Unit 1- Introduction of Biology and the Scientific Method!

Vocab Introduction! Term or Concept

Meaning Example

Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth

Biodiversity Variety of life. More biodiversity by the equator because its warmer!

Species Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Homo sapiensOrcinus orcaTursiops truncatus

Biology The study of all forms of life.

Bacteria -> Blue Whale

Organism Individual living thing YOU!!!!!

Cell Basic unit of life. Unicellular and multicellular-> bacteria to muscle cell.

Metabolism Chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials.

Eat a burger = energyDigestion= breaks down food.

Term or Concept

Meaning Example

DNA Genetic Material Fingerprints

System An organized group of related parts that work together to form a whole.

BodyCar

Ecosystem Environment made up of living= biotic and abiotic= non-living things.

Abiotic= rocks, sand, water, sunBiotic= plants and animals

Homeostasis Maintain constant internal conditions.

Body temp.= 98.6 F

Evolution Change over time DNA, animal populations

Adaptation An inherited trait that gives an organism an advantage and is passed to future generations. Can be physical or behavioral.

Webbed feet in ducks, wings, sharp teeth, whiskers, long beak, stripes, aerodynamic body.

Biodiversity- the variety of life

Life is found in the deep sea, in hot acidic water in Yellowstone, in tree bark, etc

It can be tiny like the honey pot ant or huge like the blue whale.

What makes an organism an organism?

They MUST have these 8 characteristics:1. Made up of cells2. Metabolism3. DNA4. Stimulus5. Reproduction6. Evolution7. Homeostasis8. Grow and develop

Made up of Cells The basic unit of life Multicellular – many celled like us Unicellular- one celled such as bacteria Can be microscopic or macroscopic Different cells have specialized functions.

For example- your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.

Cells Cells Cells Cells

Metabolism Chemical process that builds up or breaks

down materials. Every cell needs energy and is either

obtained by eating food or from the sun. Energy= the ability to cause a change or to

do work. Where do you get energy from?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis Chemosynthesis-> uses chemicals to make

food= hydrothermal vents Photosynthesis= plants

Chemosynthesis

Stimulus All organisms must react in order to

survive. Organisms react to light, temperature,

touch, sound What happens to your eyes when you

go from being inside to outside into the bright sunshine?

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Genetic material Passed on through reproduction Fingerprint, blood, toe print, tissue. Each organism has their own unique

DNA

Evolution Change in living things over time. Fossil record Genetic comparisons of species Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene

helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt will die off.

Reproduction Goal= produce new individuals Pass DNA to offspring Two types- sexual and asexual Single celled organisms take one cell and

divide it into two through binary fission, regeneration or budding-> genetic DNA is IDENTICAL to parent.

Multicellular-> sexually through mitosis and meiosis.

Examples Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his

mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and taking them back in. Why?

Remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development.

The male seahorse carries offspring Elephant gestation is 22 months Killer whale gestation is 16 months Human gestation is 10 months

Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditions in an

organism. Important because cells function best within a

certain range of conditions. How does a polar bear live in the arctic? How can people be outside below freezing and still

maintain a body temp of 98.6 F / 37 C? Why do you shiver when you are cold? Why do you sweat when it is hot? Why is it important?-> Temperature, blood sugar,

acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal. Maintained-> negative feedback= change in a

system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.

Growth and Development

Do you look the same today as the day you were born?

Body grows and changes over the course of 80 + years.

Systems!!!!! What do you think of when you think

of a system? How is this class a system? Teacher, students, books, materials =

all interact to form a class or a system.

Structure and function are directly correlated…… but how?

Examples of systems Car-> tires, engine, seats, etc…Different parts

have different functions but they must all work together as a whole to work!

Eating-> bite into food with teeth, chew it with molars, all your teeth help but each set has a certain function.

Chemicals in cells-> membrane channels and enzymes are both made up of proteins. Do they have the same function / structure?

Brain cells vs. Red Blood cells. Brain = carries messages, red= carries oxygen-> both work together to keep the body going. If the brain does not have oxygen it cannot work properly.

Polar Bear Observation Step 1- Observe the

polar bear. Step 2- What about

the structure of the polar bears hair relates to how it functions?

Step 3- What other observations can you make about its structure, function, and homeostasis?

Step 2= Thickness= insulation, hollow hair= traps air

Step 3= Fat deposits, skin is black-> absorb heat, transparent hair-> looks white because it reflects visible light like snow does.

The Scientific Method!!!!

It’s not just a boring process.

Term or concept

Meaning Example

Observation Using the senses to study the world.

Darwin drew his finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.

Data Information gathered. Qualitative or quantitative

Qualitative- descriptions like behaviors, smells, etc.

Quantitative- numbers- 50 whales in a pod

Hypothesis Proposed answer for a scientific question.

See note example

Experiment Study factors / variables to find the cause / effect relationships

Independent, dependent, or control variables

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.

Location of plants:window sillTablegreenhouse

Dependent Variable

Observed and measured during an experiment = the experimental data

-plant height-Number of leaves

Constant The conditions that stay the same. They never change.

Each plant is given a 1/4 cup of water each day.

Theory Explanation that is supported by a wide range of evidence

Theory of Evolution

The Scientific Method

Used to set up an experiment in order to test a hypothesis or solve a problem.

Steps1. Make an observation2. Ask a question / Research3. Form a hypothesis4. Experimentation5. Collect data / Results6. Analyze and Conclude7. Repeat

Observation

Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous biological research and computers.

Inference= logical interpretation based on prior knowledge.

Which is it- observation or inference?

1. The skin is red?2. The apple is edible.3. There are seeds inside.4. It can make you healthy.5. It feels smooth.

Example

The white shark just jumped out of the water.

Conduct Research- to gain knowledge about what your

studying / researching

Periodicals Research reports Trade magazines- science news Trade books Dictionaries Encyclopedias Indexes Handbooks

Ask a Question

Do other sharks jump out of the water or just white sharks?

Hypothesis

Not an EDUCATED GUESS- in science we don’t like to say that we are “guessing”

Prediction based on prior knowledge. Typically use the words If and Then! If a great white shark jumps out of the

water when attacking their prey, then other sharks such as bull sharks should jump out of the water when attacking prey because they belong to the same family, therefore they should have similar behaviors.

Experiment Try to find the cause and effect relationship. A. Independent Variable-> What you, the

experimenter changes or manipulates. Example- conditions= hot / cold

B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data). Example- height of the plant (you, the experimenter has zero control over how high that plant grows).

C. Constants and Control Variables-> constants are variables that remain the same, for example each plant receives 1 cup of water per day. Control variable= what is normal, for example- keeping the plant at room temperature.

Data

Qualitative= descriptions using your senses

Quantitative= Numbers

Quantitative or Qualitative??

The orca breached out of the water. _______________ The ph remained neutral at 7.____________________ 100 C= _______________________ Aurora borealis = ________________________ Red Tide= __________________________ 35 ppt. =__________________________ The otolith of the fish had 25 rings= _______________ Dolphins are very social creatures. =_______________ A pod of 56 whales. ______________

Answers1. Qualitative2. Quantitative3. Quantitative4. Qualitative5. Qualitative6. Quantitative7. Quantitative8. Qualitative9. Quantitative10. Qualitative

Results

Statistical analysis› Statistically significant= the data showed

an effect that is likely not due to chance.› Nonsignificant= the data shows no effect,

or an effect so small that the results could have happened by chance.

Use data tables and graphs to represent data collected.

Analysis and Conclusion

Make sense of your experiment in words, submit a journal paper to your peers for review, and if it can be duplicated / repeated with the same results then your research could become published.

What happens if your hypothesis is wrong?

Try again, revamp your procedure / experiment.

Theory

Proposed explanation for a wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence. Provides explanations where scientific laws do not.

It can be added to or disproven Ex- Theory of Evolution, Theory of Plate

Tectonics

Scientific Law A truth that is valid everywhere

in the universe. It does not provide any

explanations like a theory does Ex- the law of conservation of

energy- energy may change form but it can’t be created nor destroyed.

Graphing and Measurements

X- axis / IV

Y-axis / DV

We use charts and graphs to:

Analyze the results and to provide visual summaries

Data Tables Contains the numerical results of an

experiment. Compiled before you make a chart or graph.

Color of M&M in a bag Frequency

Red 5

Green 2

Blue 4

Yellow 1

Brown 5

Line Graphs Shows a relationship between two

variables.

Bar Graphs Compares quantitative / qualitative

data.

Histograms Show the frequency distribution of the

data. The bars touch! Ex- using the numbers make a data

table and histogram in your notes.› 7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31,

36, 36, 39, 43, 47

Histogram Data Table

Data Range Frequency0-10 1

11-20 321-30 631-40 441-50 2

Stem and Leaf Plot

Another way to present a frequency distribution.

Represents actual data point Tens= “stem” Ones= “leaves”

Stem Leaf

0 7

1 2 2 8

2 2 4 6 7 8 9

3 1 6 6 9

4 3 7

Circle Graph Shows data as proportions of a whole “pie chart”- percentages

The Metric System- see attached note sheets

IS- International System of Measurements› Used worldwide› Based on the metric system› Common units:

Length- Meters (m) Volume- Liter (L) Mass- Kilograms (kg) Temperature- Kelvin (K)

Microscopes!!!!!!!!!!

Light or Compound Microscopes

What we use in the classroom- basic

Several lenses to increase magnification

Uses glass lenses to focus on a specimen.

Can be used on living or preserved specimens

Can magnify objects up to 1500 times their actual size.

Specimens are often stained with chemicals so that we can see them.

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Dissecting Microscope

Stereoscope Three dimensional image / view of the

specimen Essentially two compound microscopes

that are focused on the same thing. Low magnification so its hard to see

individual cells- used for larger cells.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Narrow beams of electrons that scan the surface of the specimen

Usually the specimen is covered with a thin layer of metal such as gold that deflects the electrons from passing through the specimen and onto a computer where color is added.

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Transmission Electron Microscope

Passes beams of electrons through the specimen and projects it onto a computerized screen where color is added.

Produces the best image because it magnifies the object so much.

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Parts of a Microscope

Nosepiece- holds the objective lenses above the stage and rotates so that all the lenses can be used.

Low Power Objective- magnifies an image 10X

Stage clip- holds the slide in place Stage- supports the object being looked at. Diaphragm- adjusts the amount of light

passing through the slide and into the lens. Light source- lights up the specimen

Eyepiece- contains a lens that magnifies the object 10X. You look through this to view the specimen.

Body- separates the lens in the eyepiece from the other lens.

Arm- supports the body and this is where you hold it while supporting the base.

Scanning Objective- smallest lens and magnifies 4X

High Power Objective- largest lens and magnifies 40X

Fine Adjustment- dial used to focus in on the object when it’s on high power.

Course Adjustment- used to focus the image when it’s on scanning or low power.

Base- supports the scope.

Magnification 3 types- scanning, low, and high

Ocular lens Total Magnification

Total Magnification

Total Magnification

Scanning 4x 10x 40x

Low Power

10x 10x 100x

High Power

40x 10x 400x

The End!!!!!!!Review Next

ClassTest Class After

that!!!!!!!!!!!!