Test 3

Bring two #2 pencils. Bring a good eraser, too.

FIRST SECTION OF TEST:-15 questions about images on the big screen

-Romanesque and Gothic Architecture-Proto-Renaissance art (Cimabue, Giotto, Masaccio)-Middle Eastern Art and Architecture-Field trip locations: Christ Church Cranbrook, Temple Beth-El, St. John’s Armenian Church

-You will see each image twice -Three answer banks:

-Artists/Periods-Terms/Facts-Titles

SECOND SECTION OF TEST:-25 to 30 standard style multiple choice questions -Music, Dante’s Divine Comedy, medieval Catholicism, Islam, art, history

-Review early Christianity and Islam-Review what they have in common and how they are different.-How do they view God?-What is each religion’s view of Jesus?-What is are the sacred texts of each religion?-Which are polytheistic? Which are monotheistic?

THIRD SECTION OF TEST:-5 quotation identification questions-Identify title, author, and spoken to/by/about

FOURTH SECTION OF TEST: ESSAY (50%)See next page.

ESSAY:

Write TWO BODY PARAGRAPHS in which you demonstrate how Dante’s Divine Comedy and Cimabue’s “Madonna Enthroned” reveal medieval values.  Include your THESIS as your one-sentence introduction. Include a brief but meaningful conclusion (one sentence is sufficient). Include quotations and specific events from The Divine Comedy and specific details from the Cimabue painting. Feel free to reference other works of literature, art, or music as you see fit; however, the focus must be specifically on these two works by Dante and Cimabue.

The Divine Comedy

• 3 sub-sections?• Author?• Language?• Inspired by?

The Divine Comedy

• Numerology– 3 parts– 33 cantos each with 1 extra canto for transition– 3 cardinal sins– 3 beasts– Trinity– 7 deadly sins, liberal arts, and sciences

THE BEGINNING

• Lost in a wood = lost in life• Allegory for life of ordinary people (you and me)• Dante represents “every man”• Inspired by? Virgil, Homer, epic form, epic

heroes• How is this different? More individual, interior• Dante is “asleep while awake” (called self-

forgetting in Buddhist tradition)

“Midway in our life’s journey, I went astrayFrom the straight road and woke to find myself

alone in a dark wood…Death could not be more bitter than that place!But since it came to good, I will recountAll that I found revealed there by God.”

Is this a journey for the living or the dead?Is this an epic hero journey?

THE BEGINNING

• Dante awakens (Connect to sight and light in Oedipus. How is this different?)

• Tries to get to the light, but beasts (sin) are in the way.

• Virgil arrives to guide him. • He wants to reach Beatrice (virtuous love from

afar; courtly love ideal of Middle Ages)• Virgil tells him Beatrice brought him here (not

Virgin Mary, who would be more obvious)

INFERNO

• Dante constantly has doubt. How does he differ from epic heroes of Greece? HINT: hubris

• Faith eliminates doubt. The emotional, personal appeal of his idol (Virgil) and his idealized women inspire him.

• Epic form: invocation to muse, quest, mentor, challenges

INFERNO• Dante learns that people are sent to hell to suffer

for their sins.• He passes out. Why? Discuss mysticism of

Middle Ages. He eventually will harden to the sin and suffering.

• LIMBO: Virtuous pagans (Homer, Hector, Caesar, Aristotle, Socrates, Plato)

• What do they have in limbo?– Light, companionship, rest, can exercise reason (the

highest state man can achieve without God)

INFERNO

• Minos curls his tail and sends you to the appropriate level of hell.

• Divine retribution brings world into balance (think Aristotle, Islam).

• Qualities of hell– No light– No time (no day/night to rest)– Storm– No hope (“Abandon all hope, ye who enter here.”)

INFERNO• Re-read and know the story of Paolo and

Francesca on p. 1165– “We were alone with innocence and dim time…That

day we read no further.”

• What was their sin?• What was their punishment?• Does the punishment fit the sin?• Who else is at this first level of hell?

– Helen, Lancelot, Guinevere, Arthur– What is the effect of this? Are we sympathetic? Can

we identify?

PURGATORIO

• Only difference between Purgatory and Hell is NOT the sins. The sins are the same. The torments are equivalent. It is the willingness of the sinner to repent and hope that are different.

• Purgatory:– Have to start with humility and repentance– Start at bottom of mountain and struggle up– Companionship, light, day/night, rest, HOPE

PARADISO

• Canto 33• Words escape Dante• Courtly, unattainable love of Beatrice is a

human experience similar to love of God (unknowable, but okay)

• White rose, golden light

SIN

• What is sin?– Willful separation from God– Always have a choice– Prodigal Son story

SIN

• What keeps people from God?– Pride, arrogance, hubris, lack of faith– Hubris = thinking everything revolves around you– Humility = recognizing you are part of a larger

community and larger universe; being willing to sacrifice for a greater good

– Suffering is entirely self-created

NAME THE ERAS, CULTURES, AND RELIGIONS WE STUDIED AND PUT

THEM IN THE CORRECT ORDER.

Compare religions

• Who was Jesus, according to Jews, Christians, and Muslims?

Compare religions

• Who was Jesus, according to Jews, Christians, and Muslims?– Jews: a great rabbi (teacher); a man– Christians: God in human form– Muslims: one of the prophets; a man

Compare religions

• Who was Muhammed, according to Jews, Christians, and Muslims?– Jews: doesn’t really register– Christians: doesn’t really register– Muslims: a great prophet; God’s messenger; a

man

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8

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Koran / Qur’an

• How is Surah 1 associated with prayer?• Where is Surah 1 found in the Koran?• What language is the Koran in?• How is Muhammed associated with the

Koran?• Is there a flaw in the Koran?

Koran / Qur’an

• How is Surah 1 associated with prayer?– Said many times throughout the day by all

Muslims as part of prayer.

• Where is Surah 1 found in the Koran?– The first Surah (book)

• What language is the Koran in?– Arabic

Koran / Qur’an

• How is Muhammed associated with the Koran?– God gave Muhammed the Koran over a period of

time and he had scribes write it down. Muhammed is a prophet in the Muslim tradition (a messenger of God).

• Is there a flaw in the Koran?– No! There are no flaws in God’s creations.

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Hagia Sophia

• Easy to confuse with the Blue Mosque or the Alhambra because there are minurets

• Byantine church originally• Built by Justinian• Known for its massive size and dome

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MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE MUSIC

What name is usually given to a piece of medieval Christian music?

Who sang the songs? Where? In what language?

What is most valued in the earliest medieval Christian music?

What is most valued in the later medieval and Renaissance Christian music?

What instruments and languages were used in medieval Christian music?

MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE MUSIC

What name is usually given to a piece of medieval Christian music?Plainsong or plainchant

Who sang the songs? Where?Monks in structured days at the monastery.

What is most valued in the earliest medieval Christian music? Early on, the words were most important.

What is most valued in the later medieval and Renaissance Christian music?Later, the complexity and beauty of the music took priority.

What instruments and languages were used in medieval Christian music?Only Latin (except for Greek phrase in Bible: Kyrie Eleison, which means “Lord have mercy”). No instruments at all (associated with pagans).

What were Abbe Suger’s ideas about music and art in the church (HINT: Abbe Suger built the first Gothic cathedral)?

What were John Scotum’s ideas about music and art in the church?

What were Pope Gregory’s ideas about music and art in the church (HINT: influenced the earliest Christian music)?

What were Guido d’Arezzo’s ideas about music and art in the church?

What were Abbe Suger’s ideas about music and art in the church (HINT: Abbe Suger built the first Gothic cathedral)?Beauty is good and gets you closer to God.

What were John Scotum’s ideas about music and art in the church?Same as Abbe Suger’s.

What were Pope Gregory’s ideas about music and art in the church (HINT: influenced the earliest Christian music)?Need rules to make sure the music and art aren’t too sensual and distracting. The body and the senses are of this world.

What were Guido d’Arezzo’s ideas about music and art in the church?Used lines on fingers to create early musical notation with lines, leading to a modern version of the musical staff (lines with notes on them).

1What period? What are the architectural qualities that are typical of that period?

Basilica plan with no pews. Wooden roofs often burned. Arched doorways and windows. Less light. Less ornate.

Romanesque Architecture:

prevalent during 9th-12th century

• Basilica model from Rome• Rounded Arches• Barrel Vaults• Thick walls• Darker, simplistic interiors• Small windows usually at

the top of the wall• Circular Rose Window

usually on the West Side

What period? What are the architectural qualities that are typical of that period?

4Term? Fact? Period?

Rose Window• The basic round rose window

was developed as part of the Romanesque period but developed further and was used in Gothic Architecture.

• Notice the Romanesque style top left versus the Gothic style bottom left (from the cathedral of Notre Dame). Intricate stone tracery is used in the Gothic style.

Gothic Architecture:prevalent in W. Europe from 12th – 15th Cen. C.E.

Features:

• Pointed arches• High, narrow vaults• Thinner walls• Flying buttresses• Elaborate, ornate,

airier interiors• Stained-glass windows

•Everything reaches to heaven, to God

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Location? Style reminiscent of what period? Term? Fact?

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Location? Style reminiscent of what period? Term? Fact?

•Early middle Ages sometimes called the Dark Ages – 476 to 1000 C.E. Dark Ages is an unfair term since a lot was going on during this time.

•High middle Ages 1000-1300 C.E.

•Late middle Ages 1300-1500 C.E.

Feudalism:

• Hierarchical system in which every man is another man’s vassal (or servant)

• hardly any movement at all through the system in early MA

• A bit more movement in high and late MA

• Manor: estate• Lord: head of manor• Lady: wife of lord• Knight: Lord/son of Lord• Vassal: underlord; feudal

tenant• Serf: workers; bound to the

lord of the castle; 4/5 of income went to the lord; no chance to change your life if you were a serf; no way to work your way up; no time for theater, etc.

Some Important Historical Events:1066 Norman Conquest

KNOW THIS DATE

• William of Normandy (called William the Conqueror), who already controlled northern France, invaded and conquered England in 1066 C.E., with the decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings.

• Old French became language of power, commerce, and religion in England

• End of Old English (looks/sounds very German; the language of Beowulf)

• French merged with Old English to produce Middle English, the language of Chaucer—close enough to modern English that we can recognize it.

Some Important Historical Events:Domesday Book commissioned by

William the Conqueror in 1087:• Census, land register, and

income record to create a tax roll

• Can learn a lot about commerce, absolutely everything that everyone owned

• Learn a lot about common names and daily life

• According to the Domesday Book, slavery was fairly commonplace.

• Lists 10% of England’s people as slaves.

• Germanic tribes also enslaved Slavic neighbors (thus the word slavery).

• Africans were sold across the Islamic world.

• Can see original copy in the British Library (a museum of manuscripts)

Some Important Historical Events:

CRUSADES:

• 1095• Pope Urban II called for a

holy war against the Muslim Turks who controlled what he saw as the Christian Holy Land of Palestine.

• Pope said if you died fighting in a crusade, you would go to heaven.

• 8 crusades in total over 200 years—the last 7 failed horribly due to disease, cold, hunger, and battles.

• Another negative effect from the point of view of the Christian Western Europeans: galvanized Muslims and gave them a stronger foothold/following in the Middle East; the opposite of their goal.

Plague/Black Death:

• Took out 54 million• 1/3 of population wiped out• Defining event(s) of the Middle

Ages• Spread by fleas which lived on rats• A lack of cleanliness added to their

vulnerability: crowded with poor sanitation; ate stale or diseased meat; primitive medicine (people were often advised to not bathe b/c open skin pores might let in the disease).

• Highly contagious disease nodules would burst around the area of the flea bite.

In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year.

Some Important Cultural Changes:Flowering of Poetry About Courtly Love:

• For nobles only• Troubadours

(professional singers) sang of courtliness, brave deeds, and Romantic love accompanied by a harp or lute.

• Courtly love poetry praised an idealized, distant, unattainable lady love (e.g. Beatrice in Dante’s Divine Comedy)

• Artificial passion with strict rules.

• For instance, a loved one could be married to someone else.

• Developed in literature –stories of unrequited love and heroic knights.

• E.g., Arthurian legends in France; best is Lancelot by Chretien de Troyes about the court of King Arthur, a Celtic chieftain of 6th century Britain who fought the Anglo-Saxon invaders.

Flowering of Poetry About Courtly Love, cont.:

• As often seen in lit/art: Told in manner of late Middle Ages with forbidden love, knightly combats, and colorful pageantry.

• Hearty, masculine culture of early Middle Ages was giving way to a more tranquil, confident, and leisurely society.

• Over time, a noble’s castle became more of a theater for refined pleasures than a barracks for fighting men.

• Language of the Koran (Quran)?• Language of Dante’s Divine Comedy?

• Language of the Koran (Quran)?– Arabic

• Language of Dante’s Divine Comedy?– Italian