Test 6

Physical Science PHS 101

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Beiser Chapter 43 - 47

Astronomy

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Chap 43Earth & Sky

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Ptolemaic System

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Copernican System

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Retrograde Motion

3) When revolving around the sun, the square of the time over the cube of the distance is the same for all planets.

Kepler’s Laws

1) Orbits are ellipses.

2) Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times.

CR

T

3

2

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where C is the same number for all planets around the same body

Earth Movement

Precession – a 26,000 year wobble

Rotation – a 24 hour spin on our axis

Revolution – a 365 day orbit trip around the sun

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Earth Grid

Latitude Longitude

Charlotte:

35O N 81O W

NY, NY: 40O N 74O W

LA, CA: 34O N 118O W

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Space Grid

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Chapter 44Solar System

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SunDiameter 1,390,000 km (155 times Earth diameter)

Mass 1.999 x 1030 kg (335,000 times Earth mass)

Surface Temp 10,000 F

Core Temp 28 Million F

MercuryMass (kg) 3.3 x 1023

Diameter (km) 4879.4

Mean density (kg/m3) 5420

distance from Sun 57,909,175 km

Rotation period (day) 58.65 Earth days

Orbital period (year) 87.97 Earth days

Tilt of axis 0O

Orbit inclination 7O

Orbit eccentricity 0.206

Surface temp 800 F to -280 F

Mean surface temp 354 F

Atmosphere trace H & He

VenusMass 4.87 x 1024 kg

Diameter 12104 km

Mean density 5250 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 0.723 AU (108,208,930 km)

Rotation period 243.02 Earth Days (retrograde)

Revolution period 224.7 Earth Days

Tilt of axis 178O

Orbit inclination 3.39O

Mean surface temp 847 F

High pointMaxwell Montes (17 km - twice Everest)

Atmosphere 96% CO2, 3% N, 0.1% water vapor

EarthMass 5.98 x 1024 kg

Diameter 12756 km

Mean density 5520 kg/m3

Escape velocity 11200 m/s

Distance from Sun 1 AU (149,597,890 km)

Rotation period 1 Earth Day

Revolution period 365.26 Earth days

Tilt of axis 23.4O

Mean surface temp 46 F

Surface temp 120 F to -40 F

High point Mount Everest - 8 km

Atmosphere 78% N, 21% O,1% Ar

Moons 1

Distance From Earth: 225,745 miles

Length of a Day: 27.3 days

Radius: 1,080 miles

Diameter: 2,160 miles

Mass: 7.35 x 1022 kg

Surface Temp : -244° F to 273° F

Gravity At Surface: 0.1667 g

Travel time by car/rocket: 135 days / 65 hrs

# of Astronauts Walked: 12

Rocks Collected By Apollo: 842 pounds

Widest Craters: 140 miles (dia.)

Deepest Craters: 15,000+ (ft.)

Highest Mountains: 16,000+ (ft.)

Moon

Mass 6.42 x 1023 kg

Diameter 6787 km

Mean density 3940 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 1.524 AU (227,936,640 km)

Rotation period 1.026 Earth Days

Revolution period 686.98 Earth Days

Tilt of axis 25O

Orbit inclination 1.85O

Surface temp -190 F to 100 F

High point on surface Olympus Mons (24 km – three times Everest)

Atmosphere 95% CO2, 3% N,1.6% Ar

Moons 2

Mars

Jupiter Mass 1.90 x 1027 Kg

Diameter 142,800 Km

Mean density 1314 kg/m3

Average distance from Sun

5.203 AU (778,412,020 km)

Rotation period 10 Earth hours

Revolution period 11.86 Earth Years

Tilt of axis 3.08

Orbit inclination 1.3

Mean surface temperature (K)

120 (cloud tops)

Atmospheric components

90% H, 10% He,.07% methane

Moons 60

Rings Faint rock ring.

SaturnMass 5.69 x 1026 kg

Diameter 120660 km

Mean density 690 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 9.537 AU (1,426,725,400 km)

Rotation period 10.2 Earth hours

Revolution period 29.46 Earth years

Tilt of axis 26.7

Orbit inclination 2.49

Mean temp -301 F

Atmosphere 97% H, 3% He, .05% methane

Moons 33

Rings 270,000 km diameter, 300 m thick. Particles are 1 cm – 50 m in size and are ice, traces of silicate & carbon minerals.

Uranus Mass 8.68 x 1025 kg

Diameter 51118 km

Mean density 1290 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 19.19 AU (2,870,972,200 km)

Rotation period 0.72 Earth days

Revolution period 84 Earth years

Tilt of axis 97.9O

Orbit inclination 0.77O

Mean temperature -354 F

Atmosphere 83% H, 15% He,2% methane

Moons 20

Rings narrow, faint rings. particles are dark, rocky or carbon material.

Neptune Mass 1.02 x 1026 kg

Diameter 49528 km

Mean density 1640 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 30.07 AU

(4,498,252,900 km)

Rotation period 19.1 hours

Revolution period 164.8 Earth years

Tilt of axis 29.6O

Orbit inclination 1.77O

Mean temp -375 F

Atmosphere 74% H, 25% He,1% methane

Moons 8

Rings narrow

Pluto Mass 1.29 x 1022 kg

Diameter 2300 km (less than our Moon)

Mean density 2030 kg/m3

Distance from Sun 39.48 AU (5,906,376,200 km)

Rotation period 6.39 Earth Days (retrograde)

Revolution period 247.92 Earth Days

Tilt of axis 122.5O

Orbit inclination 17.15O (others 0O to 3O)

Eccentricity .25 (others .01 to .09)

Mean temperature -400 F

Atmosphere methane and N

Surface materials Rock, perhaps methane ice (rock planets close to sun, then gas)

Moons 1

What Counts?

Planet Tilt

Asteroids

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Comets

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Meteors

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Chapter 45The Sun

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Layers of Sun

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Sunspots

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Chapter 46The Stars

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Brightness of Stars

• Luminosity – amount of light put out by star

• Apparent Magnitude – brightness from Earth

• Absolute Magnitude – brightness from 10 parsecs (~ 32.6 light years or 3.1 x 1014 km)

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Hertzsprung-Russell

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Life of a Star

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Chapter 47

The Universe

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Our Galaxy

The Milky Way Galaxy• ~400 billion stars

• 100,000 light years across

• We are 30,000 light years from center

• 200 million years to orbit the center Beiser p.350

Milky Way

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Night Sky

Other Galaxies

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It’s a Big Place

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The Universe• ~ 400 billion stars in a galaxy

• ~ 80 billion galaxies

• ~ 3 x 1022 Stars

Constellations

Cygnus

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Leo

Cassiopeia

Little Dipper

Big Dipper

Hercules

Sky Map

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Zodiac

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