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TESLA DetectorMarkus Schumacher, University of Bonn
American Linear Collider Workshop, Cornell, July 2003
Requirements
Basic Concepts
Developments
Requirements from Physics
momentum: (1/p) = 7 x 10-5/GeV (1/10xLEP) e+e-ZHllX goal: M<0.1x dominated by beamstrahlung
impact parameter: d=510/p(GeV)m (1/3xSLD) excellent flavour tagging capabilities for charm and bottom quarks e.g. measurement of Higgs branching ratios
jet energy : E/E = 0.3/E(GeV) (<1/2xLEP) MDijet ~ Z/W e.g. separation between e+e-WWqqqq and e+e-ZZqqqq
LC LEP
reconstruction of multijet final states: e.g. e+e-H+H- tbtb bqqb bqqb
hermetic down to 5 mrad missing energy topologies (e.g. SUSY and Higgs) Physics determines detector design
Requirements due to the accelerator design
Time Structure:
Event rates: Luminosity: 3.4x1034 cm-2 s-1 (6000xLEP)e+e-qq,WW,tt,HX 0.1 / train e+e-X:~200 /Train
Background from Beamstrahlung: 6x1010/BX 140000 e+e-/BX + secondary particles (n,)
950 µs 199 ms 950 µs
2820 bunches
5 Bunch Trains/s tbunch=337ns
But still: 600 hits/BX in Vtx detector 6 tracks/BX in TPC
E=12GeV/BX in calorimeters E 20TeV/BX in forward cals.
Large B field and shielding
High granularity of detectors and fast readout for stable pattern recognition and event reconstruction
Basic TESLA Detector Concept
No hardware trigger, dead time free continous readout for complete bunch train (1ms)
Zero suppression, hit recognition and digitisation in FE electronics
Large gaseous central tracking device (TPC)
High granularity calorimeters
High precision microvertex detector
All inside magnetic field of 4 Tesla
Overview of tracking system
Central region:Pixel vertex detector (VTX)Silicon strip detector (SIT)Time projection chamber (TPC)
Forward region: Silicon disks (FTD) Forward tracking chambers (FCH)(e.g. straw tubes, silicon strips)
Requirements:
•Efficient track reconstruction /good resolution down to small angles
•independent, robust track finding in TPC (200) and in VTX+SIT (7 points) allows calibration, alignment
•excellent momentum resolution (1/p) < 7 x 10-5 /GeV
Vertex Detector: Conceptual Design
5 Layer Silicon pixel detector
•Small R1: 15 mm (1/2 SLD)
•Pixel Size:20x20m2 Point =3 m
•Layer Thickness: <0.1%X0 suppression of conversions – ID of decay electrons minimize multiple scattering
800 million readout cells
Hit density: 0.03 /mm2 /BX at R=15mm pixel sensors
Read out at both ladder ends in layer 1: frequency 50 MHz, 2500 pixel rows complete readout in: 50s ~ 150BX
<1% occupancy no problem for track reconstruction expected
Impact parameterd ~R1 point
Vertex Detector: Technology OptionsEstablished Technology: CCDs
Excellent experience at SLD (300 million channels)
R&D: efficiency and stability of charge transfer readout speed, thinning of sensors,
mechanics, radiation hardness
„New“ Technologies: MAPS (Monolithtic Active Pixel Sensors), FAPS DEPFET (Depleted Field Effect Transistor)
HAPS (Hybrid Active Pixel Sensors),SiO
Each pixel can be adressed individually
Only single row active per ladder smaller power consumption
First amplification in pixel smaller noise
R&D: above + building of large devices
steering
read
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read
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See Chris‘ talk for more details
Flavour Tagging
•LEP-c
Powerful flavour tagging techniques (from SLD and LEP)
M
e.g. vertex mass
charm-ID: improvement by factor 3 w.r.t SLD
Expected resolution in r,and r,z
~ 4.2 4.0/pT(GeV) m
Flavour Tagging : Recent Studies Inner layer at 1.5cm is very important, e.g. e+e-Z*ZH
ZHllbb, ZHllcc, ZHllgg
W/O inner layer: charm tagging degraded by 10%
Double layer thickness small effect
Quark Antiquark discrimination via Vertex/Dipole Charge: bottom: p= 80% = 80% charm: p= 90% 35%
However: minimal amount of material important
limited number of conversions, electron-id, reconstruction of vertex mass including 0, …
Gaseous or Silicon Central Tracking Detector?
gaseous silicon
Motivation for a TPC
Large no. of 3D space points robust and efficient track reconstruction in high track density environment
new heavy stable particles GMSB SUSY: + G~ ~
Minimal material little influence on calorimetry little multiple scattering small number of conversions
dE/dx particle identification Tracking up to large radii Reconstruction of V0, Kink Tracks
aid energy/particle flow + sensitivity to new physics
TPC Conceptual Design
Radial space points: 200
Point res.: < 140 m (goal:100 m)
Pad size: 6 (r) x 2 (phi) mm2
Large lever arm: RI/A = 40/160 cm
Little material: < 3% X0
Gas choice: Ar:CO2:CH4 = 93:2:5 % (CF4 also investigated) Compromise between drift velocity ~ 5cm/s and neutron cross section
Total Drift time 50 s = 160 BX 80000 hits in TPC (physics+BG)
8x108 readout cells (1.2MPads+20MHz) 0.1% occupancy
No problem for pattern recognition/track reconstruction
TPC: (1/p) = 2.0 x 10-4 GeV-1 +VTX: (1/p) = 0.7 x 10-4 GeV-1
Gas Electron Multipliers or MicroMEGAS
better instrinsic point resolution
• 2 dimensional readout symmetry
• electron signal read out
• Small hole separationreduced ExB effects
natural supression of ion feedback
no wire tension thin endplates
Gas Amplification & Point Resolution
- chevron pads- large number of small silicon pads - resistive or capacitive coupling of neighbouring pads - larger gap between GEMs and pad plane
Small width of electron cloud (single pad) improve point resolution by charge sharing
(details see Ron’s and Dean’s talks)
Intermediate and Forward Tracking
SIT: 2 Layers of Si-Strips r = 10m
FTD: 7 Disks 3 layers of Si-pixels 50x300m2
4 layers of Si-strips r= 90m
FCH: 4 LayersStrawtubes or Silicon strips (double sided)
Forward tracking (e.g. e+e-WW qqlrecover mom. resolution at small angles
250 GeV
Increase track matching from TPC to VTX by 4 %
Improve Momentum resolution: TPC+VTX: (1/p) = 0.7 x 10-4 GeV-1
V0-Reco. Eff. 73 86% (for r=6to11cm)
track reconstruction efficieny: =98.4 (incl. Background hits)
+SIT : (1/p) = 0.5 x 10-4 GeV-1
Calorimetry
ZHHqqbbbb
Kinematic fits often not applicable – Beamstr., ISR, , LSPIntrinsic jet energy resolution is of vital importance
Design optimised for Particle/Energy Flow Algorithm
• Excellent jet energy resolution much of LC physics depends
on reconstruction of invariant masses from jets in hadronic final states
• Good energy and angular resolution for photons
• Reconstruction of non-pointing photons
• Hermeticity
Requirements:
Particle / Energy Flow
60 % charged particles:30 % :10 %KL,nThe energy in a jet is:
Reconstruct 4-vectors of individual particles avoiding double counting
Charged particles in tracking chambersPhotons in the ECALNeutral hadrons in the HCAL (and possibly ECAL)
need to separate energy deposits from different particles
• small X0 and RMoliere : compact showers
• high lateral granularity D ~ O(RMoliere)
• large inner radius L and strong magnetic field
granularity more important than energy resolution
KL,n
e Discrimination between EM and hadronic showers
• small X0/had • longitudinal segmentation
Calorimeter Conceptual Design
ECAL and HCAL inside coil
large inner radius L= 170 cm good effective granularity
ECAL: silicon-tungsten (SiW) calorimeter (preferred choice)• Tungsten : X0 /had = 1/25, RMoliere ~ 9mm
(gaps between Tungsten increase effective RMoliere)• Lateral segmentation: 1cm2 matched to RMoliere
• Longitudinal segmentation: 40 layers (24 X0, 0.9had)
• Resolution: E/E = 0.11/E(GeV) 0.01
x~BL2/(RM D) 1/p
x distance between charged and neutral particle at ECAL entrance
2nd option: 45 layers of Pb(W)+scintillating plates+WLS
+ 3 layers of Si sensors (.9x.9 cmxcm)
Two Options:
Tile HCAL (Analogue readout)
Steel/Scintillator sandwich
WLS + Photodetectors (WLS: different geometries) (APDs, SiPM on tiles,…)
Lower lateral segmentation 5x5 to 25x25 cm2
• Longitudinal segmentation: 9-12 samples• 4.5 – 6.2 had (limited by coil radius)
Hadron Calorimeter
HCAL
ECAL
Digital HCAL (digital readout)
via RPCs,GEMS, small scint. tiles
High lateral segmentation 1x1 cm2
resolution: E/E =0.35/E(GeV) 0.03
seperation: fake=10-3
Calorimeter Reconstruction
`Tracking calorimeter’– very different from previous detectors
Requires new approach to reconstruction
Already a lot of excellent work on powerful particle/energy flow algorithms
Still room for new ideas/ approaches
A lot of R&D activities:
Continue evaluation of digital vs analog HCAL
Calorimeter segmentation, HCAL active medium
Simulation of hadronic showers test beams
jet energy:E/E = 0.3/E (GeV) = 68mrad/E(GeV) 8mrad without vertex constraint for photons
OPAL
Forward Calorimeters
LCAL: Beam diagnostics and fast luminosity (28 to 5 mrad) ~104 e+e— pairs/BX 20 TeV/BX 2MGy/yr Need radiation hard technology: SiW, Diamond/W Calorimeter or Scintillator Crystals
LAT: Luminosity measurement from Bhabhas (83 to 27 mrad) SiW Sampling Calorimeter
aim for L/L ~ 10-4 require = 1.4 rad
TDR version of mask L* = 3 m
Tasks:
Shielding against background
Hermeticity / veto
Recent Developments
• Shower leakage • Difficulty in control of inner acceptance to ~1m
TDR version of LAT difficult for a precision lumi measurement ?
New L* = 4-5 m version currently being studied. Flat: better for Lumi. measurement More Space for electronics etc. inner radius LAT: 8cm 5cm Hermetic to 3.9 mrad
(was 5.5 with gaps) less indirect background hits ??
Design in flux + very active R&D
Detector Optimization
Current detector concept essentially unchanged from TDR
+ OTHER/NEW IDEAS……
Time to think again about optimizing detector design, consider the detector as a whole entity
Optimize design w.r.t. overall detector performance using key physics processes, e.g.
Need unbiased comparison• Same/very similar reconstruction algorithms• Common reconstruction framework • Same Monte Carlo events
looking at TPC length, extra Si tracker between TPC and ECAL,…
something forgotten ? devil’s advocate committee
Conclusions
Precision physics determines the detector design
Basic design almost unchanged compared to TDR
Proof of principle for the best suited technologies to be provided by ongoing R&D
Optimise Overall Detector Performance in worldwide collaboration to find best detector concept for a future linear collider !
The Physics potential at a LC is excellent, the requirements to the detector are challenging
High lumi large statistics small systematics need best detector which can be build