coarse aggregates were used in this experiment. The sand used was a

Zone II had the specific gravity of 2.62. The specific gravity of the coarse aggregate was 2.93. The

coarse aggregate used were of 20 mm and down size.

Admixture

To impart workability to the mix, a superplasticiser from a reputed company was used with the

dosage of 2% by weight of cement.

34 M.N.Bajad , C.D.Modhera & A.K.Desai

Supplementary Cementitious Materials

The glass powder was obtained by crushing waste glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. The 600-micron

passing fraction was used for the experimentation

Mix Proportions and Experimental Factors

Mix design carried out form M20 grade of concrete by IS 10262: 2009 yielded a mix proportion of

1:2.35:4.47 with water cement ratio of 0.50. Nine different mixes (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8,

M9) were prepared using cement replaced by waste glass powder (GP) at varying percentages of 0,

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40.

Casting

Twenty seven number Specimens of dimensions 150 x 150 x 150 mm were cast according to the

mix proportion and by replacing cement with glass powder (GP) in different proportion

Preparation of Solution and Caution

A 5 % Nacl solution has five grams of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 ml solution.

Procedure Weigh 5 gram of sodium chloride pours it into a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask

containing about 80 ml of water. Once the sodium chloride has dissolved completely (swirls the flask

gently if necessary) add water to bring the volume up to final 100 ml.

Caution Do not simply measure 100 ml of water and add 5 gram of sodium chloride. This will

introduce error because adding the solid will change the final volume of the solution and throw off the

final percentage.

Curing Of Specimens

To find out the effect of chloride attack, the specimens were immersed in a 5% Nacl solution for 7,

28, and 90 days.

Chemical Analysis of Conglasscrete

It can provide extremely useful information regarding the causes of failure of concrete. The tests

most frequently carried out are listed below

1. Chloride Content 2. Sulphate content

A drilling machine was used to collect powder concrete sample from a depth of 30 mm from the top.

The powder sample so collected was titrated against silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to find the chloride

content in the powder sample. The procedure for the titration was as follows:

1. Place the powder in 250 ml capacity borosil beaker and add 10ml of 1:1 dilute nitric acid

(HNO3).

2. Add 40 ml of distilled water to the solution obtained above and stir.


3. Boil the sample for one minute and keep for cooling for one and half hours.

4. Compensate for loss of weight due to boiling by adding water to the cooled solution.

5. Add two drops of potassium dichromate to the conical flask containing the concrete powder and

1:1 dilute nitric acid (HNO3).

6. Titrate against silver nitrate until the color changes to brick red. The burette reading is noted

down.

7. Calculate the chloride content in concrete using the following equation

Chloride content (Cl2), mg/lit. = [BR x N x eq.wt.] / Sample taken, ml

Where BR = Burette reading, ml

N = Normality of silver nitrate (AgNO3), mg/ml

eq.wt = Equivalent weight of chloride, ml/lit [Usually it is convenient to use one liter sample

and calculations are easily made by multiplying 1000]

TEST RESULT

Test result is presented graphically and in tubular forms

Table 1 : Overall results of chloride content in concrete with age

Age, days

Chloride content, mg/lit.

0%

GP

5%

GP

10%

GP

15%

GP

20%

GP

25%

GP

30%

GP

35%

GP

40%

GP

7 109.97 80.98 44.98 36.99 31.99 69.98 96.97 106.97 101.97

28 131.97 84.98 56.98 40.99 39.99 86.98 102.97 114.97 124.97

90 139.96 100.97 81.98 68.98 58.98 108.97 119.97 126.97 128.97

020406080

100120140160

0 20 40 60 80 100

Age ( days)

Chlo

ride

Conte

nt (

mg/lit.)

0%GP 5%GP 10%GP

15%GP 20%GP 25%GP

30%GP 35%GP 40%

Figure 1 : Variation of chloride content in concrete with age


DISCUSSION ON TEST RESULTS

Minimum chloride content in the specimens with 20 percentage replacement of cement may be due

to

(a) Waste glass powder offering a barrier against penetration of chlorides by producing a dense

CSH gel which is a binder and fill up the space, gives impermeability and ever increasing

strength.

(b) The pozzolanic reaction with glass powder may cause clogging of porous which reduces

porosity and blocks chloride ion transport.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on experimental observations, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Use of super plasticizer was found to be necessary to maintain workability with restricted

water cement ratio.

2. It is recommended that the utilization of waste glass powder in concrete as cement replacement

is possible.

3. Concrete produced by replacing 20 % of cement by glass powder shows less penetration to

chloride.

4. Waste glass powder in appropriate proportions could be used to resist attack.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the authorities of S.V.N.T.Surat for their kind support. The valuable

suggestions, efforts and timely help extended by one and all in concrete discipline are gratefully

acknowledged. Sincere gratitude is extended to all the authors whose publications provided us directional

information from time to time. The cooperation and help received from the scientific and technical staff

of advanced materials laboratory in the preparation of this paper are gratefully acknowledged.

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