Terms - Bitumen & Tar

7/27/2019 Terms - Bitumen & Tar

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IS 334 (2002): Glossary of Terms Relating to Bitumen and

Tar [PCD 6: Bitumen Tar and their Products]


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Is 334:2002

fag%?RAm f aW+mIm ?Iwld?(dh7?7pawl)Indian Standard

GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATINGTO BITUMEN AND TAR

( Third Revision)

ICS 01 040.75; 75.140

Q BIS 2002BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

August 2002 Price Group 3


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Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6

FOREWORDThis Indian Standard (Third Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, afler the draft finalizedby the Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal andRelated Products Division Council.This standard was first published in 1953 and subsequently revised in 1965 and 1982. Due to considerabledevelopments in the application of bitumen, tar and their products in the engineering and chemical fieldsresulting in an increase in the number of terms used, it became necessary to revise the standard to standardizethe terminology on a more exact basis so as to avoid ambiguity and confusion. It is hoped that the glossary ofterms in this revision would help in fixing a more precise meaning of words which have acquired too generalusage. To facilitate ease of reference, the terms have been arranged alphabetically.In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given to International co-ordination among thestandards and practices prevailing in other countries and this has been met by drawing assistance tlom ASTMD 8-1997 Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavemenk issued by the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, USA.The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex A


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Is 334:2002

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING

TO BITUMEN AND TAR( Third Revision)1 SCOPEThis standard defines the terms relating to the productscommercially known as bitumen and tar.2 DEFINITIONS

AAdhesion The property by means of which amaterial in a liquid or semi-solid form adheres or sticksto the surface of a solid body. It is achieved bymolecular attraction of molecules of two differentbodies.Adhesion Active When bitumen in hot conditionis able to coat wet aggregates, it is termed as activeadhesion.Adhesion Agent A substance used for the purposeof improving the adhesion or bond between the solidbody and the binder used to coat it.Adhesion Passive When aggregates coated withbitumen are immersed in water and bitumen film isretained, it is called passive adhesion.Anthracene Oil The heavy fraction of distillateoil obtained tlom coal tar (above 300C) having aspecific gravity between 1.05 and 1.1 at 38C.Ash Inorganic residue remaining after ignition ofcombustible substances.Asphalt A natural or artificial mixture in whichbitumen is associated with inert mineral matter. Theword asphalt should always be qualified by indkationof its origin or nature.Asphaltic Bitumen A subdivision of the genericbitumen, which is manufactured by the oil industryfrom petroleum.Asphaltenes The hydrocarbon fraction of bitumenwhich is soluble in carbon disulphide, but insolublein n-heptaneln-pentane, etc.Asphalt, Lake A solid or semi-solid naturallyoccurring asphalt existing in well defined surfacedeposits.Asphalt, Mastic An intimate mixture of mineralfillers, well graded sand andor stone chippings witha hard grade of bitumen, cooked and laid hot manuallyor mechanically. The mixture settles to a coherent,

voidless and impermeable solid or semi-solid massunder normal atmospheric temperature condition.Asphalt, Natural or Native A mixture occurringin nature in which bitumen is associated with inetimineral matter.Asphalt, Rock A naturally occurring rock for-mation, usually calcareous, a sandstone in the poresand veins, of which is found impregnated.

BBitumen A black or dark brown non-crystallinesolid or viscous material having adhesive properties,derived from petroleum either by natural or refineryprocesses and substantially soluble in carbondisulphide.Bitumen, Blown Bitumen, the properties of whichare modified by blowing air through it at acomparatively high temperature and pressure.Bitumen, Concrete (Asphaltic Concrete) A wellgraded mixture of high quality aggregates withdesigned proportion of bitumen, hot mixed hot laidand rolled into a uniform dense mass with specifieddesign criteria.Bitumen CutbackBitumen, the viscosity of whichis reduced with a suitable volative dilueng usually apetroleum distillate.Bitumen Cutback Rapid Curing Bitumen, whichis blended with a naphtha type distillate.Bitumen Cutback, Medium Curing Bitumen,which is blended with a kerosene type distillate.Bitumen Cutbackj S1OWCuring Bitumen, whichisblended with high boiling oils or containing a higherviscous oil than in medium or rapid curing cutback.Bitumen Cutback, Digboi Type A cutbackbitumen made out of bitumen from paratllnic crudeof Assam.Bitumen, Digboi Type Bitumen obtained tlomprocessing of paraftlnic crude of Assam.Bitumen Emulsion A liquid product in which asubstantial amount of bitumen is dispersed in a finelydivided droplets in an aqueous medium containingan emulsifier and a stabilizer.


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Is 334:2002Bitumen Emulsion, Anionic An emulsion inwhichthe anion of the emulsifier is at the interface with thebitumen particles, which are negatively charged andthe aqueous phase is alkaline.Bitumen Emulsion, Cationic An emulsion inwhich the cation of the emulsifier is at the interfacewith the bitumen particles, which are positivelycharged and the aqueous phase is acidic.Bitumen Emulsion, Rapid Setting A quick settingemulsion used for surface treatment, penetrationmacadam and tack coat.Bitumen Emulsion, Medium Setting A mediumbreaking emulsion used for plant or road mixes withtine aggregates between 5 percent and 20 percentretained on 2.36 mm sieve. Used for open gradedpremix work and bituminous macadam.Bitumen Emulsion, S1OWSetting A slow breakingemulsion used for plant or road mixes with gradedtine aggregates greater than 20 percent, passes a2.36 mm sieve and a portion of which may pass a75 ~m sieve. Used in slurry seal, seal coat, soilhandstabilization, etc.Bitumen, Fluxed Paving bitumen, viscosity ofwhich is reduced by adding a substantially non-volatilediluent.Bitumen, Industrial Also known as blown oroxidized bitumen used in a variety of industrialapplications.Bitumen, Lake see Asphalt, Lake.Bitumen, Liquid Bitumen having a penetration ofmore than 350 at 25C under a load of 50 g appliedfor one second.Bitumen, Mastic see Asphalt, Mastic.Bitumen, Macadam An open graded mixture ofhigh quality aggregate with designed proportion ofbitumen hot-mixed and hot-laid and rolledinto c most.Bitumen, Natural or Native see Asphalt, Naturalor Native.Bitumen, Paving Solid or semi-solid bitumens ofspecified penetration used for paving roads, air fields,etc.Bitumen, Rock see Asphalt, Rock.Bitumen Rubberized A straight run bitumenwhose characteristics have been modified by additionof crumb or natural rubber.Bitumen Polymer Modified A straight runbitumen, the characteristics of which have been

improved by addition of polymers, namely,styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), ethyl vinyl acetate(EVA) or polyethylene (PE).Bitumen, Semi-Solid Bitumen having apenetration of more than 10 at 25C under a loadof 100 g applied for 5s and a penetration of not morethan 350 at 25C under a load of 50 g applied for onesecond.Bitumen, Solid Bitumen having a penetrationof not more than 10 at 25C, under a load of 100 gapplied for 5 s.Bitumen, Steam Refined Residue from distillationof crude petroleum processed further with the injectionof steam to a specified viscosity or penetration.Bitumen, Straight Run Bitumen obtained as theend product or residue from refining of crudepetroleum under direct distillation.Bitumen Primer A cut-back bitumen product oflow viscosity that penetrates into a base/sub-base andstabilizes loose particles upon application.Bituminous Containing or treated with, bitumen,tar or other shnilar materials.

cCarbenes The organic components of bitumenwhich are soluble in carbon disulphide but insolublein carbon tetrachloride.Carboids The inorganic matter present in bitumenwhich are insoluble in carbon disulphide.Carbon, Fixed The organic matter of residual cokeobtained from heating hydrocarbon products in acovered vessel in the absence of oxygen.Cohesion It is the molecular attraction of themolecules of the same product. In bitumen molecularattraction is revealed by ductility test.Creosote Oil The oils or a blend of oil fractionsobtained from coal tar, when distilled between200C and 300C.Curing The process of evaporation of the volatilepetroleum oils from bitumen in cut-back bitumen.

DDielectric Strength (Electric Strength) A measureof the electrical insulating properties of bitumen, asthe breakdown occurs when a specified voltage isreached, when an increasing alternating voltage isapplied to a sample under specified conditions. Thedielectric strength ismeasured in kV/mm and dependsupon the conditions of testing.


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Ductility The property by which a material can bedrawn in fine thread without breaking. For bitumen,it is measuredby the distance in centimetres to whichit will elongate before breaking, when two ends of abriquette specimen of the material of the specified formand cross-section are pulled apart under a specifiedspeed and temperature.Dynamic Shear Rheometer An equipment usedto measure the dynamic properties of bitumen undercyclic loading.

EEmulsifier/Emulsifying Agent An additive of theanionic or cationic type to facilitate dispersion of twoimmiscible phases in fme droplets of 5 pm to 20 pmdiameter.Emulsion Breaking The coagulation of thedispersed material in an emulsion whereby it separatesfrom the aqueous part of the emulsion.Emulsion, Stability The property of an emulsionwhereby it resist coagulation to causq breaking.Equiviscous Temperature (EVT) The temperaturein degrees centigrade at which time for outflowof 50 ml material is 50 s as measured by the standardtar viscometer (STV) using 10 mm cup.

FFire Point The lowest temperature at which thematerial gets ignited and burns continuously underspecified conditions of test.Flash Point The lowest temperature at which thevapour of the material can be ignited momentarily bya flame under specified conditions of test.Float Value A measure of the consistency ofcut-back bitumens and isthe time ins elapsed betweenplacing a briquette bitumen in water and the waterbreaking through it under specified conditions of testand temperature. The normal testing temperature is50C.Flux Oil A substantially volatile/non-volatilediluent used for reducing the viscosity of bituminousmaterials.FRASS Breaking Point The temperature at whichbitumen first becomes brittle as indicated by theappearance of cracks, when a thin film of bitumen ona metal plate is cooled and flexed in accordance withspecified conditions of the test.

LLoss on Heating The loss in mass of water, oiland other constituents of bitumen when heated at astandard temperature of 163C for 5 h under specifiedconditions of test.

IS 334:2002N

Newtonian Liquid Itis a liquid in which the rateof shear is proportional t~ the shearing stress. Theratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear istermedas the viscosity of the licuid. If this ratio is notconstant, the liquid is termed as non-Newtonian.

oOils The constituent of bitumen obtained afterseparation of resins from maltenes.

PPenetration A measure of hardness or consistencyof the bitumen. It is the vertical distance traversed bya standard needle entering the material under specifiedconditions of load, time and temperature; and isexpressed in one-tenths of millirnetre.Penetration Ratio It is the ratio of penetrationat 4C, 200 g, 60s to penetration at 25C, 100 g, 5 s.It is a measure of temperature susceptibility of thematerial.Phenols An oily constituent of coal tar, coal tarfractions or hydrogenated coal products, soluble inaqueous caustic soda solution.Pitch, Coal Tar The black or dark brown, solid orsemi-solid, fusible and agglomerative residueremaining after partial evaporation or fractionaldistillation of coal tar.Pitch, Mastic A well graded mixture of mineralmatter and coal tar pitch suitably blended, cooked andlaid hot manually or mechanically by suitable float.

RResins The dark brown sticky constituent ofbitumen separated by absorption on Fullers earth,silica gel, etc, from the maltenes.Residue of Specified Penetration It is thepercentage by mass of a residue obtained by heating abituminous material to the required temperature andhaving a specified penetration value,Road Oil A heavy petroleum distillate usuallyemployed for preparation of slow curing cutbacks.Road Tar A product obtained by blending pitch,anthracene oil and creosote oil in such a manner thatit conforms to a specification which defines itssuitability for road use.

sSetting A process by which a bitumen emulsionbreaks-by neuhalization of charge or evaporationwater and thereby reverting to original bitumen. of

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Is 334:2002Softening Point The temperature (in C) at whicha standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen ina mould and falls through a distance of 2.5 cm, whenheated under water or glycerin at specified conditionsof test.Specific Gravity The ratio of the mass of a givenvolume of a material to the mass of an equal volumeof water, the temperature of both being specified.Stripping The displacement of coated bituminousfilm from the surface of a road stone in presence ofwater.

TTack Coat Bitumen, road tar or an emulsionsp~yed as a thin film on a surface to achieve theadhesion with superimposed course,Tar A viscous material heaving adhesive properties,obtained from the destructive distillation of certaintypes of organic materials. The word tar shall bepreceded by the name of the material from which it isobtained, that is, coal, shale, peat, etc. Its mode ofproduction shall also be indicated.Tar, Coal (Crude Coai Tar) Tar produced by thedestructive distillation of bituminous coal.Tar, Coke Oven Tar produced as a bye-product ina coke oven plant where coal is heated in a coke ovenabove 1 000C.Tar, Emulsion An emulsion in which fine dropletsof tar are suspended inwater with a suitable emulsifier.Tar, Gas House Tar produced in retorts duringproduction of illuminating gas ftom coal.Tar, High Temperature The tar obtained as a by--product in high temperature carbonintion of coal. Inhigh temperature carbonization, coal is heatedabove 1OOOC.

Tar, Horizontal Retort Tar obtained as a by--product in the carbonization of coal in a horizontalretort.Tar, Low Temperature It is obtained by lowtemperature carbonization of inferior quality coal.Such tars are generally rich in phenolic components.In low temperature, inferior quality coal is heatedto 750C to 1Oooc.Tar, Refined Tar obtained by direct distillation ofcoal tar or by fluxing tar pitch with anthracene oiland creosote oil to the required consistency.Tar, Vertical Retort Tar obtained as a bye-productin carbonization of coal in vertical retorts.Tar, Wood Tar obtained from the destructivedistillation of wood. vViscosity Thepropertyof a liquid by which itresistsflow due to internal fkiction and is measured by theratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear and iscalled the co-eftlcient of viscosity.Viscosity, Absolute or Dynamic of a NewtonianLiquid It is the tangential force required tomaintain a velocity between the two layers unitdistance apart. The CGS unit for viscosity is poise.Viscosity, Kinematic The ratio of the absoluteviscosity to the density of the liquid. It is a measure ofthe resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity. TheS1unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sfor practical usea submultiple of (mm*/s) ismore convenient. The unitcentistroke is 1mm2/s and is used customary.

wWater Content The quantity of water present in amaterial and expressed as a percent by weight of thematerial.

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IS 334:2002ANNEX A(Foreword)

COMMITTEE COMPOSITIONBitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6

OrganizationCentral Road Research Institute, New Delhi

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, MumbaiBudding Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New DelhiCentral Public Works Deparbnen~ New DelhiCentral Fuel Resemch Institute, DhanbadCochin Refineries Limited, CochinDr Uppals Testing and Analytical Laboratory, GhaziabadDurgapur Projects Limited, DurgapurDirectorate General of Supplies and Disposrds, New DelhiDkectorate General of Border Roads, New DelhiEngineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Head Quarters, New DelhiHighway Resemch Station, ChemaiHindustrrrr Petroleum Corporation Limited, MumbaiHhrdustan Colas Limited, MumbaiIndian Institute of Petroleum, DehmdunIndian 0]1 Corporation Limited (Marketing Division), MumbaiIndian 011Corporation Limited [(R&D) Centre], FaridabadIndian 011Corporation (R&P), New DelhiIndian Roads Congress, New DelhiLloyd Insulations (India) Limited, New DelhiMinistry of Surface Transport (Department of Surface Transport), New DelhiMinistry of Defence (DGQA), New DelhiMadras Refinery Limited, ChennaiNational Test House, KolkataNational Building Organization, New DelhiPublic Works Department Government of West Bengal, KolkataPublic Works Department, MumbaiPublic Works DepmtrnenG Uttar Pradesh

Representative(s)PROFP. K. SoaMR (ChuJrn&zn)

Sruu SutaL BOSE(Alternate I)DRP. K. JAM(Alternate 11)

Smu J.A. JANAIDRNOBU GEORGSAlternate)

SssruR K. Cl?UYSmu B. ANUKUMARAhvnate)

sumammmwEtwmmRTNEExscwnvz Erwmwm (Alfernute)

DRSHRMATIA.BNATrAWYASriruU. BNATTAmYA (Alrernufe)Smuv.PArLYSmuR.VStWJOOPALAlternate)

SmuR S.SNLKLADRH.S.SARKARsHiU.s.ORWAL

Smu A. K. GUPTA(Alternate)COLV. K. P. SrNGH

LT-COL R. S. BHANWALAAlternate)- -OR (Alternate)

SIUUS. K. BHATNAGARSmuA. S. psw~(~bnute)SSUUP.wFNmANSmrH.PADMANALUSANAfterrrure)

.%R1u. c. GUPTASmu MOHDANWARAkrnde)

Smu R.S.SrWDIASSDUPREMKuMAR(A/temute)

SW B. R fVAGISmu M. P. KAU (Altemafe)

Smu U. K. BASUSmu S.K.PRASAOAJtemafe)

Smu K. B. RAJORL4SNRSA. V. SrNFMAltemafe)

SmuMonrrKnANNASNRSK.K.MrTM(A@nu/e)SHSUC:C. BHATIMWRYA

Watt S. P. SrNar (Abwde)Smu K. H. GANDra

Smu A. K. SrNHAAftemute)SMUM. S. SHAYAMSUNDSX

Smu B. S.aMM (Afternute)StDUA.K. @MUMBORN

SHRIS. K. AGARwAL(A&nate)SmrrA. K. LAL

Smu A. G. EMONGADSAlternate)SNSUAMITAVACW4~

Smu lL+BSNDRANATNBASUAl&mUtS)Smu BoRaV. B.SHRIV.P. BANSAL

LhtG. P. S. CHAUNANAlternate)

(Continued on page 6)


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Is 334:2002(Continuedfrom page 5)

OrganizationPublic Works Department, Tamil NaduRegional Research Laboratory, JorhatSTPLimited. KolkataUniversity of Roorkee, RoorkeeBIS Directorate General

Representative(s)SW N. DAYANANOAN

Smo P. J AYARAMAN (Alternate)DR R . C . BAR UAHSm T. K. ROY

Stau S. BHANOSEKHAR (Akerrru[e)PROFH, C. MEHNDIRATTASm ANJ A N I L +& Director& Head (PCD)~epresenting Director General (Ek-o~cio)]

Member-$ecretarySrrroT. K.wuvm+m

Joint Director (PCD), BIS

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Terms - Bitumen & Tar