TES chapter 1.pdf

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Appropriate Technology

TES

Review

Definitions: technology , environment andsociety

Impacts of technology on environment andsociety

Benefits of technology due to new innovations

Technology: blessing or curse?

Industrial Revolution

Appropriate Technology Develop the concept of appropriate technology


Research and development resources increasedenormously (after II WW).

Main objectives have been: Defense

Issues of national prestige

Economic growth

Relatively less efforts in social and servicesectors such as health and education


Concerns of negative side-effects of technology(in industrialized countries)

Environmental pollution

Urban deterioration

Loss of satisfaction in work

Increased alienation of people from society

Quality of life deteriorated


Further development of technology required

If technology grows without control, generatessocial and ecological disturbances

Therefore, technology evolved should besocially acceptable.

More careful selection and management oftechnology.


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Development of means of technology assessmentis required so that social, cultural and economicconsequences of a particular process could beassessed.

This would avoid unwanted effects.


Here comes the concept of AppropriateTechnology, which can be achieved on the basisof:

Value system of global human development

Local economic, social and cultural needs

Appropriate technology, therefore means,the development and utilization of processes andwork organization most suitable to particularcircumstances, both economic and social, of aparticular country or sector


Present technologies are far from fullyappropriate to the present and future needs.

Technologies can be made appropriate by takinginto account

Social concerns

Pollution control

Conservation of raw materials and energy


In industrialized countries, R & D is aimed at thecreation of technological processes to achieve

high level of labor productivity

Large scale production to provide large markets

Technology has been successful towards thisend.

However, they have failed take into accountsocial and environmental factors


In Third World countries, technological needs fallinto five major categories:

Introduction of technology developed elsewhere butmodified with the consideration of locally availablematerials, work methods and human skills.

Overall economic improvement

Introducing freely available technology to manufacturebasic products presently being imported

Highly efficient but labor-intensive technology

Improvement of existing methods and tools of traditionalsector by systematic application of scientific principles.

Assessment Criteria for Appropriate

Technology in Developing Countries Despite higher growth rate, problems of povertyand unemployment still exist.

The main reason could be that we have not usedappropriate technology to solve economicproblems.

Modern technology and appropriatetechnologies are complementary to each other.

Appropriate technology does not mean aninferior or out-dated technology.


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Major Assessment Criteria for

Appropriate Technology1. Technology concerned should be developed to

fulfill specific social needs

2. It should use the raw materials, locally available

3. It should require the skills, locally available

4. Machinery used should be such that it can beoperated and maintained locally

5. It should contribute to positive socialdevelopment


Appropriate Technology6. Products of technology should be cheap, high

quality and available market

7. Less expensive technology

8. It should be labor-intensive to generateemployment

9. It should utilize full human potential esp inrural areas

10. It should utilize traditional skills andcapabilities


Appropriate Technology11. Technology should ensure maximum

development with minimum capital

12. It should have export potential

13. It should be less demanding in energy

14. Technology should not affect environment andshould have waste recycling potential


Task: Case study of an application of anAppropriate Technology


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Chapter 1 Technology, Environment and Society

Intermediate technology

The concept of Intermediate Technology was

introduced by economist and philosopher FritzSchumacher based on the needs and skills possessed by the people of

developing countries described as relatively small, simple, capital-saving,

labour-intensive, and environmentally less-damagingtechnologies, suitable for local, small-scale application.(Wood, 1983)

What was needed was a level of technologybetter thanthe simple methods used in the rural areas, moreproductive than the traditional tools, but far simpler andless capital-intensive than the modern technologyimported from the West.

Labor based technology

labour-based technology is used to describe atechnology that applies a labour/equipment mixthat gives priority to labour

supplementing it with appropriate equipmentwhere necessary for reasons ofquality or cost

While producing or maintaining infrastructure

to a specified standard in a cost-effectivemanner, people are employed under fair workingconditions

Labor based technology

There is a difference between an optimum and efficientuse of labour, as opposed to a maximum, and possiblyinefficient use.

the same level of investment in local infrastructure, theuse of labour-based technologies can create between twoand four times more employment (mostly unskilled)

The use of labour-based methods also implies theincreased use of associated local resources.

These may include locally available materials, tools andequipment, skills and knowledge, as well as finance.

This reinforces the percentage of investment thatremains in the country and often in the locality of theworks, reduces the dependence on costly imports, andstimulates the local economy.

Labor intensive technology

The most basic meaning is that a specific job is hard,often physical, work.

the amount of capital put into the labor force exceedsthe capital put into any other area such aspurchase, maintenance, etc.

the amount of time spent performing an action exceedsthe amount of time preparing for or dealing with theresults of said action

Agriculture, construction, and coal-mining industries areexamples of labor intensive industries.

Agricultural age

dawn of civilization

focused on farming;

people were concerned about having a shelterand food readily available to them

transformation of human society brought aboutby inventions such as the plow, the wheel, etc


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Agricultural age

The invention of the plow affected this age themost because it accentuated the change to theindustrial age

The plow allowed large-scale agriculturalproduction possible,

which in turn produced a larger food surplus,

in turn freeing up people for other types of work

During the agricultural age, people werethinking:

produce food and tools to sustain the familys needs.

Industrial Age

The mechanization of the farm and invention ofthe steam engines marks the start of theIndustrial Age.

People began to migrate from the farm to citiesfor jobs.

Mass production in factories first occurred

Information age

Exact date of beginning Unknown

However year 1956 and 1957 hold significance benchmark of beginning of information society

1956: in the USAwhite color workersoutnumbered blue color workersmost ofthem worked with information rather thanproducing goods

Information age

1957: Russian launched Sputnik introducedan era of global satellite communication.

Workers engaged with creation, processing anddistribution of information as:

Programmers, teachers, engineers, system analyst,accountants, lawyers, stock brokers, insurancepeople, scientists, technicians, bureaucrats and so

on. Within goods manufacturing industries, manyworkers hold information jobs.

Information age

The Information Age is a period of time wheretechnological developments have and willcontinue to occur at an exponential rate.

The microchip (integrated circuit)revolutionized the world of electronics and hasmade communication systems faster, cheaper,and more powerful than ever.

This age emphasis processing and exchanginginformation.

Characteristics of information society

The economy of the state is driven by the creationand efficient use of information.

However this does not mean that manufacturingprocesses are missing.

Most importantly, Construction and manufacturing sector expanded little

Information sector experienced tremendous growth.

Information society is based on the mottoKnowledge is power.

Future oriented


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Characteristics of information society

Even an industrial society, some kind ofinformation required to do the job.

Difference is: For industrial workers, information is a means to

achieve the final result

For information workers, information is in itself afinal result.

In information society, creative and innovativeuse of information can provide a competitiveadvantage

Information as power and wealth

Creation, processing and distribution ofinformation

To get information of particular object is itself aknowledgewhich is a source of strength(power)

We now mass-produce knowledge thisknowledge is driving force of economy.

New source of power is not money in the handsof few but information in the hands of many.


The productivity of knowledge is a key toproductivity, competitive strength and economicachievement.

Knowledge industry provides essential andcentral resources for production

In organizations, higher level workers have more

information than low level workers. To have power, they rarely impart theknowledge.


In this information age, countries economydepends on the information

Economic growth cannot be achieved without properutilization of information


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Chapter 1TES

Technology creates opportunity for

society to change Science and Technology: overall advantageous to

society Allows human to lead comfortable and

convenient lives. Who would give up all that technology has

provided? Technology creates problems society actively

participate in the efforts to resolve theseproblems positive effects could outweigh thenegative effects

Technology creates opportunity for

society to change Although technology creates many problems, the

solution is not to give up all that we have gainedfrom itbut to address these problems andcontinue to reap their benefits.

Motor of all progress solution to most of oursocial problems

Source of permanent prosperity Utopia

Shifts in employment due to

technological advancement Introduction of new technology affects

employment in any industries.

Initial result of such introduction reduction ofworkers

Productivity from the new technology will reach

the stable valuebusiness demands increase

industry starts to hire new workers


technological advancement Adoption of new technologies: Lead to widespread unemployment?

Or Open new opportunities for workers?

Increase in employment and productivity Development of new technology created new jobs

eg., in the field of information technology: computerhardware and softwaremanufacture, sale andmaintenance system analysts, programmers,computer operators

Additional jobs have been created


technological advancement Reduction in some type of jobs: Use of computers significant reduction in some

jobs of clerks and machine operators

Use of robotics: displaced manual works

These people should be retrained in order to savetheir jobs


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technological advancement After industrial revolution: man vs machine

Welfare theorists: Against unemployment and advocated employment

for the displaced ones

Market theorists: Productivity is of prime importance

One has to compete for existence

Role of technology to unmask old

social problems Social issues: directly or indirectly affect many

or all the members of society

Social issues: Poverty

Violence

Pollution

Injustice

Suppression of human rights

Discrimination

Crime

Role of technology to unmask old

social problems Technological advancement exposing old social problems: in many

ways Television and mass media Computer tracking of pollution level Newspapers CCTVs Medical technologies

Apartheid Poverty Environmental pollution Adolescent pregnancy Abortion

Theft and bank robbery Violation of rules in highways Abuses Detection of fatal diseases Drug trafficking

Societys control of technology

Societies, culture, technologies evolve over time New technology unanticipated effects: but as

important as anticipated ones Mass explosion of new technologies, knowledge and

understanding began to challenge traditional normsand values

Everyone realized potentials of technology andcontinued technological development

To make our life easier To further understand the Universe Economic gain National security

Societys control of technology

However, everyday individual consumer havehuge influence over technology.

Made life easy

Ability to complete more tasks in less time

Resulting effect is: Society has power to control level and direction of

technology through the consumer choices theymake.

Group Discussion

Technology is irreversible How?


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TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATIONS

Innovation: Definition

The process of translating an idea or invention

into a good or service that creates value of for

which customers will pay.

To be called an innovation

An idea must be replicable at an economical cost

Must satisfy specific needs

21st Century Innovation Topics

1. Energy conservation

2. Resource conservation

3. Food and water production anddistribution

4. Waste management

5. Education and learning

6. Medicine and prolonging life

7. Security and counter-terrorism

8. New technology

9. Genetics and cloning

10. Global communication

11. Traffic and population logistics

12. Space exploration

13. Integrated electronicenvironment

14. Globalization

15. Robotics

16. Weather prediction and control

17. Sustainable development

18. Entertainment

19. Preservation of history

20. Preservation of species

Group discussion

List of technological innovations

Discuss and answer:

What were the problems or inconveniences?

In what way it has addressed the

problems/inconveniences?

Impacts/consequences?

MOBILE PHONES ATM


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BAR CODES GPS

ONLINE SHOPPING SOCIAL MEDIA

LAPTOP COMPUTERSDIGITAL CAMERAS


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Assignment for Saturday

Topic: Impacts of Technology on environment

and society

Internet research

Write one page report with citation: bulleted points

Attach reference material if possible

PowerPoint presentation: 5 minutes for each group

Industrial Revolution: Socio-economic

change

Small scale enterprises

New inventions New inventions


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Negative influencesPeoples resentment and riots

Machine-wrecking

Inventors strangled todeath

Machinery establisheddespite riots

Realized the fault not with

machinery but with system

The way it profited fewpeople


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Inventors came from manualworkers

Became early industrial leaders

Gulf between employer andworkers

Factories selling cheaper goods

Small shops shut down

Hunger let people to seek jobsin factories

Employers did not show anypity to workers


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Competition in themarket

Money from sale went to buildingfactories and buying machineries

Exploitation of weakby strong through

industries

Religion toosupported employers

When in power, madelaws in their favor

New capitalism born:became new

economic system


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Capitalists controlledfactories and too allthe profits

Differences betweenrich and poorwidened

Most wealth went tosmall groups

This industrialrevolution and

capitalism solved theproblems of

production.

But not the problemof distribution of new

wealth

Industries gave rise tonew imperialism


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Need of raw materialsand money , andmarket

Documents

TES chapter 1.pdf