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2003-2005 Copyright © 2002-2010 by Project "TEWISE" for the project -team: [email protected] All rights reserved. Privacy Statement. A - 2 0 0 2 - 1 - P C - 0 5 6 0 1 1 2 C - S U I N E M O C - This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

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Page 1: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

2003-2005

Copyright © 2002-2010 by Project "TEWISE"

for the project -team: [email protected]

All rights reserved. Privacy Statement.

A- 200 2- 1-P

C- 0 56 011 2

C-S

U IN

EM

OC -

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Page 2: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

TERMODINAMICA

Lista modulelor 1- 4

,��&�/'85$�ù,�7(03(5$785$1. ([HPSOH�GLQ�QDWXU��±�ILHUELQWH�úL�UHFH2. &RQFHSWXO�GH�F�OGXU�3. &RQFHSWXO�GH�WHPSHUDWXU�4. 0�VXUDUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL

�����6FDOH�GH�WHPSHUDWXU� – Kelvin, Celsius úL Fahrenheit

4.2. 0�VXUDUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL�UHFL�úL�D�FHOHL�FDOGH,,��&�,/(�'(�75$16)(5�'(�(1(5*,(�35,1�&�/'85�1. &RQGXFWRUL�úL�L]RODWRUL

�����ÌQWUHE�UL�FDUH�LGHQWLILF��LGHLOH�SUHFRQFHSXWH1.2. Experiment legat de�vQF�O]LUHD�OHPQXOXL�úL�D�FXSUXOXL�����3URSULHW� LOH�WHUPLFH�DOH�GLIHULWHORU�PDWHULDOH

2. &RQYHF LD�����&RQYHF LD�vQ�WXEXO�GH�VWLFO������&RQYHF LD�DHUXOXL�FDOG�úL�UHFH�GLQ�FDPHU�

3. 5DGLD LD4. Explicarea modelului

,,,��',/$7$5($�7(50,&�1. ([HPSOH�GLQ�YLD D�GH�ILHFDUH�]L2. Experiment cu dilatarea metalului

3. 'HSHQGHQ D�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��±�GHVFULHUHD�PDWHPDWLF�,9���67�5,/(�'(�$*5(*$5(�$/(�0$7(5,(,���6WUXFWXUD�VW�ULORU�JD]RDV���OLFKLG��úL�VROLG�

�����([HPSOH�GLQ�QDWXU������0RGHOXO�VW�ULORU�GH�DJUHJDUH

���6FKLPEDUHD�VW�ULORU�GH�DJUHJDUH���6FKHPD�JHQHUDO��D�VFKLPE�ULORU�GH�VWDUH�D�PDWHULHL

Page 3: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

&�/'85$�ù,�7(03(5$785$

1. ([HPSOH�GLQ�QDWXU��±�FDOG�úL�UHFH+DLGH L�V��IDFHP�XQ�H[SHULPHQW�VLPSOX�:

3XQH L�PDL�vQWkL�PkQD�VWkQJ��vQ�DS��FX�JKHD ��úL�PkQD�GUHDSW��vQ�DS��FDOG��DúWHSWD L�R�MXP�WDWH�GH�PLQXW��DSRL�SXQH L�DPEHOH�PkLQL�vQWU�R�DS��F�OGX ��&H�VLP L L�DFXP�"�ùWL L�GH�FH�"���&RQFHSWXO�GH�F�OGXU�&�OGXUD�HVWH�XQ�WUDQVIHU�HQHUJHWLF�vQWUH��FRUSXUL�DIODWH�OD�WHPSHUDWXUL�GLIHULWH.

Transferul de energie se face în timpul ciocnirilor dintre moleculele corpului.

Exemple:� 7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�SULQ�F�OGXU��GH�OD�FXSWRU�vQ�DHUXO�GLQ�FDPHU��úL�GLQ

DHU�F�WUH�FHOHODOWH�HOHPHQWH�GLQ�FDPHU��� 7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�SULQ�F�OGXU���GH�OD�DUDJD]�F�WUH�LEULF�úL�vQ�FRQWLQXDUH�

F�WUH�DSD�GLQ�LEULF�� 3XWH L�V��GD L�úL�DOWH�H[HPSOH"

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä&�OGXUD�úL�WHPSHUDWXUD´����1 a

� Ce vQVHDPQ��“rece”?� 'H�FH�VLP LP�F��SDKDUXO�FX�FHDL�HVWH�ILHUELQWH"� 'H�FH�HVWH�UHFH�]�SDGD"

FIERBINTE *+($��CALD

CORP CALD CORP RECE

7UDQVIHU�GH�HQHUJLH�SULQ�F�OGXU�

FIERBINTE *+($��CALD

Page 4: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

�+DLGH L�V��REVHUY�P�PLúFDUHD�PROHFXOHORU�úL�FLRFQLULOH�GLQWUH�HOH��SH�R�SHUQ��GHDHU�ELGLPHQVLRQDO���YLGHR�FOLS��

+DLGH L�DFXP��V��YHGHP�R�VLPXODUH�D�PLúF�ULL�PROHFXOHORU�IRORVLQG�XQ�PRGHOtridimensional (folosim video clipul).

ÌQ�FXWLH��WRDWH�SDUWLFXOHOH�VH�PLúF��GHzRUGRQDW��(OH�WUDQVIHU��HQHUJLH�vQ�WLPS�FHVH�FLRFQHVF�vQWUH�HOH�úL�GH�SHUH L�

3. &RQFHSWXO�GH�WHPSHUDWXU�

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä&�OGXUD�úL�WHPSHUDWXUD´����1 b

Page 5: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

Temperatura depinde de viteza particulelor:

T ~ viteza particulelor

'DF�� WHPSHUDWXUD� FUHúWH�� FUHúWH� úL� YLWH]D�PROHFXOHORU�� GDF�� WHPSHUDWXUD� VFDGH�VFDGH�úL�YLWH]D�PROHFXOHORU�5H]XOW��F��SXWHP�GHILQL�WHPSHUDWXUD�DVWIHO�7HPSHUDWXUD�HVWH�R�P�ULPH�IL]LF��FH�FDUDFWHUL]HD]��HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��D�PLúF�ULLlineare a moleculelor.

4. M�VXUDUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL4.1. 6FDOH�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��±�.HOYLQ��&HOVLXV�úL�)DKUHQKHLW

Primul termometru cu mercur a fost construit de Gabriel Fahrenheit la GdanskvQ�������3XQFWXO�]HUR�D�IRVW�OHJDW�GH�FHD�PDL�MRDV��WHPSHUDWXU��D�DHUXOXL�SH�WLPSGH� LDUQ�� ±� �DSSUR[LPDWLY� ���� o&�� úL� SXQFWXO� GH� OD� ���� oF a fost legat deWHPSHUDWXUD�FRUSXOXL�VR LHL�OXL�)DKUHQKHLW�3HQWUX� .HOYLQ� SXQFWXO� �� HVWH� YDORDUHD� DEVROXW�� FDUH� UHSUH]LQW�� FHD� PDL� MRDV�WHPSHUDWXU��H[LVWHQW��vQ�QDWXU��±�FkQG�SDUWLFXOHOH�QX�VH�PLúF��±�VXQW�vQ�UHSDXV�����.�HVWH�WHPSHUDWXUD�OD�FDUH�DSD�vQJKHD ���Scala Celsius, cea mai popular��vQ�(XURSD��HVWH�OHJDW��GH�SXQFWHOH�GH�vQJKH DUHa apei(0 o&���úL�GH�ILHUEHUH�D�DSHL�����o&���+DLGH L�V��FRPSDU�P�FHOH�WUHL�VFDOH�vQtabelul de mai jos:

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä&�OGXUD�úL�WHPSHUDWXUD´����1 c

Page 6: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

)RUPXOH�SHQWUX�FRQYHUVLD�XQLW� LORU�GH�P�VXU��DOH�WHPSHUDWXULL�

4.2. 0�VXUDUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL�DSHL�UHFL�úL�DSHL�FDOGH+DLGH L�V��SUHJ�WLP�GRX��SDKDUH�±�SULPXO�FX�DS��FDOG��úL� �DO�GRLOHD�FX�JKHD ��0�VXUD L� WHPSHUDWXUD� IRORVLQG� WHUPRPHWUH� RELúQXLWH� úL� XQ� GHWHFWRU� GHWHPSHUDWXU��HOHFWURQLF�

7HUPRPHWUH�RELúQXLWH

0�VXUDUH�HOHFWURQLF�

7HPSHUDWXUD�DSHL�vQJKH DWH�HVWH�GH���o&�úL�D�DSHL�FDOGH�GH����oC.

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä&�OGXUD�úL�WHPSHUDWXUD´����1 d

Page 7: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

02'$/,7��,��'(�75$160,7(5(��$�(1(5*,(,�35,1�&�/'85�

�����([LVW��WUHL�F�L�GLIHULWH��SULQ�FDUH�VH�UHDOL]HD]��WUDQVPLWHUHD�GH�HQHUJLHtermic���SULQ�F�OGXU����FRQGXF LH��FRQYHF LH��UDGLD LH�

�����([SHULPHQW�OHJDW�GH�vQF�O]LUHD�OHPQXOXL�úL�DO�FXSUXOXL�3UHJ�WL L� R� OXPkQDUH��GRX�� EXF� L� GH�KkUWLH� � úL�XQ�FLOLQGUX�GH�PHWDO� úL� XQXO�GHlemn.�)DFH L�H[SHULPHQWXO��VDX�SULYL L�XQ�ILOP�YLGHR��úL�U�VSXQGH L�OD�vQWUHEDUHD�FDUH�FLOLQGUX�HVWH�FRQGXF�WRU�GH�F�OGXU��úL�FDUH�HVWH�L]RODWRU"

'XS��SURFHVXO�GH�vQF�O]LUH��IRDLD�FX�FLOLQGUXO�GH�OHPQ�HVWH�PDL�vQWXQHFDW��GHFkWIRDLD� FX� FLOLQGUXO� GH� FXSUX�� $FHDVWD� vQVHDPQ�� F�� PHWDOXO� HVWH� %81&21'8&�725�GH�F�OGXU���LDU�OHPQXO�HVWH�XQ��,=2/$725������3URSULHW� L�WHUPLFH�DOH�GLIHULWHORU�PDWHULDOH)LJXUD� GH� PDL� MRV� DUDW�� XQ� H[SHULPHQW� FH� SUH]LQW�� SURSULHW� LOH� WHUPLFH� DOHGLIHULWHORU�PDWHULDOH��([LVW�� R� VHULH�GH�electrozi� I�FX L� GLQ�GLIHULWH�PDWHULDOH� úLDFRSHUL L�FX�FHDU���8Q�FDS�W�DO�ILHF�UXL�HOHFWURG�HVWH�DúH]DW�vQ�DS���ILHUELQWH��&HVH�REVHUY�"

6H�SRDWH�REVHUYD�F��FHDUD�VH�WRSHúWH�PDL�vQWkL�SH�HOHFWUR]LL�GLQ�FXSUX�úL�DOXPLQLXúL�vQ�FHOH�GLQ�XUP��SH�HOHFWUR]LL�GLQ�SODVWLF�úL�VWLFO���0RWLYXO�FRQVW��vQ�IDSWXO�F�XQHOH� PDWHULDOH� VXQW� EXQH� FRQGXF�WRDUH� GH� F�OGXU��� LDU� DOWHOH� VH� FRPSRUW�� FDbuni izolatori.

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä0RGDOLW� L�GH�WUDQVPLWHUH�D�HQHUJLHL�SULQ�F�OGXU�´������D

���&RQGXFWRUL�úL�L]RODWRUL� 'H�FH�HVWH�ILHUELQWH�OLQJXUL D�GLQWU-R�FHDúF��Ge ceai fierbinte?� 'H�FH�HVWH�ILHUELQWH�DHUXO�GLQ�FDPHUD�vQ�FDUH�VH�DIO��XQ�FXSWRU�FDOG?

Page 8: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

7DEHOXO�GH�PDL�MRV�SUH]LQW��SURSULHW� LOH�WHUPLFH�DOH�XQRU�PDWHULDOH�Diamant

argint, cupru

DOXPLQLX��R HO��SOXPEJKHD D��PDUPXU���VWLFO�

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polistiren

VWLFO����OkQ�

2. &RQYHF LD�����&RQYHF LD�vQ�WXE�GH�VWLFO�ÌQF�O]L L�DS�� vQWU�XQ� WXE�GLQ�VWLFO�� vQFKLV�úL�REVHUYD L�FRPSRUWDPHQWXO�EXF� LORUGH�SOXW��vQ�DS���H[SHULPHQWD L�VDX�SULYL L�ILOPXO�YLGHR��

6H� SRDWH� YHGHD� F�� DWXQFL� FkQG� R�SDUWH� GH� OLFKLG� VDX� GH� JD]� HVWH�PDL� ILHUELQWHGHFkW�FHDODOW��SDUWH��SDUWHD�PDL� ILHUELQWH� WLQGH�V�� VH�GHSODVH]H�F�WUH�VXV��$YHPde-a face cu procesul de convec LH�&RQYHF LD�HVWH�XQ�SURFHV�GH�WUDQVIHU�DO�HQHUJLHL�WHUPLFH��SULQ�F�OGXU��. DreptXUPDUH��FXUHQ LL�GH�FRQYHF LH�FLUFXO��vQ�MXUXO�IOXLGXOXL�VDX�JD]XOXL�

a. &RQYHF LD�DHUXOXL�FDOG�úL�D�DHUXOXL�UHFH�vQWU��R�FDPHU�,DW�� VFKHPD� FLUFXOD LHL� DHUXOXL� vQWU�R� FDPHU�� FD� UH]XOWDW� DO� FXUHQ LORU� GHFRQYHF LH�

Cel mai bun conductor

Cel mai slab conductor

Cel mai slab izolator

Cel mai bun izolator

Radiator

Televizor)HUHDVWU�

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä0RGDOLW� LOH�GH�WUDQVPLWHUH�D�HQHUJLHL�SULQ�F�OGXU�´������E

Page 9: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

3URFHVXO�GH� UDGLD LH� WUDQVIHU�� HQHUJLH� WHUPLF�� VXE� IRUP�� GH� F�OGXU�� FKLDU�GDF�VXUVD� GH� F�OGXU�� úL� UHFHSWRUXO� QX� VXQW� vQ� FRQWDFW�� 'H� H[HPSOX�� F�OGXUD� GH� OD6RDUH�DMXQJH�OD�QRL�VXE�IRUP��GH�UDGLD LL��SHQWUX�F��HVWH�WUDQVSRUWDW��SULQ�VSD LXliber.2EVHUYD L�F��QX�H[LVW��QLFL�XQ�FRQWDFW�vQWUH�FDQD�úL�F�U LOH�GLQ�LPDJLQHD�GH�PDLMRV��GDU�GXS��XQ�WLPS�F�U LOH�UHFL�YRU�GHYHQL�PDL�FDOGH��

&�OGXUD�YD�IL�WUDQVIHUDW��GH�OD�FDQD�ILHUELQWH�OD�F�U LOH�UHFL�SULQ�UDGLD LH pe caream numit-o UDGLD LH�LQIUDURúLH��1X�R�SXWHP�YHGHD��GDU�R�SXWHP�VLP L�SH�SLHOHDQRDVWU��SHQWUX�F��vL�FUHúWH�WHPSHUDWXUD�DFHVWHLD�

&DPHUD�WHUPDO� �SRDWH�IDFH�IRWRJUDILL�DOH�UDGLD LHL�LQIUDURúLLpentru diferite corpuri, cum ar fi, de exemplu, corpul uman�YH]L� LPDJLQHD�GLQ�VWkQJD���ÌQ�DFHDVW�� LPDJLQH��S�U LOH� URúLLúL� OXPLQRDVH� LQGLF��S�U LOH� ILHUELQ L� DOH� FRUSXOXL� XPDQ�� � LDUS�U LOH� vQWXQHFDWH� LQGLF�� S�U LOH� UHFL� DOH� DFHVWXLD��2EVHUYD LF��SDUWHD�FHD�PDL�FDOG��D�FRUSXOXL�XPDQ�HVWH�FDSXO.$FHDVW��FDPHUD�SRDWH�IL�IRORVLW��úL�SH�WLPS�GH�QRDSWH��$WXQFLFkQG�RFKLL�QX�Y�G�QLPLF�� FDPHUD�GHWHFWHD]�� WRDWH�RELHFWHOHUDGLDQWH��GH�H[HPSOX��RDPHQL��DQLPDOH�úL�PDúLQL�Numele acestei camere speciale este noctovisor.

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Page 10: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�SULQ�F�OGXU��DUH�ORF�PHUHX��GH�OD�PDWHULDOHOH�FDOGHF�WUH�FHOH�UHFL�

� 0ROHFXOHOH�FX�HQHUJLH�PDL�PDUH���YHFWRUXO�YLWH]��PDL�PDUH�úL�PDV�PDL�PDUH��WUDQVIHU��HQHUJLH�FHORU�FX�HQHUJLH�PDL�PLF��

� $FHVW�SURFHV�DUH�ORF�vQ�JD]H��OLFKLGH�úL�VROLGH�� ÌQ�JD]H�úL�OLFKLGH�WUDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�VH�SURGXFH�vQ�WLPSXO�FLRFQLULORU�� ÌQ� VROLGH�� DWRPLL� YLEUDWRUL� DIOD L� vQWU-o� SDUWH� D� PDWHULDOXOXL� WUDQVIHU�

YLEUD LLOH�DWRPLORU�GLQ�DSURSLHUH�

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([SO L FD L D �PRGH OX OX L*

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Page 11: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

',/$7$5($�7(50,&�

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Podurile trebuie construite folosindu-se rosturile de dilatare pentru a permitedilatarea termic�, în caz contrar se pot deforma.2EVHUYD L�FRQVWUXF LD�úLQHORU�GH�FDOH�IHUDW���LPDJLQHD�GH�PDL�MRV��

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Page 12: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

+DLGH L�V��YHGHP�H[SHULPHQWXO�FDUH�SUH]LQW��GLODWDUHD�XQHL�EXF� L�GH�PHWDOîntr-un dispozitiv special��H[SHULPHQWD L�VDX�YL]LRQD L�ILOPXO��

&kQG�VH�vQF�O]HúWH�GLVSR]LWLYXO��EUD XO�PHWDOLF�VH�GLODW���/XQJLPHD�VH�IL[HD]��FXDMXWRUXO�XQXL�úXUXE��&kQG�VH�RSUHúWH�vQF�O]LUHD�SXQHP�R�EXFDW��UHFH�GH�VWLFO��SHEUD XO�PHWDOLF�úL�REVHUY�P�F��DFHVWD�vQFHSH�V��VH�FRQWUDFWH�±�vQWUXFkW�VH�VSDUJHEXFDWD�GH�VWLFO��3. 'HSHQGHQ D�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��±�GHVFULHUHD�PDWHPDWLF�+DLGH L� V�� vQFHUF�P� VD� FDOFXO�P� FkW� GH� PDUH� HVWH� GLODWDUHD� FkQG� vQF�O]LP� REXFDW��GH�PHWDO�D�� 6LWXD LD� GH� vQFHSXW� VH� SUH]LQW�� DVWIHO�� %XFDWD� GH� PHWDO� DUH� OXQJLPHD� /1� úLtemperatura T1:

2. Experiment cu dilatarea metalelor

Bucata de metal (rece)

L1

T1

%XFDWD�GH�PHWDO��FDOG�� T2

L2

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([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä'LODWDUHD�WHUPLF�´������E

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E��&kQG�vQF�O]LP�R�EXFDW��GH�PHWDO��WHPSHUDWXUD�FUHúWH�úL�PHWDOXO�VH�GLODW��Noua lungime este L2 la temperatura T2.'LIHUHQ D�GH�WHPSHUDWXU���û7� �72 – T1'LIHUHQ D�GH�OXQJLPH��û/� �/2 – L1

)RUPXOD�PDWHPDWLF��FDUH�GHVFULH�GLIHUHQ D�GH�OXQJLPH û/��SHQWUX�R�GLIHUHQ ��GHWHPSHUDWXU��û7� este:

û/� �.�/�û7XQGH�. �HVWH� FRHILFLHQWXO� OLQLDU� DO� GLODW�ULL� WHUPLFH��(O� HVWH� GLIHULW� vQ� IXQF LH� GHPDWHULDOH�� ÌQ� WDEHOXO� GH� PDL� MRV� DYH L� DGXQDWH� FkWHYD� H[HPSOH� GH� FRHILFLHQWHliniare:

Solide �����.�>��oC]

Cupru 1.7 *10-5

Aluminiu 2.4 *10-5

Aur 1.4 *10-5

2 HO 1.2 *10-5

([HUFL LX�GH�FDOFXO*�VL L�GLIHUHQ D�GH�OXQJLPH�SHQWUX�FHL������P�OXQJLPH�DL�3RGXOXL�*ROGHQ�*DWH�FD�XUPDUH� D� FUHúWHULL� GH� WHPSHUDWXU�� GH� OD� ��O&�GLPLQHD D�� OD� ���OC la prânz.3RGXO�HVWH�FRQVWUXLW�GLQ�R HO�Solutia

ÌQ�WDEHO�J�VLP�F��R HOXO�DUH�XQ�FRHILFLHQW�GH�GLODWDUH�WHUPLF��GH�±���� ��-5 1/OC.

6��DSOLF�P�HFXD LD�û/� �.��/�û7

û7� ����OC – 5 OC = 20 OCatunciû/� �.��/�û7� ����� ��-5 1/OC * 2700 m * 20 OC = 0,65 m = 65 cm

,DW��PRWLYXO�SHQWUX�FDUH�rosturile de dilatare sunt foarte necesare!

([SUHVVWUDLQ����������Ä'LODWDUHD�WHUPLF�´������F

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ST�5,/(�'(�$*5(*$5(�$/(�0$7(5,(,

�����([HPSOH�GLQ�QDWXU�a. &H�vQVHDPQ��VWDUHD�GH�DJUHJDUH�D�PDWHULHL"b. &H�IHO�GH�PDWHULH�YHGH L�vQ�LPDJLQLOH�GH�PDL�MRV"

6H�SRW�UHFXQRDúWH�WUHL�VW�UL�GLIHULWH�DOH�PDWHULHL�• JD]RDV��±�YDSRULL�GH�DS��GLQ�LEULF�• OLFKLG��±�DSD�GH�OD�URELQHW�• VWDUHD�VROLG��±� XU XULL�GLQ�VSDWHOH�IHUHVWUHL�

�����0RGHOH�GH�VW�UL�DOH�PDWHULHL$LFL�VH�SRW�YHGHD�PROHFXOHOH�vQ�GLIHULWH�VW�UL��VROLG���OLFKLG��VDX�JD]RDV���

6WDUH�VROLG������������������/LFKLG����������������������*D]

ÌQ�VWDUHD�VROLG��PROHFXOHOH�VXQW�IRDUWH�VWUkQVH�XQHOH�OkQJ��DOWHOH��vQJKHVXLWH. Înlichide, moleculele�DX�RDUHFDUH�VSD LX�vQWUH�HOH��,DU�vQ�JD]H�PROHFXOHOH�VH�PLúF�liber.

Expresstrain 2004 „6W�ULOH�GH�DJUHJDUH�DOH�PDWHULHL” 4 a

1. 6WDUHD�JD]RDV���VWDUHD�OLFKLG��úL�VWDUHD�VROLG�

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7RDWH�VXEVWDQ HOH�vúL�SRW�VFKLPED�VW�ULOH�úL�DFHVW�OXFUX�GHSLQGH�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��+DLGH L�V��YHGHP�LPDJLQLOH�GH�PDL�MRV�FDUH�DUDW��PRGHOXO�GH�VFKLPEDUH�D�VW�ULLgazoase:

În� LPDJLQHD�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�HVWH� ULGLFDW��� DúD� vQFkW� DWRPLL� VH�PLúF�� UHSHGH� úL� VHciocnesc între ei.În imaginile E�úL�F�vQFHSH�VF�GHUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL�úL�DWRPLL�vQFHS�V��VH�PLúWH�PDLvQFHW�LDU� vQ�WLPSXO�FLRFQLULORU�VH�DGXQ�� vPSUHXQ���PDL� vQWkL� vQ�JUXSXUL�PLFL�� LDUmai târziu în grupuri mai mari.În imginea�G�VH�SRDWH�YHGHD�F��WRDWH�PROHFXOHOH�VXQW�JUXSDWH��7HPSHUDWXUD�HVWHIRDUWH�VF�]XW��úL�JD]XO�vúL�VFKLPE��VWDUHD�vQ�lichid.

Procesul prin care XQ�JD]�VH�WUDQVIRUP��vQWU-un lichid VH�QXPHúWH�condensare.

���6FKHPD�JHQHUDO��D�VFKLPE�ULORU�GH�VWDUH�D�PDWHULHL�Pentru���VW�UL�GH�DJUHJDUH�H[LVW����SRVLELOH�PRGDOLW� L�GH�VFKLPEDUH��7RDWH�VXQWdescrise în schema de mai jos:

GAZ LICHID SOLID

sublimare

desublimare

topire

vQJKH DUHcondensare

evaporare

Expresstrain 2004 „6W�ULOH�GH�DJUHJDUH�DOH�PDWHULHL” 4 b

2. 6FKLPEDUHD�VW�ULORU�GH�DJUHJDUH

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Expresstrain

+DLGH L�V��QH�DPLQWLP�XQ�H[SHULPHQW�GLQ�PRGXOXO�WUHFXW��±��E��³VW�UL�GH�DJUHJDUH�DOHPDWHULHL³��UHIHULWRU�OD�SURFHVXO�GH�vQF�O]LUH�D�XQHL�EXF� L�GH�JKHD ���FDUH�VH�WUDQVIRUP��PDLvQWkL�vQ�DS��úL�DSRL�vQ�DEXU�Energia primit� de�JKHD ��IDFH�GRX��OXFUXUL:

• &UHúWH�HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��D�SDUWLFXOHORU��±�DFHVWHD�VH�PLúF��PDL�UHSHGH�WHPSHUDWXUD�FUHúWH�

• &UHúWH�HQHUJLD�SRWHQ LDO��D�SDUWLFXOHORU�±�OHJ�WXULOH�VXQW�UXSWH�LDU�VXEVWDQ D�vúLVFKLPE��VWDUHD�

ÌQ�LPDJLQHD�GH�PDL�MRV��YHGHP�FRPSUHVLD�DHUXOXL�vQWU�R�SRPS��GH�ELFLFOHW��

&kQG� SLVWRQXO� SRPSHL� FRPSULP�aerul, acesta împinge moleculele deDHU� LDU� DFHVWHD� VH�PLúF�� PDL� UHSHGH±FUHúWH� HQHUJLD� ORU� FLQHWLF�� úL� HQHUJLDLQWHUQ��D�JD]XOXL��*D]XO�VH�vQF�O]HúWH�

'HFL�� � SXWHP� IDFH� XQ� RELHFW� PDL� FDOG� SULQ� FRPSULPDUH�� $FHVW� SURFHV� HVWH� IRDUWH� XúRU� GHUHDOL]DW� FX� XQ� JD]�� SHQWUX� F�� JD]XO� SRDWH� IL� XúRU� FRPSULPDW�� 3XWHP� V�� IRORVLP�R� IRU �� FDUHHIHFWXHD]��OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�DVXSUD�JD]XOXL�úL�DVWIHO�V��vL�WUDQVIHU�P�HQHUJLH�Putem exprima lucrul mecanic de compresie prin formula:

L=Fx,XQGH�)�HVWH�IRU D�úL�[�HVWH�GLVWDQ D�SH�FDUH�VH�PLúF��SLVWRQXO�SRPSHL�+DLGH L�V��LQWURGXFHP�FRQFHSWXO�GH�HQHUJLH�LQWHUQ��(QHUJLD�LQWHUQ���8�D�XQXL�RELHFW��HVWH�VXPD�GLQWUH�HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��úL�HQHUJLD�SRWHQ LDO��DPLúF�ULL�KDRWLFH�D�SDUWLFXOHORU�GLQ�VXEVWDQ ��9DULD LD�HQHUJLHL�LQWHUQH�HVWH�∆U.

Expresstrain 2004 0RGXOXO�Ä&�OGXUD�úL�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF³��D

&�OGXUD�úL�OXFUXO�PHFDQLFCe face L�Fu mâinile, în timpul iernii, când este ger?

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Expresstrain

Celebrul experiment a lui Joule

În 1850 James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) a realizat unH[SHULPHQW�SULQ�FDUH�DU�WD�F���GH�IDSW�F�OGXUD�HVWH�R�IRUP��GHHQHUJLH�GH�DFHODúL�WLS�FX�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�(O�D�P�VXUDW�HFKLYDOHQ D�GLQWUH�HQHUJLD�PHFDQLF��úL�F�OGXU�:Fv L�MRXOL�VXQW�HFKLYDOHQ L�FX�R�FDORULH"ÌQ� LPDJLQHD� GLQ� GUHDSWD� VH� SRDWH� YHGHD� R� VFKL �� DH[SHULPHQWXOXL� RULJLQDO� DO� OXL� -RXOH�� 'RX�� JUHXW� L� FDUHDWkUQ��GH�XQ�ILU��URWHVF�QLúWH�ORS� HOH�FDUH�DPHVWHFD�DSD�ÌQ�WLPSXO�DFHVWXL�SURFHV�DSD�VH�vQF�O]HúWH�3ULQ�DFHVW�H[SHULPHQW�-RXOH�D�GHPRQVWUDW�F�� OXFUXO�PHFDQLFHVWH�HJDO�FX�F�OGXUD�

Principiul I al termodinamicii

&UHúWHUHD�HQHUJLHL�LQWHUQH�D�XQXL�VLVWHP�UHSUH]LQW��VXPD�GLQWUH�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�HIHFWXDWDVXSUD�VLVWHPXOXL�úL�HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��SULPLW��GH�F�WUH�VLVWHP�([SUHVLD�PDWHPDWLF��D�DFHVWXL�SULQFLSLX�HVWH:

∆U=∆Q-∆Lunde:∆8�±�YDULD LD�HQHUJLHL�LQWHUQH�∆4�±�YDULD LD�HQHUJLHL�WHUPLFH�SULPLW��GH�VLVWHP��DúD�QXPLWD�³F�OGXU�´��∆L�±�YDULD LD�OXFUXOXL�PHFDQLF�HIHFWXDW�GH�F�WUH�VLVWHP�2EVHUYD LH��2EVHUYD L�F��IRORVLP�DLFL�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�HIHFWXDW�GH�F�WUH�VLVWHP, deci folosimVHPQXO�³±´�vQ�HFXD LH��&kQG�VH�HIHFWXHD]��OXFUX�PHFDQLF�DVXSUD�VLVWHPXOXL��WUHEXLH�V�IRORVLP�VHPQXO�³�´�vQ�HFXD LD�GH�PDL�VXV�3XWHP�UHVFULH�DFHDVW��HFXD LH��DVWIHO�

∆Q=∆U+∆LConcluzii:

• &vQG� VH� HIHFWXHD]�� OXFUX� PHFDQLF� DVXSUD� VLVWHPXOXL�� FRQIRUP� SULQFLSLXOXL� ,� DOWHUPRGLQDPLFLL��HQHUJLD�LQWHUQ��D�JD]XOXL�FUHúWH�úL�F�OGXUD�HVWH�FHGDW��GH�F�WUH�VLVWHP�

• 3H�VFXUW��SULPXO�SULQFLSLX�VSXQH�F��XQ�VLVWHP�QX�SRDWH�FHGD�PDL�PXOW�GHFâW�SULPHúWH��$FHVW�OXFUX�WUHEXLH�V��ILH�vQ�DFRUG�FX�SULQFLSLXO�FRQVHUY�ULL�HQHUJLHL�

8QLWDWHD�GH�P�VXU��SHQWUX�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�vQ��6,�HVWH�joulul [J] 2

2

111s

kgmmNJ =×=

8QLWDWHD�LVWRULF��GH�P�VXU��D�F�OGXULL�HVWH�FDORULD�>FDO@�±�FDQWLWDWHD�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF��QHFHVDU��SHQWUX�D�VFKLPED�WHPSHUDWXUD�XQXL�JUDP�GH�DS��FX��oC.(FKLYDOHQWXO�PHFDQLF�DO�F�OGXULL�HVWH��-� �/�4����FDO� �������-�

Expresstrain 2004 Module „ Principiul I al Termodinamicii“ 6a

Principiul I al termodinamicii

&XP�SRDWH�IL�WUDQVIRUPDW�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�vQ�F�OGXU�"

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Expresstrain

+DLGH L�V��IDFHP�XQ�H[SHULPHQW�IRORVLQG�XQ�WHUPRHUJRPHWUX�SHQWUX�HYDOXDUHD�HFKLYDOHQWXOXLPHFDQLF�DO�F�OGXULL�7HUPRHUJRPHWUXO�HVWH�DU�WDW�vQ�LPDJLQHD�GH�PDL�MRV.

3HQWUX�D�IDFH�H[SHULPHQWXO�YD�WUHEXL�V��URWLP�PDQLYHODFDP�GH�����RUL� vQFHUFkQG�V�� IRORVLP�DFHHDúL�YDORDUH�DIRU HL��FDUH�HVWH�P�VXUDW��GH�GLQDPRPHWUX�Când rotim manivela forta de frecare care apare întreFRPSRQHQWHOH� GLVSR]LWLYXOXL� GHWHUPLQ�� vQF�O]LUHDlichidului din calorimetru.'XS������GH�URWD LL�VH�P�VRDU��WHPSHUDWXUD�OLFKLGXOXL�'DWHOH�RE LQXWH� vQ�XUPD�DFHVWXL�H[SHULPHQW� UHDO�YRU� ILplasate în tabelul de mai jos.

9RP�IRORVL�HFXD LD�û8� �û4���û/

XQGH�û8� ���DWXQFL�û/� �±�û4�úL�_û/��û4_� ��La început vom calcula lucrul mecanic L efectuat asupra sistemului:

W = FÂOÂ�EÂQ� ��1�Â����P�Â��E�Â����� �����-XQGH��)�±�IRU D�GH�IUHFDUH��O�±�OXQJLPHD�EUD XOXL��Q�±�QXP�UXO�GH�URWD LL�$SRL��YRP�FDOFXOD�HQHUJLD�WHUPLF���F�OGXUD��JHQHUDW��GH�VLVWHP�

Q = [m1cc + (m2 + m3)cg + m4cp] Â��W2 – t1) = 258,92 Junde: m1 – masa vasului calorimetric , (m2 + m3) – masa dispozitivului de rotire, m4 – masapetrolului, cc ±� F�OGXUD� VSHFLILF�� D� FDORULPHWUXOXL�� Fg ±� F�OGXUD� VSHFLILF�� D� GLVSR]LWLYXOXL� GHrotire, cp ±�F�OGXUD�VSHFLILF��D�SHWUROXOXL��W1�±WHPSHUDWXUD�LQL LDO���W2�±��WHPSHUDWXUD�ILQDO��masa vasului calorimetric: m1 = 0.0072 kg masadispozitiv de rotire: m2 + m3 = 0,05 kgmasa petrolului: m4 = 0,01737 kgOXQJLPHD�EUD XOXL��������PQXP�UXO�GH�URWD LL��Q� ����IRU D��)� ���1

7HPSHUDWXUD�LQL LDO���W1 = 22 oC7HPSHUDWXUD�ILQDO���W2 = 28 oCF�OGXUD�VSHFLILF��D�FDORULPHWUXOXL��Fc = 452 J/(oCÂNJ�F�OGXUD�VSHFLILF��D�GLVSR]LWLY�GH�URWLUH��Fg = 500 J/(oCÂNJ�F�OGXUD�VSHFLILF��D�SHWUROXOXL��Fp = 2100 J/(oCÂNJ�

)RORVLQG�GDWHOH�GH�PDL�VXV�YRP�RE LQH��/�4� ������������§������$VWIHO��YHGHP�F��OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�HIHFWXDW�DVXSUD�VLVWHPXOXL�HVWH�HFKLYDOHQW�FX�HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��F�OGXUD��JHQHUDW��GH�VLVWHP��FX�R�HURDUH�H[SHULPHQWDO���FDUH�HVWH�GHVWXO�GH�PDUH�±�FDP�����în cazul nostru).

Expresstrain 2004 Module „ Principiul I al Termodinamicii“ 6b

9HULILFDUHD�H[SHULPHQWDO��D�SULQFLSLXOXL�,�DO�7HUPRGLQDPLFLL

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Expresstrain

0DúLQL�WHUPLFH• 2�PDúLQ��WHUPLF��HVWH�XQ�GLVSR]LWLY�FDUH�WUDQVIRUP��HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��vQ�OXFUX�PHFDQLF�• ([LVW�� QXPHURDVH� WLSXUL� GH� PRWRDUH� WHUPLFH�� PRWRDUH� SH� JD]ROLQ�� GH� WXQV� LDUED�

PRWRDUH�GLHVHO�DOH�FDPLRDQHORU�úL�WXUELQH�SH�DEXUL�IRORVLWH�OD�JHQHUDWRDUHOH�HOHFWULFH�• 7RDWH�IXQF LRQHD]��GXS��DFHODúL�SULQFLSLX�DO�WUDQVIHUXOXL�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF��XQXL�IOXLG�

FDUH�IRORVHúWH�R�SDUWH�GLQ�DFHD�HQHUJLH�SHQWUX�D�SURGXFH�OXFUX�PHFDQLF�/HJHD�FRQVHUY�ULL�HQHUJLHL��vQ�FD]XO�XQXL�PRWRU��LPSXQH�FD�

(QHUJLD�WHUPLF��SULPLW�� �OXFUXO�PHFDQLF���HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��FHGDW�sau

/XFUXO�PHFDQLF� �HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��SULPLW��±�HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��FHGDW��

Descrierea diagramei motorului termicÌQ�JHQHUDO��XQ�PRWRU� WHUPLF�SULPHúWH� F�OGXU��GH� ODR� VXUV�� FX� WHPSHUDWXU�� ULGLFDW�� �GH� H[HPSOX� XQDU]�WRU��DYkQG�R� WHPSHUDWXU��7fierbinte�� WUDQVIRUP��RSDUWH� GLQ� HD� vQ� OXFUX� PHFDQLF� XWLO�� FHGHD]�� UHVWXOXQHL� VXUVH� FX� WHPSHUDWXU�� VF�]XW�� �GH� H[HPSOX� XQYHQWLODWRU��DYkQG�R�WHPSHUDWXU��7rece (vezi imagineadin stânga).

Istoricul motor al lui Heron

ÌQ�LPDJLQHD�GLQ�VWkQJD�HVWH�DU�WDW�PRGHOXO�XQXL�GLVSR]LWLY�FXQRVFXWdrept motorul lui Heron. Acesta a fost inventat cam pe la 150 I.C.,GH� F�WUH� +HURQ� GLQ� $OH[DQGULD�� (JLSW�� %DORQXO� GH� VWLFO�� HVWHVXVSHQGDW�GH�XQ�ILU�DúD�LQFkW�HVWH�OLEHU�V��VH�URWHDVF���&kQG�DSD�GLQEDORQ�ILHUEH��DEXULL�LHV�vQ�DIDU��SULQ�GRX��WXEXUL��RULHQWDWH�vQ�GLUHF LLRSXVH���EDORQXO�VH�URWHúWH�úL�VH�HIHFWXHD]��OXFUX�PHFDQLF�

Expresstrain 2004 Module „ Principiul I al Termodinamicii“ 6c

'H�FH�HVWH�ILHUELQWH�ORFXO�GH�OkQJ��PRWRUXO�PDúLQLL��GXS��R�F�O�WRULH"De ce unele motoare mari, în special cele ale camioanelor mari,DX�QHYRLH�GH�DS��UHFH�SHQWUX�D�IXQF LRQD�vQ�VLJXUDQ �"

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Expresstrain

Surse de energie

&RQYHQ LRQDOH 1HFRQYHQ LRQDOH

Combustibili fosili�� F�UEXQH�� SHWURO� úL� JD]Hnaturale.

Probleme ecologice!

$UGHUHD� FRPEXVWLELOLORU� IRVLOL� vQ� VWD LLOH� GHDOLPHQWDUH� úL� vQ�PDúLQL� SROXHD]�� DWPRVIHUDFX�JD]H�QRFLYH��3ORDLD�DFLG��HVWH�FDX]DW��GHHPLVLLOH� GH� GLR[LG� GH� VXOI� úL� GH� GLR[LG� GHcarbon .

Combustibili nucleari: uraniu.

Materialele cu radioactivitate mare pot

provoca probleme de mediu.

(QHUJLD�HROLDQ�: Grupuri de turbine eolienegigantice înlocuiesc generatoarele electrice.(QHUJLD� VRODU��� 3HQWUX� D� FDSWD� UDGLD LLOH� GHHQHUJLH� VRODU�� VH� IRORVHVF� RJOLQ]L� úL� SDQRXULsolare.(QHUJLD� PDUHHORU� úL� FHD� KLGURHOHFWULF�� :)RU D�GH�DWUDF LH�JUDYLWDWLRQDO��GLQWUH�/XQ��úL6RDUH� JHQHUHD]�� ULGLFDUHD� QLYHOXOXL� DSHORUP�ULL� GH� SH� VXSUDID D� WHUHVWU��� ÌQWUXFkW3�PkQWXO�VH� URWHúWH�� ILHFDUH�SDUWH� D� VD� VXIHU�acest fenomen – fluxul úL refluxul.(QHUJLD� JHRWHUPDO��� $SD� HVWH� vQF�O]LW�� GHURFL� ILHUELQ L� DIODWH� OD� PXOWH� PLOH� IDW�� GHVXSUDID D�WHUHVWU��Biomasa�� 3ODQWHOH� FX� FUHúWHUH� UDSLG�� VDXbiomasa, folosite la producereaKLGURFDUEXULORU� SRW� IL� IRORVLWH� FD� úLcombustibil.

$FHVW�WLS�GH�HQHUJLH�HVWH�QHSROXDQW��LQHSXL]DELO��

Resursele de energie folosite în lume

Petrol &�UEXQH Gaze 1XFOHDU� +LGURHOHFWULF�40% 28% 23% 7% 2%

Expresstrain 2004 Module „Surse de energie“ 7a

Care dintre resursele de energie sunt mai ecologice:F�UEXQHOH�VDX�VRDUHOH"([SOLFD L�Y� alegerea.

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Expresstrain

,]ROD LD�FDVHL2ELHFWHOH� ILHUELQ L� DX� UH]HUYH� GH� HQHUJLH� LQWHUQ��� $úD� GXS�� FXP� DP� Y�]XW� vQ� PRGXOHOHDQWHULRDUH�� HQHUJLD� WLQGH� V�� S�U�VHDVF�� FRUSXULOH� ILHUELQ L�� WUDQVPL kQGX-se prin FRQGXF LH�FRQYHF LH�VDX�UDGLD LH��'DF��YUHP�V��HFRQRPLVLP�HQHUJLH��FHD�PDL�PDUH�SUREOHP��R�FRQVWLWXLHHYLWDUHD�SLHUGHULL�UDSLGH�D�DFHVWHLD��3HQWUX�D�UHGXFH�SLHUGHULOH�GH�HQHUJLH�vQ�FRQVWUXF LD�FDVHLWUHEXLH�V��IRORVLP�R�WHKQRORJLH�VSHFLDO��GH�FRQVHUYDUH�D�HQHUJLHL��YH]L�WDEHOXO�úL�LPDJLQHD�GHmai jos):

Tehnologia &XP�IXQF LRQHD]�"Perdele groase Aerul rece este îPSLHGLFDW� V�� LQWUH� úL� DHUXO

FDOG�HVWH�vPSLHGLFDW�V��LDV��Materiale izolante pentru pod úL�SRGHD (VWH� vPSLHGLFDW�� FRQGXF LD� F�OGXULL� SULQ

GXúXPHD�úL�WDYDQ�'XEODUHD�úL�WULSODUHD�JHDPXULORU�OD�IHUHVWUH 9LGXO� GLQWUH� UDPHOH� JHDPXULORU� RSUHúWH

SLHUGHULOH� GH� F�OGXU�� SULQ� FRQGXF LH� úLFRQYHF LH�

Pereti dubli 6XQW� vPSLHGLFDWH� SLHUGHULOH� GH� F�OGXU�� SULQSHUH L��SULQ�FRQGXF LH.

6SXP�� VDX� YDW�� PLQHUDO�� vQ� VSD LXO� GLQWUHSHUH L

6XQW� UHGXVH� SLHUGHULOH� GH� F�OGXU�� SULQFRQYHF LH��GLQWUH�SHUH L�

Expresstrain 2004 „Surse de energie“ 7b

'XS��FXP�úWLP�GLQ�FDSLWROHOH�DQWHULRDUH��SHVWH�����GLQHQHUJLD�IRORVLW��GH�QRL�vúL�DUH�RULJLQH�vQ�UHVXUVHOH�FRQYHQ LRQDOH�&XP�V��HFRQRPLVLP�DFHDVW��HQHUJLH�vQ�YLD D�GH�]L�FX�]L"

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Expresstrain

SUMAR:

1. &�OGXUD este un proces de transfer de energie între corpuri cu temperaturi diferite.(VWH�OHJDW��GH�WUDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF��vQ�WLPSXO�FLRFQLULORU�GLQWUH�PROHFXOHOHcorpurilor.

2. Temperatura HVWH�R�P�ULPH�IL]LF��FH�FDUDFWHUL]HD]��HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��D�PLúF�ULLliniare a moleculelor.

3. 6FDOH�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��a) .HOYLQ�±�VFDOD�GH�WHPSHUDWXU��DEVROXW��ED]DW��SH�]HUR�DEVROXW��DWXQFL�FkQG

HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��D�PROHFXOHORU�HVWH�]HUR��3XQFWXO�OD�FDUH�DSD�VH�WUDQVIRUP��vQJKHD ��HVWH�����.��LDU�FHO�OD�FDUH�DSD�VH�WUDQVIRUP��vQ�YDSRUL�HVWH�GH�����.�

b) &HOVLXV�±�VFDOD�FRQHFWDW��OD���o&�úL�����o&��SXQFWHOH�GH�vQJKH DUH��UHVSHFWLY�GHfierbere a apei.

c) Fahrenheit – scala cu valorile de 32 oF , respectiv 212 oF, pentru punctele devQJKH DUH��UHVSHFWLY�GH�ILHUEHUH�D�DSHL�

4. &RQGXF LD�±�7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF���³F�OGXUD´��GDWRUDW�LQWHUDF LXQLLPROHFXODUH�I�U��GHSODVDUHD�PDVHL�QHWH��6H�vQWkOQHúWH�PDL�DOHV�OD�FRUSXULOH�VROLGH�

5. &RQYHF LD�±�7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF���³F�OGXUD´��SULQ�PLúFDUHD�PDVHL���6HSURGXFH�vQ�OLFKLGH�úL�FRUSXULOH�JD]RDVH�FX�PLúFDUHD�vQWUHJXOXL�IOXLG�VDX�DO�XQHL�S�U La acestuia.

6. 5DGLD LD�±�7UDQVIHUXO�GH�HQHUJLH�WHUPLF���³F�OGXUD´��SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�UDGLD LHLLQIUDURúLL�

7. 'LODWDUHD�WHUPLF��±FkQG�WHPSHUDWXUD�PHWDOHORU�FUHúWH��DFHVWHD�VH�GLODW���LDU�FkQGWHPSHUDWXUD�PHWDOHORU�VFDGH���DFHVWHD�VH�FRQWUDFW���)RUPXOD�PDWHPDWLF��FH�GHVFULHacest proces este: ∆L = α L ∆T.

8. 6FKLPEDUHD�VW�ULL�±�WUDQ]L LD�GH�OD�R�VWDUH�D�PDWHULHL�OD�DOWD��GH�H[HPSOX��GH�ODsolid la lichid, de la lichid la gaz.

9. (QHUJLD�LQWHUQ��8����HQHUJLD�XQXL�FRUS�FDUH�HVWH�VXPD�GLQWUH�HQHUJLD�FLQHWLF��úLHQHUJLD�SRWHQ LDO��D�PLúF�ULL�GH]RUGRQDWH�D�WXWXURU�SDUWLFXOHORU�XQHL�VXEVWDQ H�

10. Principiul I al termodinamicii�±�FUHúWHUHD�HQHUJLHL�LQWHUQH�D�XQXL�VLVWHP�HVWH�HJDOFX�VXPD�GLQWUH�OXFUXO�PHFDQLF�HIHFWXDW�DVXSUD�VLVWHPXOXL�úL�HQHUJLD�WHUPLF��SULPLW�GH�VLVWHP��([SULP��SULQFLSLXO�FRQVHUY�ULL�HQHUJLHL��DSOLFDW�XQXL�VLVWHPtermodinamic: ∆U=∆Q-∆L

11. Motor termic – Un dispozitiv care transform��F�OGXUD�vQ�OXFUX�PHFDQLF�

Expresstrain 2004 Ä6XPDU�úL�WHVW³ 8a

680$5�ù,�7(67

Page 23: termodinamica 1-4 - home.schule.athome.schule.at/lernen/Download/tewise/modules/4/thermo-rum.pdf · experiment cu dilatarea metalului 3. 'hshqghq dghwhpshudwxu ±ghvfulhuhdpdwhpdwlf,9

Expresstrain

1. Temperatura este:a. 2�P�VXU��D�F�OGXULL�b. 2�P�VXUDUH�]LOQLF��D�QLYHOXOXL�GH�FDOG�úL�UHFH�c. )XQF LH�D�HQHUJLHL�FLQHWLFH�D�PLúF�ULL�OLQLDUH�D

moleculelor;d. DPEHOH�E��úL�F�

2. (VWH�SRVLELO�FD�WHPSHUDWXUD��FRPXQLFDW��vQ�VWDUHD�YUHPLL��V��ILH�DFHHDúLH[SULPDW��vQ�VFDOHOH�&HOVLXV�úL�)DKUHQKHLW"

3. &vQG�LHúL L�DIDU��vQWU�R�]L�UHFH�FH�FUHGH L�F��VH�vQWkPSO���SH�Xú��³LQWU��IULJXO´VDX�³LHVH�F�OGXUD´"

4. &HOH�PDL�PXOWH�VXEVWDQ H�VH�GLODW��RGDW��FX�FUHúWHUHD�WHPSHUDWXULL��([SOLFD LDFHDVW��GLODWDUH�vQ�WHUPHQLL�WHRULHL�FLQHWLFR�moleculare.

5. &vQG�PvQFD L�R�EXFDW��GH�SO�FLQW��ILHUELQWH��REVHUYD L�F��SDUWHD�GH�GHDVXSUD�HVWHXúRU�FDOG��GDU�XPSOXWXUD�GH�P�U�IULJH��'H�FH"

6. 'H�FH�VH�IRORVHúWH�DSD�SHQWUX�D�VWRFD�F�OGXUD�vQ�VRODULL"7. 'H�FH�VSXQHP�GHVSUH�XQ�PDWHULDO�F��HVWH�XQ�EXQ�L]RODWRU�WHUPLF"�([SOLFD L

acest lucru folosind teoria cinetico-PROHFXODU��D�PDWHULHL.8. 'H�FH�vQJKHD ��XQHRUL�FRQGXFWHOH�VXEWHUDQH�GH�DS��GXS��GRDU�FkWHYD�]LOH�GH

frig?9. &vQG�SLHOHD�HVWH�ILHUELQWH��YDVHOH�GH�VkQJH�VH�GLODW��VDX�vúL�P�UHVF�GLDPHWUXO.

&kQG�SLHOHD�HVWH�UHFH��YDVHOH�GH�VkQJH�VH�FRQWUDFW���&DUH�HVWH�VFRSXO�DFHVWXLcomportament?

10. 'H�FH�VH�HYDSRU��DQXPLWH�OLFKLGH�PDL�UHSHGH�GHFkW�DOWHOH"11. 2DPHQLL�FDUH�F�O�WRUHVF�SULQWU-R�UHJLXQH�ILHUELQWH��FDU��XQHRUL�DS��vQWU-un

recipient poros�FDUH�U�PkQH�XPHG��2�DJDW��vQ�SDUWHD�GLQ�ID ��D�PDúLQLL�VDXcamionului. Care este scopul?

12. &RQIRUP�SULPHL�OHJL�D�WHUPRGLQDPLFLL��DWXQFL�FkQG�VLVWHPXO�SULPHúWH�F�OGXU��DFHDVWD�HVWH�WUDQVIHUDW��SULQ�

a) WHPSHUDWXU�b) lucru mecanicc) HQHUJLH�LQWHUQ�d) OXFUX�PHFDQLF�úL�VDX�HQHUJLH�LQWHUQ��

13. 3�PkQWXO�HVWH�vQF�O]LW�GH�UDGLD LLOH�VRODUH�GH�PLOLRDQH�GH�DQL��WRWXúL�FUHGHP�F�WHPSHUDWXUD�PHGLH�D�DFHVWXLD�D�U�PDV�GHVWXO�GH�FRQVWDQW���'H�FH"

14. 8Q�WHUPRV�DUH�XQ�VWUDW�GH�DUJLQW�SH�SHUH LL�VXE LUL�GH�VWLFO��SHQWUX�D�UHGXFHSLHUGHUHD�GH�F�OGXU��SULQ�

a) FRQYHF LHb) evaporarec) FRQGXF LHd) UDGLD LH

����������0HQ LRQDWL�FkWHYD�DYDQWDMH�úL�FkWHYD�GH]DYDQWDMH�DOH�XWLOL]�ULL�FRPEXVWLELOLORUFRQYHQ LRQDOL�

TEST

Expresstrain 2004 „Summary and test“ 8b