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Terminology
ISO International Organization for Standardization http://www.iso.org Establish and provide Standards for products and services Quality, safety, reliability etc Standards make an enormous and positive contribution
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 1
System Interaction
2CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 3
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 4
LCA Definition Remember that …
A life cycle of a product (a.k.a. “cradle to grave”) begins with raw materials production and extends to manufacture, use, transport, and disposition
Life Cycle Assessment A concept and methodology to evaluate the .
effects of a product or activity holistically, by analyzing the whole of a particular product, process, or activ-ity (U.S. EPA, 1993)
studies analyze the . throughout a product's life cycle (e.g., cradle-to-grave) from raw material acquisition through production, use and disposal (ISO)
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 5
LCA Definition LCA is “a technique for assessing the environmental
aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or system by”: Setting goals and scope of study Compiling an of inputs / outputs Evaluating potential impacts of those of the inventory and impact assessment in
context of study objectives Suggesting for future benefit
→ LCA process
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 6
LCA … LCA is not a cure-all for our environmental
problems LCA is a way of structuring/organizing the relevant
parts of the life cycle LCA is a tool to track performance
& . General categories of Env. Impact
Resource Use Human Health Ecological consequences
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 7
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 8
Raw MaterialAcquisition
Ma terialProcessing
Manufacture& Assembly
Use &Service
Re tirement& Recovery
TreatmentDisposal
open-loop recycle
reuse
remanufacture
closed-loop recycle
M, E
W W W W W
M, E M, E M, E M, EM, E
W
M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distributionW = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution
Material flow of product component
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 9
History of LCA Initial LCA work was focused on energy 1969 - first multi-criteria study for Coca-Cola
Choice between glass vs plastic for container Choice between internal vs external container production End of life options (recycling or one-way) Result: plastic bottle was best, contrary to expectations. Study was never published, questions of validity Led to calls by scientific community for a standardization
process 1997-2000
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 doc. First international LCA ‘standard’
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 10
Standards
Why do we need standards? Help ensure .
accurate data, clear process and assumptions etc
Continuously methodology Ensure that is completed in a certain way
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 11
ISO standards: make the development, manufacturing and supply of products
and services . facilitate trade between countries and make it fairer provide governments with a technical base for ,
. . and conform-ity assessment
share technological advances and good management practice disseminate . safeguard consumers, and users in general, of products and
services make life simpler by providing to common problems
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 12
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 13
Standards
So for the product → ISO But what about Transportation?
Guidelines Policy Strategy Etc…
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 14
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Overall Review Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 15
Green Engineering Industry is looking for ways
to green their products and manufacturing processes.
Individuals and Families are looking to green their homes and lifestyles.
How can you tell if something really is green??
What is currently happening to achieve this goal?
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
www.scienceinthebox.com
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 16
Why LCA? In “meeting needs of present without compromising our ability
to meet future needs” → obstacles Corporate and social pressures Governmental/regulatory barriers Uncertain objectives/goals Lack of tools to measure our progress
Sometimes our intuitions not a sufficient framework for analysis Product or project development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing and eco-declarations
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 17
Sustainability & LCA What is sustainability?
Environmental Aspects Economic Aspects Social Aspects
Sustainable Assessment = LCA + Life Cycle Costing + Social LCA = LCA + LCC + SLCA
The LCA output is eco-profile Compiled measurements of environmental issues’ indicators
Climate change Water resources etc
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 18
Life Cycle Cost(ing)
Economic assessment of all money flows that are caused by the existence of the product (Fabrycky & Mize 1991)
A tool for evaluating the overall long-term economic efficiency of a system, product, or service
Methodologies → Yes Standards → No
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 19
SLCA Impacts connected with the conduct of the companies
performing process/manufacturing products (Dreyer 2006) A tool for the inclusion these social aspects into the Env.
LCA Limitations
Perception of social problems is variable Disagreement about how to measure the social
impacts (quantitative and/or qualitative)
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 20
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 21
Phases of an LCA
Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning• Public policy making• Marketing• Other
Goal and ScopeDefinition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 22
Phases of an LCA
Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning• Public policy making• Marketing• Other
Goal and ScopeDefinition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment FrameworkDefine •Purpose•Audience•Scope•metrics
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 23
Step I – Goal Def. and Scoping
Defines the evaluation basis What are we trying to accomplish and why?
Purpose
What is to be included and excluded? Scope and boundary
Method of including LCA results into the decision-making process
For who?
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 24
Step I – Goal Def. and Scoping
What is the function & functional unit? Where are the boundaries? What data do you need? What assumptions are you making? Are there any limitations?
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 25
Life-cycle – identify the boundaries
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 26
Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~mlepechCEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 27
Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~mlepechCEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 28
Phases of an LCA
Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning• Public policy making• Marketing• Other
Goal and ScopeDefinition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Identify System •Input•Output•relationship
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 29
Step II – Life Cycle Inventory
of all life-cycle processes have to be determined in terms of material and energy
a classifying the events in a product’s life-cycle which are to be considered in the LCA, plus their interrelations
start collecting the relevant data for each event: the emissions from each process and the resources (back to raw materials) used.
Establish (correct) material and energy balance(s) for each process stage and event.
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 30
Step II – Life Cycle Inventory (cont’)
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 31
Step II – Life Cycle Inventory (cont’)
The inventory phase usually takes a great deal of time and effort and mistakes are easily made.
There exists published data on impacts of different materials such as plastics, aluminum, steel, paper, etc. However, the data is often inconsistent and not directly
applicable due to different goals and scope. It is expected that both the quantity and quality of data
will improve in the future.
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 32
Step II – Life Cycle Inventory (cont’)
Time-sensitive Geographical Technology Representativeness Consistency Reproducibility
Never Forget . . . . . . .
Precision:The consistent reproducibility
of a measurement
Completeness:Covers all the areas outlined
in the scope
Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~mlepech
Data Collection
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 33
Phases of an LCA
Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning• Public policy making• Marketing• Other
Goal and ScopeDefinition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Characterize•Resource Depletion•Human Health•Ecosystem Impacts
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 34
Step III – Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCI)
Evaluation of and environmental impacts of the environmental resources and releases iden-tified during LCI
Should address Ecological and human health effects Resource depletion
The impact assessment focuses on characterizing the . . .of environmental impact more specifi-cally
different ways to assess and weigh the environmental effects Research area
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 35
Phases of an LCA
Direct applications:
• Product development and improvement
• Strategic planning• Public policy making• Marketing• Other
Goal and ScopeDefinition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Interpretation
Life Cycle Assessment FrameworkIdentify areas of Improvement and Inform decision making regarding:
• Materials Selection• Design • Policy• Strategy• etc
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 36
Step IV – Life Cycle Interpretation
Systematic technique to information
To better inform decision-makers By providing a particular type of information With a life cycle perspective of Env. and human health
ISO’s Life Cycle Interpretation Goal Analyze results, reach conclusions, explain limitations, and
provide based on the findings of the preceding phases
Provide readily understandable, complete, and consistent presentation of the results of LCA in accordance with the goal and scope of the study
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 37
Step IV – Life Cycle Interpretation
Identification of the significant issues Evaluation which considers
Conclusions, recommendations, and reporting
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 38
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 39
LCA Benefits Develop a of the environmental consequences
of a given product/alternative Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more
specific product/processes to help gain for a planned action
Quantify environmental release to air, water, and land in relation to each life cycle stage
Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts Perform throughout product design Compare the health and ecological impacts Identify the impacts of a specific product or process Identify impacts to one/more specific environmental areas of concerns
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 40
LCA Limitations Resource and time intensive Highly on dataset
Data availability Data gathering method
LCA does not address Economic aspects Social aspects
LCA does not determine Most cost-effective product/alternative Best product/alternative
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 41
Recommendations Important to weigh
Time necessary to conduct the study Required financial resources (B/C analysis)
Integration with LCC SLCA
To be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision process assessing the trade-offs with cost and performance Life Cycle Management
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 42
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 43
Application Alternative Analysis Transportation Planning Captures the impact beyond Traffic Operation
Manufacture Recycle/Reuse or disposal stage
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 44
Today’s Topic – Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overall Review
Definition & History Need of LCA LCA Process Advantages/Disadvantages
LCA & Transportation Application Example
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 45
Life-Cycle Env. Assessment of CA High Speed Rail San Diego – Sacramento (over 500 miles) Comparison
Sedan Bus BART Commuter Rail Light Rail High Speed Rail Midsize Aircraft
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 46
Light Rail An electric railway with a 'light
volume' traffic capacity May use shared or exclusive
right-of-way high or low platform loading Multi-car trains or single cars
Heavy Rail an electric railway with the
capacity to handle a ‘heavy volume’ of traffic
Separate right-of-way
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 47
Commuter Rail primarily operates between
a city center and the middle to outer suburbs beyond 10 miles
sharing track or right-of-way with intercity or freight trains
having scheduled services
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 48
Study
Wide range of ridership Analysis on Capital payback period Consider energy source far beyond where travel
occurs
Car Manufacturing Requires Electricity
Burn Fossil Fuel SO2
Human Health
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 49
Life Cycle Energy Consumption
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 50
Life Cycle Sulfur Dioxide
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 51
Study Findings
Preferable mode depends on ridership Payback period depends on mode and rider-
ship Building High Speed Rail
Co-investment in clean electricity Energy and Emission Policy
CEE8207 Summer2013 L#8 52