Terapi Breast Cancer 2

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    http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/DetailedGuide/breast-cancer-treating-stage0

    Terapi kanker payudara stadium 0 (non-

    invasif)

    Kanker payudara non-invasif jenis lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) dan ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) sangat berbeda.

    LCIS: Karena jenis ini bukan kanker yang sebenarnya, tidak ada terapi segera atau aktif yangdisarankan untuk wanita dengan LCIS. Namun karena LCIS mningkatkan resiko perkembangankanker invasif di kemudian hari, mengikuti perjalanan penyakit/ follow-up sangatlan penting.Dalam hal ini mammogram tahunan dan uji klinis payudara perlu dilakukan. Follow-up untukkedua payudara perlu dilakukan karena biasanya jika terdapat LCIS pada satu payudara makaresiko terjadi kanker sama meningkatknya untuk kedua sisi payudara. Walaupun tidak ada buktiyang cukup untuk menyarankan MRI rutin sebagai tambahan mammogram untuk wanita denganLCIS, sebaiknya dianjurkan untuk berkonsultasi dengan klinisi mengenai manfaat danketerbatasan MRI tahunan sebagai tindakan skrining.

    Wanita dengan LCIS biasanya ingin mempertimbangkan penggunaan tamoksifen atau raloksifenuntuk menurunkan resiko kanker payudara, atau berpartisipasi dalam uji klinis pencegahankanker payudara. Atau, mereka ingin mendiskusikan juga mengenai strategi pencegahan yangdapat dilakukan (mencapai bobot badan optimal atau melakukan olahraga) dengan klinisinya.

    Beberapa wanita dengan LCIS memilih untuk mastektomi bilateral sederhana (menghilangkankedua sisi payudara tetapi bukan nodus limfe axillaris) untuk mengurangi resiko kankerpayudara, terutama jika mereka mempunyai faktor resiko lain, misalnya riwayat keluarga.Tergantung pilihan wanita ini, dia mungkin ingin segera melakukan atau menunda rekonstruksipayudara.

    DCIS: Pada kebanyakan kasus, wanita dengan DCIS dapat memilih antara terapimempertahankan payudara (lumpectomy, biasanya diikiti dengan terapi radiasi) dan mastektomisederhana. Menghilangkan nodus limfe (sering kali biopsi nodus linfe sentinel) tidak diperlkan,tapi dapat dilakukan jika doktor menganggap DCIS memngandung area kanker invasif. Resikobahwa DCIS mengandung area kanker invasif makin besar seiring dengan ukuran tumor danderajat inti. Banyak doktor melakukan biopsi nodus limfe sentinel jika dilakukan mastektomi.

    Terapi radiasi setelah lumpektomi menurunkan kemungkinan kanker kembali pada payudarayang sama (baik sebagai DCIsi atau sebagai kanker invasif). Lumpektomi tanpa radiasi bukanmerupakan terapi standard, tetapi merupakan pilihan bagi wanita dengan DCIS derajat rendahatau area yang kecil yang telah dihilangkan bersama dengan batasan jaringan bebas kanker yang

    luas. Namun kebanyakan wanita yang mendapat tindakan lumpektomi untuk DCISnya akanmemerlukan terapi radiasi.

    Mastektomi mungkin iperlukan jika area DCIS sangat luas, jika payudara menunjukkan beberapaarea DCIS, atau jika lumpektomi tidak dapat menghilangkan seluruh DCIS secara sempurna(spesimen lumpektomi dan spesimen pengirisan ulang menunjukkan sel kanker dalam atau didekat tepian bedah). Wanita yang mastektomi untuk DCIsnya juga dapat mendapat tindakanrekonstruksi payudara segera atau kemudian.

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    seberapapun ukuran tumornya. Manfaat terapi hormonal biasanya lebih mungkin dialami olehpasien dengan ukuran tumor lebih besar dari 0,5 cm.

    J ika tumor lebih kecil dari 1 cm, kemoterapi ajuvan biasanya tidak diberikan. Beberapa klinisimungkin menyarankan kemoterapi jika kanker kurang dari 1 cm disetai beberapa karakteristikkurang baik (misalnya derajat-tinggi, hormone receptornegative, HER2-positive, atau skor yangtinggi pada salah satu panel gen). Khemo ajuvan biasanya disarankan untuk kanker yangberukuran lebih besar.

    Untuk kanker yang HER2-positive, ajuvan trastuzumab (Herceptin) biasanya disarankan juga.

    Stadium II

    Kanker ini biasanya lebih besar dan/atau menyebar ke sekitar nodus limfe.

    Terapi lokal: Tindakan bedah dan radiasi sama seperti pada tumor stadium I, kecuali padastadium II, terapi radiasi ke dada dapat dipertimbangkan bahkan setelah mastektomi jika tumorberukuran besar (lebih dari 5 cm) atau sel kanker ditemukan I nodus limfe.

    Terapi ajuvan sistemik: Terapi ajuvan sistemik disarankan untuk pasien dengan kanker stadiumII. Terapi yang diberikan mungkin melibatkan terapi hormon, kemoterapi, trastuzumab, ataukombinasi pilihan tersebut, dan tergantung pada usia pasien, status reseptor-estrogen, dan statusHer2/neu.

    Terapi neoajuvan: Salah satu pilihan bagi pasien yang menginginkan mempertahankanpayudara, tetapi ahli bedah menganggap tumor terlalu besar sehinggaoutcomekurang baik,adalah terapi neoajuvan (sebelum tindakan bedah) dengan kemoterapi, terapi hormon, dan/atautrastuzumab untuk mengecilkan tumor.

    J ika terapi neoajuvan berhasil mengecilkan tumor, pasien dapat memilih tindakan bedah yang

    mempertahankan payudara (misalnya lumpektomi) diikuti dengan tindakan radiasi. Terapiajuvan juga dapat diberikan setelah radiasi.

    J ika tumor tidak cukup mengecil, maka diperlukan mastektomi. Terapi ajuvan juga dapatdiberikan setelah tindakan bedah, karena tumor tidak mengecil ketika diberikan neoajuvan.Terapi radiasi juga dapat diberikan setelah tindakan bedah.

    Kemungkinan survival pasien dari kanker payudara tidak dipengaruhi oleh apakah pasienmendapat kemoterapi sebelum atau setelah tindakan bedah.

    Stadium III

    Kanker stadium III adalah jika tumor lebih besar dari 5 cm atau berkembang ke dalam jaringanlain di sekitarnya (kulit di atas payudara atau jaringan otot di bawahnya), atau kanker menyebarke nodus limfe di sekitarnya. Terapi lokal untuk beberapa kanker stadium III kuranglebih samadengan stadium II. Tumor yang relatif kecil (dan belum berkembang ke jaringan sekitarnya)dapat dihilangkan dengan tindakn bedah yang mempertahankan payudara (lumpektomi)diikutitindakan radiasi. J ika tidak demikian, maka dilakukan tindakan mastektomi (baik denganatau tanpa rekonstrukdi payudara). Biopsi nodus limfe sentinel dapat menjadi pilhan pasien,namun kebanyakan memerlukan pemeriksaan nodus limfe axilla. Tindakan bedah biasanya

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    diikuti dengan kemoterapi ajuvan sistemik, dan/atau terapi hormon, dan/atau trastuzumab.Radiasi setelah mastektomi juga sering disarankan.

    Seringkali, kanker stadium III ditangani dengan kemoterapi neoajuvan. Tindakan ini mungkinakan mengecilkan tumor adekuat sehingga dapat dilakukan lumpektomi atau tindakan bedahyang mempertahankan payudara. J ika tidak, maka harus dilakukan mastektomi. Biasanya jugadilakukan pemeriksaan nodus limfe axilla. Rekonstruksi segera mungkin merupakan pilihan bagibeberapa pasien, namun biasanya ditunda sampai setelah terapi radiasi, yang diberikan juga

    bahkan untuk mastektomi. Kemoterapi ajuvan juga dapat diberikan, dan terapi hormonalditawarkan pada semua pasien yang kankernyahormone receptorpositive.

    Beberapa kanker payudara inflamasi termasuk stadium III. Bisanya diterapi dengan kemoterapineoajuvan, kadang-kadang dengan radiasi. Kemudian diikuti dengan mastektomi danpemeriksaan nodus limfe. Kemudian diberikan terapi ajuvan dengan kemoterapi (dantrastuzumab jika kanker HER2+), terap radiasi (jika tidak diberikan sebelum tindakan bedah),dan terapi hormon (jika kanker hormone receptor positive).

    Obat-obat terapi ajuvan untuk kanker stadium I sampai III

    Terapi ajuvan dapat disarankan, berdasarkan ukuran tumor, penyebaran ke nodus limfe, danparameter prognosis lainnya. Biasanya dapat berupa kemoterapi, trastuzumab (Herceptin),hormon, atau kombinasi obat-obat tersebut.

    Terapi hormon: Terapi hormon kemungkinan tidak efektif untuk pasien dengan tumorhormone receptor-negative. Terapi hormon seringkali ditawarkan untuk pasien dengan kankerpayudara invasif yang hormone receptorpositive berapapun ukuran tumor maupun nodus limfeyang terlibat.

    Pasien yang belum menopause dan tumornya hormone receptorpositive dapat diteapi dengantamoxifen, yang menghambat efek estrogen yang diproduksi ovarium. Beberapa klinisi juga

    memberikan analog luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)yang akan menghentikanofungsi ovarium sementara.Pilihan (permanen) lain adalah pengambilan ovarium melaluitindakan bedah (oophorectomy). Namun, belum jelas apakah pengambilan ovarium ataumengehntikan kerjanya akan membantu kerja tamoksfe. J ika pasien mengalami menopausedalam 5 tahun sejak menggunakan tamoksifen (baik secara alami maupun karena ovariumnyadiangkat), pasien dapat mengganti tamoksifen dengan obat lain inhibitor aromatase.

    Terkadang pasien dapat ,engalami berhentinya menstruasi setealh kemoterapi atau ketika diterapitamoksifen. Namun tidak berarti pasien ini mengalami menopause. Klinisi dapat melakukan ujidarah untuk mengetahui keadaan beberapa hormon untuk mengetahui status menopausenya. Halini penting karena obat inhibitor aromatase hanya bermanfaat untuk pasien setelah menopause.

    Pasien yang tidak lagi menstruasi, atau yang memang telah menopause berapaun usianya, danpasien yang tumornya hormone receptorpositive biasanya akan mendapat terapi ajuvan baikdengan inhbitor aromatase (biasanya selama 5 tahun), atau dengan tamoksifen selama 2-5 tahundiikuti dengan inhibitor aromatase selama 3-5 tahun lagi. Pasien yang tidak dapat mengkonsumsiinhibior aromatase dapat menggunakan tamoksifen sebagai alternatif selama 5 tahun.

    Seperti telah disampaikan sebelumnya, masih banyak yang belum bisa dijawab bagaiman caramenggunakan obat-obat ini yang sebaik-baiknya. Sebagai contoh, masih belum jelas apakahmemberikan terapi ajuvan dengan salah satu obat tersebut lebih baik daripada dengan pemberian

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    tamoksifen elama beberpa waktu kemudian dilanjutkan inhibitor aromatase. Atau berapa lamawaktu penggunaan inhibitor aromatase yang optimal. Banyak studi yang sedang dilakukan untukmenjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan demikian.

    J ika kemoterapi juga harus diberikan, terapi hormon biasanya diberikan jika kemoterapi telahsempurna selesai.

    Kemoterapi: Keoteapi biasanya disarankan untuk semua pasien dengan kanker payudara invasif

    yang bersifathormone receptor-negative, dan bagi pasien dengan tumor hormone receptor-positive yang mungkin akan mendapat manfaat tambahan dengan pemnggunaan kmoterapibersama terapi hormon, berdasarkan stadium dan karakteristik tumornya.

    Kemoterapi ajuvan dapat menurunkan resiko kanker kembali/kambuh, tetapi tidakmenghilangkan resiko sama sekali. Sebelum memutuskan apakah pengobatan tepat, pentinguntuk megetahu seberapa resiko kanker kambuh dan seberapa jauh terapi ajuvan dapatmengurangi resiko tersebut.

    Regimen kemoterapi dapat dilihat pada daftar, biasanya berkisar antara 4-6 bulan. Pada beberapakasus mungkin diperlukan kemoterapi dengan interval dosis yang lebih rapat (dose-dense).

    Trastuzumab (Herceptin): Pasien yang kankernya HER2-positive biasanya mendapattrastuzumab bersama dengan kemoterapi.

    Salah satu regimen yag umum adalah doxorubicin (Adriamycin) dan cyclophosphamide selama 3bulan, diikuti dengan paclitaxel (Taxol) dan trastuzumab. Paclitaxel diberikan selama 3 bulan,sedangkan trastuzumab diberikan total selama 1 tahun.

    Salah satu kekhawatiran klinisi adalah jika trastuzumab diberikan terlalu cepat setealh pemberiandoxorubicin dapat mengakibatkan masalah pada jantung, sehingga fungsi jantung harusdimonitor dengan ketat selama terapi antara lain dengan echocardiograms atau pencitraan

    MUGA.

    Untuk mengurangi efek samping pada jantung, klinisi juga mencoba kombinasi terapi yang tidakmengandung doxorubicin. Salah satu regimen demikian adalahTCH,yaitu docetaxel (Taxotere)dan carboplatin setiap 3 minggu bersama dengan trastuzumab (Herceptin) selama 6 siklus.Kemudian diikuti dengan trastuzumab setiap 3 minggu selama 1 tahun.

    Uji pola gene (gene pattern test): Beberapa klinisi mungkin menggunakan uji/pemeriksaanpola gen untuk membantu menentukan apakah perlu terapi ajuvan pada kanker payudara stadiumI dan II. Contoh uji demikian antara lain Oncotype DX dan MammaPrint, yang dijelaskan lebihdetil pada bagian bagaimana kanker payudara didiagnosis "How is breast cancer diagnosed?" Uji

    demikian dilakukan menggunakan sampel jaringan kanker payudara. Y ang dilihat adalah fungsibeberapa gen dalam kanker untuk membantu memperkirakan resiko kambuhnya kenker setealhterapi. Ui ini tidak akan membantu klinisi menetukan terapi hormon atau kemoteapi apa yangterbaik bagi pasien. Uji ini membantu klinisi mengetahui seberapa manfaat terapi ajuvan bagipasien. Studi klinis besar masih dilakukan untuk mengetahui pakah uji gen demikian dapatmembantu klinisi ketika menghadapi pasien dengan tumor kecil dan nodus limfe yang bersih.

    Alat bantu onlineuntuk membantu mengambil keputusan: Untuk membantu memilih terapiajuvan apa yang tepat untuk pasien, psien dapat mengunjungi situs Mayo Clinic Web diwww.mayoclinic.comdan mengetik "adjuvant therapy for breast cancer" ke kotak pencarian.

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    Lam itu akan membantu psien memahami manfaat yang dapat diharapkan dan apa keterbatasanterapi ajuvan.

    Pedomanonline lain, seperti www.adjuvantonline.com, didesain utnuk digunkan olehprofesional kesehatan. Situs wen tersebut menyediakan infomrasi mengenai resiko kanker akankambuh dalam 10 tahun ke depan dan manfaat apa yang dapat diharapkan dari terapi hormondan/atau kemoterapi.

    Stadium IV

    Kanker stadium IV telah menyebar di luar payudara dan nodus limfe ke bagian tubuh lainnya.Kanker payudara bisanya menyebar ke tulang, hati dan paru-paru. Kanker stadium IV juga dapatmenyebar ke otak, atau organ lain, termasuk mata.

    Walaupun tindakan bedah dan/atau radiasi dapat bermanfaat pada situasi tertentu, terapi sistemikmasih merupakan terapi yang utama. Tergantung pada banyak faktor, terapi dapat berupahormonal, kemoterapi, terapi yang ditargetkan (targeted therapy) seperti trastuzumab,pertuzumab (Perjeta), dan lapatinib (Tykerb), atau kombinasi obat-obat tersebut. Terapi dapatmengecilkan tumor, memperbaiki gejala, dan membantu pasien hidup lebih panjang, namun

    tidak dapat mengusir kanker sepenuhnya dan seterusnya.

    Trastuzumab dapat membantu psien dengan kanker yang HER2-positive hidup lebih lama jikadiberikan bersama dengan kemoterapi pertama untuk kanker stadiumIV. Pemberian pertuzumabdengan kemoteapi dan trastuzumab mungkin lebih baik lagi. Pemberian Trastuzumab juga dapatmembantu jika diberikan bersama dengan terapi hormon letrozole. Masih belum jelas berapalama terapi trastuzumab atau pertuzumab harus dilanjutkan.

    Semua terapi sistemik untuk kanker payudara terapi hormon, keoterapi dan terapi yangditargetkan mempunyai efek samping.

    Terapi radiasi dan/atau tindakan bedah juga dapat diberikan pada situasi berikut:

    Ketika tumor payudara mengakibatkan luk terbuka pada payudara (atau dada)Untuk mengatasi sejumlah kecil metasatases pada area tertentuUntuk mencegah patah tulangKetika are kanker menyebar menekan korda spinalisUntuk mengatasi blokade pada hatiUntuk meringankan nyeri tau gejala lainKetika kanker menyebar ke otak

    Terapi lokal demikian harus jelas tujuannya (dijelaskan pada pasien), apakah untuk

    menyembuhkan kanker, mencegah atau mengatasi gejala.

    Pada beberapa kasus terapi regional (obat diberikan langsung ke area tertentu, misalnya cairansekitar otak atau ke dalam hati) dapat juga bermanfaat.

    Terapi untuk meringankan gejala tergantung pada daerah penyebaran kanker. Sebagai contoh,nyeri akibat metastase tulang dapat diatasi dengan terapi radiasi sinar eksternal dan/ataubifosfonat misalnya pamidronate (Aredia) atau asam zoledronat (zoledronic acid/Zometa).Kebanyakan klinisi menganjurkanbisphosphonates atau denosumab (Xgeva), bersama dengan

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    calcium dan vitamin D, untuk semua pasien yang kanker payudaranya telah menyebar ke tulang(lihat juga informasi pada babBone Metastasis.)

    Kanker stadium lanjut yang terus berkembang selama terapi: Terapi untuk kanker stadiumlanjut dapa mengecilkan atau mempelambat pertumbuhan sel-sel kanker (seringkali untukbertahun-tahun), namun diperkirakan obat akan berhenti bkerja setealh beberapawaktu. Terapilanjutan pada keadaan ini tergantung pada beberapa faktor, termasuk terapi sebelumnya, lokasikanker, usia pasien, kesehatan umum, dan keinginan pasien untuk melanjutkna terapi.

    Untuk kanker yang hormone receptorpositive yang diterapi hormon, menggantinya denga terapihormon lain mugkin bermanfaat. J ika tidak, maka langkah selanjutnya adalah kemoterapi.

    Untuk kanker yang tidak lagi merespon regimen kemoterapi tertentu, dapat diganti denganregimen kemoterapi lainnya. Banyak obat dan kombinasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasikanker payudara. Namun, setiap kali kanker berlanjut/progresi selama terapi maka terapiberikutnya akan makin kecil kemungkinan berefek.

    Kanker HER2-positive yang tidak lagi merespon trastuzumab mungkin masih bisa meresponlapatinib. Lapatinib juga menyerang protein HER2. Obat ini bisanya diberikan bersama

    kemoterapi capecitabine (Xeloda), namun bisa juga bersama kemoterapi lain, bersamatrastuzumab, atau bahkan tunggal (tanpa kemoterapi).

    Karena terapi saat ini kelihatannya tidak menyembuhkan kanker stadium lanjut, pasien dapatdianjurkan untuk berpartisipasi dalam uji clinical trial. Menggunakan terapi lain yang potensial.

    Kanker payudara kambuh (rekurensi)

    Kanker disebut kambuh (recurrent) jika muncul kembali setealh terapi. Rekurensi dapat bersifatlokal (di payudara yang sama atau bekas mastektomi) atau di tempat yang lain. Jarang, kankerpayudara muncul kembali di nodus limfe sekitar). Keadaan ini disebut rekurensi regional.

    Kanker yang ditemukan di payudara yang sebelahnya tidak disebut rekurensimelainkantermasuk kanker baru yang perlu diterapi tersendiri.

    Rekurensi lokal: Terapi kanker rekurensi lokal tergantung pada tindakan terapi sebelumnya.J ika pasien sebelumnya mendapat tindakan yang mempertahankan payudara, rekurensi lokalbiasanya diatasi dengan mastektomi. Jika terapi sebelumnya adalah mastektomi, rekurensididaerah sekitar mastektomi jika memungkinkan diatasi dengan tindakan pengambilan untukmenghilangkan sel-sel kankerKemudian diikuti dengan terapi radiasi, hanya jika belum pernahdilakukan setelah tindakan bedah awal. Radiasi tidak bolh diberikan pada daerah yang sama duakali. Pada kasus manapun, terapi hormon, trastuzumab, kemoterapi, ataukombinasinya dapatdigunakan setealh tindakan bedah dan/atau radiasi.

    Rekurensi regional: J ika kanker kambuh sebagai bentuk penyebaran ke nodus linfe sekitarnya(misalnya di bawah lengan/ketiak atau pada tulang leher), maka diatasi dengan mengambil noduslimfe. Kemudaian diikuti dengan radiasi pada are yang bersangkutan. Terapi sistemik(kemoterapi atau hormon) dapat dipertimbangkan setelah terapi lokal.

    Rekurensi distant/jauh: Secara umum, pasien yang mengalami rekurensi pada organ-organtulang, paru-paru, otak, dll, diatasi dengan cara seperti pada stadium IV. Perbedaannya hanyapada respon terapi yang mungkin dipengaruhi oleh terapi sebelumnya yang telah diterima pasien.Lihat juga informasi pada bab lain (When Your Cancer Comes Back: Cancer Recurrence).

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    Regimen Kemoterapi

    Completely revised and updated,The Elsevier Guide to Oncology Drugs and Regimens (2012edition) provides more than 290 drug regimens commonly used in the treatment of 26 cancertypes. Recommended supportive therapy for the adverse effects most commonly associated witheach regimen is also included.

    Resultsfor

    Breast

    AC[dose-dense](doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamide)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyRecurrentormetastaticdiseasetherapyRegimenDetails

    Doxorubicin60mg/m2I.V.onday1Cyclophosphamide600mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21

    days...

    ACTDose-dense(doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamidepaclitaxel[Taxol])

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyRegimenDetailsDoxorubicin60mg/m2I.V.onday1

    Cyclophosphamide600mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21daysforfourcycles.Followedby

    Paclitaxel...

    Bevacizumab,paclitaxel

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsBevacizumab10

    mg/kgI.V.over90minutesondays1and15;iftolerated,maydecreaserateofinfusionto30to60

    minutesPaclitaxel...

    CMF(cyclophosphamide,methotrexate,5-fluorouracil)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyMetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsFor

    patientsyoungerthanage60:Cyclophosphamide100mg/m2P.O.ondays1through14Methotrexate

    40...

    Capecitabine

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyBiomarkerTesting:DPDRegimen

    DetailsCapecitabine1,250mg/m2P.O.twicedailyondays1through14Repeatcycleevery21days.

    References:Bajetta...

    Docetaxel

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsDocetaxel60to100

    mg/m2I.V.over1houronday1Repeatcycleevery21days.OrDocetaxel35to40mg/m2I.V.over30...

    Docetaxel,trastuzumab[Herceptin]

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyforHER2overexpressingbreastcancer

    BiomarkerTesting:HER2RegimenDetailsDocetaxel80to100mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery...

    Doxorubicin

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsDoxorubicin60to75

    mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21days.OrDoxorubicin20mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycle...

    Epirubicin

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsEpirubicin60to90

    mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21days.References:BastholtL,DalmarkM,GjeddeSB,etal....

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    Eribulin

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsEribulin1.4mg/m2

    I.V.ondays1and8Repeatcycleevery21days.References:TwelvesC,LoeschD,BlumJL,etal.A

    phase...

    FAC(orCAF)(5-fluorouracil,doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamide)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyMetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetails5

    Fluorouracil(5FU)500mg/m2I.V.onday1Doxorubicin50mg/m2I.V.onday1Cyclophosphamide500

    mg/m2...

    FEC-100(5-fluorouracil,epirubicin,cyclophosphamide)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyMetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetails5

    Fluorouracil500mg/m2I.V.onday1Epirubicin100mg/m2I.V.onday1Cyclophosphamide500mg/m2

    Repeat...

    GT(gemcitabine,paclitaxel[Taxol])

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsPaclitaxel175mg/m2

    I.V.over3hoursonday1onlybeforegemcitabineGemcitabine1250mg/m2I.V.over30minuteson

    days...

    Hormonetherapy

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:Adjuvantandneoadjuvanttherapy(tamoxifen,anastrozole,exemestane,

    letrozole)Metastaticdiseasetherapy(tamoxifen,anastrozole,exemestane,letrozole)Prevention

    therapy(tamoxifen,...

    Ixabepilone(withorwithoutcapecitabine)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsIxabepilone40

    mg/m2I.V.onday1WithorwithoutCapecitabine2,000mg/m2/day(intwodivideddoses)P.O.ondays

    1to...

    Lapatinib,capecitabine

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticoradvancedHER2overexpressingbreastcancerBiomarker

    Testing:HER2RegimenDetailsLapatinib1250mgP.O.ondays1to21Capecitabine2000mg/m2/day(in

    twodivided...

    Nanoparticlealbumin-bound(nab)-paclitaxel

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsNabpaclitaxel260

    mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21days.OrNabpaclitaxel100mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeat

    cycle...

    Paclitaxel

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsPaclitaxel175or250

    mg/m2I.V.over3hoursonday1Repeatcycleevery21days.OrPaclitaxel80mg/m2I.V.over1hour...

    Paclitaxel,trastuzumab

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:RecurrentormetastaticHER2overexpressingbreastcancerBiomarker

    Testing:HER2RegimenDetailsPaclitaxel175mg/m2I.V.over3hoursonday1Repeatcycleevery21

    days.WithTrastuzumab...

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    Pegylatedliposomaldoxorubicin

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyRegimenDetailsPegylatedliposomal

    doxorubicin40to45mg/m2I.V.over1houronday1Repeatcycleevery21to28days.References:Al

    Batran...

    TAC(docetaxel[Taxotere],doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamide)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyRegimenDetailsDocetaxel75mg/m2I.V.onday1

    Doxorubicin50mg/m2I.V.onday1Cyclophosphamide500mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21

    daysforsix...

    TC(docetaxel[Taxotere],cyclophosphamide)

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyRegimenDetailsDocetaxel75mg/m2I.V.onday1

    Cyclophosphamide600mg/m2I.V.onday1Repeatcycleevery21daysforfourcycles.References:

    JonesSE,Savin...

    TCH(Docetaxel[Taxotere]/Carboplatin,Trastuzumab[Herceptin])

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyforHER2overexpressingbreastcancerBiomarker

    Testing:HER2(trastuzumab)RegimenDetailsDocetaxel75mg/m2I.V.onday1CarboplatinAUC6I.V.

    onday1Repeat...

    Trastuzumab,vinorelbine

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:RecurrentormetastaticHER2overexpressingbreastcancerBiomarker

    Testing:HER2RegimenDetailsTrastuzumab4mg/kgI.V.over90minutesonday1Followedby2mg/kg

    I.V.over...

    [DOSE-DENSE]ACTH(doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamidepaclitaxel[Taxol],

    trastuzumab[Herceptin])

    ThisRegimenIsUsedfor:AdjuvanttherapyforHER2overexpressingbreastcancerBiomarker

    Testing:HER2RegimenDetailsACTH(doxorubicin,cyclophosphamidepaclitaxel,trastuzumab)

    Doxorubicin60mg/m2...

    AC[dose-dense](doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamide)

    Adjuvanttherapy

    Recurrentormetastaticdiseasetherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days for four cycles.

    [Dose-Dense] Doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Cyclophosphamide600 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 14 days for four cycles.

    References:

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    Burstein HJ, Parker LM, Keshaviah A, et al. Efficacy of pegfilgrastim and darbepoetin alfa ashematopoietic support for dose-dense every-2-week adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy.J ClinOncol. 2005;23:8340-8347.

    Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versusconventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy aspostoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer. First report ofIntergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741.J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1431-

    1439.

    Dang C, Fornier M, Sugarman S, et al. The safety of dose-dense doxorubicin andcyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel with trastuzumab in HER-2/neuoverexpressed/amplified breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1216-1222.

    Fisher B, Anderson S, Wickerham DL, et al. Increased intensification and total dose ofcyclophosphamide in a doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide regimen for the treatment of primarybreast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-22.J ClinOncol. 1997;15:1858-1869.

    Fisher B, Brown AM, Dimitrov NV, et al. Two months of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide withand without interval reinduction therapy compared with six months of cyclophosphamide,methotrexate, and fluorouracil in positive-node breast cancer patients with tamoxifen-nonresponsive tumors. Results from NASBP B-15.J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:1483-1496.

    Nabholtz J , Falkson C, Campos D, et al. Docetaxel and doxorubicin compared with doxorubicinand cyclophosphamide as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: results of arandomized, multicenter, phase III trial.J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:968-975.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenformoderateemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,

    anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommended.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

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    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ACTDose-dense(doxorubicin[Adriamycin],cyclophosphamidepaclitaxel

    [Taxol])

    Adjuvanttherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Doxorubicin60 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Cyclophosphamide600 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days for four cycles.

    Followed byPaclitaxel 175-225 mg/m2 I.V. over 3 hours on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days for four cycles.

    OrPaclitaxel 80 mg/m2 I.V. over 1 hour weekly for 12 weeks

    [Dose-dense]Doxorubicin60 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 14 days for four cycles.

    Followed byPaclitaxel 175 mg/m2 I.V. over 3 hours on day 1Repeat cycle every 14 days for four cycles.

    Comments:

    Administer filgrastim with dose-dense regimen.

    References:

    Burstein HJ, Parker LM, Kashaviah A, et al. Efficacy of pegfilgrastim and darbepoetin alfa as

    hematopoietic support for dose-dense every-2-week adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy.J ClinOncol. 2005;23:8340-8347.

    Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versusconventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy aspostoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer. First report ofIntergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741.J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1431-1439.

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    Lee KH, Im SA, Oh DY , et al. Prognostic significance of bcl-2 expression in stage III breastcancer patients who had received doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel asadjuvant chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:63.

    Mamounas EP, Bryant J, Lembersky B, et al. Paclitaxel after doxorubicin pluscyclophosphamide as adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer: results fromNSABP 13-28.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3686-3696.

    Sparano JA, Wang M, Martino S, et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breastcancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1663-1671.

    Tan-Chiu E, Yothers G, Romond E, et al. Assessment of cardiac dysfunction in a randomizedtrial comparing doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel, with or withouttrastuzumab as adjuvant therapy in node-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer: NSABP B-31.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7811-7819.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforhighrisk.Onday1ofpaclitaxelregimens,follow

    acuteonsetregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,anddelayedonsetregimensare

    recommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

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    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapy

    administration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    Bevacizumab,paclitaxel

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Bevacizumab10 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes on days 1 and 15; if tolerated, may decrease rate ofinfusion to 30 to 60 minutesPaclitaxel 90 mg/m2 I.V. on days 1, 8, and 15Repeat cycle every 28 days.

    References:

    Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J, et al. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone formetastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2666-2676.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOndays1and15,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforminimalemeticrisk.Onday8,followacute

    onsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,anddelayedonsetregimens

    arerecommendedasneeded.

    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapy

    administration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    CMF(cyclophosphamide,methotrexate,5-fluorouracil)

    Adjuvanttherapy

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

    RegimenDetails

    For patients younger than age 60:Cyclophosphamide100 mg/m2 P.O. on days 1 through 14Methotrexate40 mg/m2 I.V. on days 1 and 8

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    5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 600 mg/m2 I.V. on days 1 and 8Repeat cycle every 28 days.

    For patients older than age 60:Cyclophosphamide100 mg/m2 P.O. on days 1 through 14Methotrexate30 mg/m2 I.V. on days 1 and 85-FU 400 mg/m2 I.V. on days 1 and 8Repeat cycle every 28 days.

    References:

    Amadori D, Nanni O, Marangolo M, et al. Disease-free survival advantage of adjuvantcyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in patients with node-negative, rapidlyproliferating breast cancer: a randomized multicenter study.J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3125-3134.

    Amadori D, Nanni O, Volpi A, et al. Phase III randomized multicenter study on the effects ofadjuvant CMF in patients with node-negative, rapidly proliferating breast cancer: twelve-yearresults and retrospective subgroup analysis.Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;108:259-264.

    Bonadonna G, Brusamolino E, Valagussa P, et al. Combination chemotherapy as an adjuvanttreatment in operable breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:405-410.

    Bonadonna G, Moliterni A, Zambetti M, et al. 30 years' follow up of randomised studies ofadjuvant CMF in operable breast cancer: cohort study. BMJ. 2005;330:217-222.

    Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Moliterni A, Zambetti M, Brambilla C. Adjuvantcyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in node-positive breast cancerthe results of20 years of follow-up. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:901-906.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOndays1and8,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenformoderateemeticrisk.Anticipatory,

    breakthrough,anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommendedasneeded.

    On days 2 through 7 and 9 through 14, follow acute-onset antiemetic regimen for moderateemetic risk. Anticipatory, breakthrough, and delayed-onset regimens are recommended asneeded.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.

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    *Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    Capecitabine

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

    BiomarkerTesting:

    DPD

    RegimenDetails

    Capecitabine1,250 mg/m2 P.O. twice daily on days 1 through 14Repeat cycle every 21 days.

    References:

    Bajetta E, Procopio G, Celio L, et al. Safety and efficacy of two different doses of capecitabinein the treatment of advanced breast cancer in older women.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2155-2161.

    Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, et al. Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:485-493.

    Fumoleau P, Largillier R, Clippe C, et al. Multicentre, phase II study evaluating capecitabinemonotherapy in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Eur JCancer. 2004;40:536-542.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOndays1through14,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommendedasneeded.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

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    Rivera E, Mejia JA, Arun BK, et al. Phase 3 study comparing the use of docetaxel on an every-3-week versus weekly schedule in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.Cancer.2008;112:1455-1461.

    Stemmler J, Mair W, Stauch M, et al. High efficacy and low toxicity of weekly docetaxel givenas first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Oncology. 2005;68:71-78.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,and

    delayedonsetregimensarerecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly. darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,one

    of

    the

    following

    is

    recommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,considerone

    of

    the

    followingbeforethestartofchemotherapy

    administration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    Docetaxel,trastuzumab[Herceptin]

    MetastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapyforHER2overexpressingbreastcancer

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    BiomarkerTesting:

    HER2

    RegimenDetails

    Docetaxel 80 to 100 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days.

    WithTrastuzumab8 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes on day 1 of first cycleFollowed by

    6 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes every 21 days

    Or

    Docetaxel 35 mg/m2 I.V. weeklyWithTrastuzumab4 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes on day 1Followed by

    2 mg/kg I.V. over 30 minutes weekly

    References:

    Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety ofhumanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressingmetastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease.J ClinOncol. 1999;17:2639-2648.

    Esteva FJ , Valero V, Booser D, et al. Phase II study of weekly docetaxel and trastuzumab forpatients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1800-1808.

    Forbes JF, Kennedy J, Pienkowski T, et al. BCIRG 007: randomized phase III trial oftrastuzumab plus docetaxel with or without carboplatin first line in HER2 positive metastaticbreast cancer (MBC). ASCO. 2006;Abstract #LBA516.

    Leyland-Jones B, Gelmon K, Ayoub JP, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy oftrastuzumab administered every three weeks in combination with paclitaxel.J Clin Oncol.2003;21:3965-3971.

    Marty M, Cognetti F, Maraninchi D, et al. Randomized phase II trial of the efficacy and safety oftrastuzumab combined with docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor

    2positive metastatic breast cancer administered as first-line treatment: The M77001 StudyGroup.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4265-4274.

    Tedesco KL, Thor AD, Johnson DH, et al. Docetaxel combined with trastuzumab is an activeregimen in HER2-3+and overexpressing and fluorescent in situ hybridization-positive metastaticbreast cancer: a multi-institutional phase II trial.J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1071-1077.

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    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,and

    delayedonsetregimensarerecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dl,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneof

    the

    following

    is

    recommended:

    epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnotappropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:AlthoughalloftheabovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    ForhypersensitivityTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapy

    administration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    Epirubicin

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Epirubicin60 to 90 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days.

    References:

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    Bastholt L, Dalmark M, Gjedde SB, et al. Dose-response relationship of epirubicin in thetreatment of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study ofepirubicin at four different dose levels performed by the Danish Breast Cancer CooperativeGroup.J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1146-1155.

    Perez DJ , Harvey VJ, Robinson BA, et al. A randomized comparison of single-agent doxorubicinand epirubicin as first-line cytotoxic therapy in advanced breast cancer.J Clin Oncol.1991;9:2148-2152.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenformoderateemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,

    anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommendedasneeded.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneously

    daily,

    continued

    through

    postnadir

    recovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    Hormonetherapy

    Adjuvantandneoadjuvanttherapy(tamoxifen,anastrozole,exemestane,letrozole)

    Metastaticdiseasetherapy(tamoxifen,anastrozole,exemestane,letrozole)

    Preventiontherapy(tamoxifen,raloxifene)

    BiomarkerTesting:

    ERreceptor

    RegimenDetails

    TamoxifenFor adjuvant therapy and metastatic disease therapyTamoxifen20 mg P.O. daily (divide doses greater than 20 mg/day into two doses)

    Anastrozole

    For adjuvant therapy and metastatic disease therapyAnastrozole1 mg P.O. daily

    ExemestaneFor adjuvant therapy and metastatic disease therapyExemestane25 mg P.O. daily (after a meal)

    LetrozoleFor adjuvant therapy and metastatic disease therapyLetrozole2.5 mg P.O. daily

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    RaloxifeneFor preventionRaloxifene60 mg P.O. daily

    References:

    References for tamoxifen

    Beex L, Rose C, Mouridsen H, et al. Continuous versus intermittent tamoxifen versusintermittent/alternated tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate as first line endocrinetreatment in advanced breast cancer: An EORTC phase III study (10863). Eur J Cancer.2006;42:3178-3185.

    Crump M, Sawka, CA, DeBoer G, et al. An individual patient-based meta-analysis of tamoxifenversus ovarian ablation as first line endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with metastaticbreast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;44:201-210.

    Deshmane V, Krishnamurthy S, Melemed AS, et al. Phase III double-blind trial of arzoxifenecompared with tamoxifen for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol.

    2007;25:4967-4973.

    International Breast Cancer Study Group. Tamoxifen after adjuvant chemotherapy forpremenopausal women with lymph node-positive breast cancer: International Breast CancerStudy Group Trial 13-93.J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1332-1341.

    Killander F, Anderson H, Ryden S, et al. Radiotherapy and tamoxifen after mastectomy inpostmenopausal women 20 year follow-up of the South Sweden Breast Cancer grouprandomised trial SSBCG II:I. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2100-2108.

    References for anastrozole

    The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists Group. Anastrozolealone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment ofpostmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial.Lancet. 2002;359:2131-2139.

    The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists Group. Effect ofanastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-monthanalysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:45-53.

    The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists Group. Results of the

    ATAC trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet.2005;365:60-62.

    Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Puntoniet M, et al. Switching to anastrozole versus continuedtamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer: preliminary results of the Italian TamoxifenAnastrozole Trial.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5138-5147.

    Bonneterre J, Busdar A, Nabholtz JA, et al. Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-linetherapy in hormone receptorpositive advanced breast carcinoma: Results of two randomizedtrials designed for combined analysis.Cancer. 2001;92:2247-2258.

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    Bonneterre J, Thrlimann B, Robertson JFR, et al. Anastrozole versus tamoxifen as first-linetherapy for advanced breast cancer in 668 postmenopausal women: results of the Tamoxifen orArimidex Randomized Group Efficacy and Tolerability Study.J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3748-3757.

    Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, et al. ATAC/LATTE investigators. Effect of anastrozole andtamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATACtrial. Epub 2010 Nov 17. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Dec;11(12):1135-1141.

    Jonat W, Gnant M, Boccardo F, et al. Effectiveness of switching from adjuvant tamoxifen toanastrozole in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:991-996.

    Nabholtz JM, Buzdar A, Pollak M, et al. Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-linetherapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North Americanmulticenter randomized trial.J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3758-3767.

    Winer EP, Hudis C, Burstein HJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology TechnologyAssessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women

    with hormone receptorpositive breast cancer: status report 2004.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:619-629.

    References for exemestane

    Chia S, Gradishar W, Mauriac L, et al. Double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial offulvestrant compared with exemestane after prior nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy inpostmenopausal women with hormone receptorpositive, advanced breast cancer: results fromEFECT.J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1664-1670.

    Coombes RC, Hall E, Gibson LJ, et al. A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years

    of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer.N Engl J Med.2004;350:1081-1092.

    Coombes RC, Kilburn LS, Snowdon CF, et al. Survival and safety of exemestane versustamoxifen after 23 years' tamoxifen treatment (Intergroup Exemestane Study): a randomisedcontrolled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:559-570.

    Dirix LY, Ignacio J, Nag S, et al. Treatment of advanced hormone-sensitive breast cancer inpostmenopausal women with exemestane alone or in combination with celecoxib.J Clin Oncol.2008;26:1253-1259.

    Goss PE, Ingle JN, Als-Martnez JE, et al. NCIC CTG MAP.3 Study Investigators. Exemestanefor breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women.N Engl J Med. 2011;364(25):2381-2391. Epub 2011 Jun 4.

    Jones SE, Cantrell J, Vukelja S, et al. Comparison of menopausal symptoms during the first yearof adjuvant therapy with either exemestane or tamoxifen in early breast cancer: report of atamoxifen exemestane adjuvant multicenter trial substudy.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4765-4771.

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    Mamounas EP, Jeong J-H, Wickerham DL, et al. Benefit from exemestane as extended adjuvanttherapy after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: intention-to-treat analysis of the National SurgicalAdjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-33 Trial.J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1965-1971.

    Mlineritsch B, Tausch C, Singer C, et al. Exemestane as primary systemic treatment for hormonereceptor positive post-menopausal breast cancer patients: a phase II trial of the Austrian Breastand Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG-17). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;Epub Dec 22.

    References for letrozole

    The Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 Collaborative Group. A comparison of letrozole andtamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2747-2757.

    Goss P, Bondarenko IN, Manikhas GN, et al. Phase III, double-blind, controlled trial ofatamestane plus toremifene compared with letrozole in postmenopausal women with advancedreceptor-positive breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4961-4966.

    Goss P, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women

    after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer.N Engl J Med.2003;349:1793-1802.

    Krainick-Strobel UE, Lichtenegger W, Wallwiener D, et al. Neoadjuvant letrozole inpostmenopausal estrogen and/or progesterone receptorpositive breast cancer: a phase IIb/IIItrial to investigate optimal duration of preoperative endocrine therapy. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:62.

    Mouridsen H. Letrozole in advanced breast cancer: the PO25 trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat.2007;105(suppl 1):19-29.

    Mouridsen H, Gershanovich M, Sun Y, et al. Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as

    first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival andupdate of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group.J Clin Oncol.2003;21:2101-2109.

    Winer EP, Hudis C, Burstein HJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology TechnologyAssessment on the use of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal womenwith hormone receptorpositive breast cancer: status report 2004.J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:619-629.

    References for raloxifene

    Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events andbreast cancer in postmenopausal women.N Engl J Med. 2006;355:125-137.

    Dickler MN, Norton L. The MORE Trial: multiple outcomes for raloxifene evaluation: breastcancer as a secondary end point: implications for prevention.Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001:949:134-142.

    Land SR, Wickerham DL, Costantino JP, et al. Patient-reported symptoms and quality of lifeduring treatment with tamoxifen or raloxifene for breast cancer prevention: the NSABP study oftamoxifen and raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial.JAMA. 2006;295:2742-2751.

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    Lippman ME, Cummings SR, Disch DP, et al. Effect of raloxifene on the incidence of invasivebreast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis categorized by breast cancer risk.Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5242-5247.

    Martino S, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breastcancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene.JNatl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1751-1761.

    Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk ofdeveloping invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of tamoxifenand raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial.JAMA. 2006;295:2727-2741.

    SupportiveTherapy

    GeneralsupportSupportivetherapyguidelinesandriskofcomplicationsduetoHormonetherapydrugsforbreastcancer

    maydiffersignificantlyfromchemotherapydrugregimensforbreastcancer.Somecommonhighrisk

    complicationsacrossthisclassofdrugsincludeincreasedcholesterol(letrozole,anastrozole),increased

    potentialforbloodclots(raloxifene,tamoxifen,anastrozole,letrozole),tumorflareup(raloxifene,

    tamoxifen),anddecreasedbonemineraldensity(anastrozole,exemestane,letrozole).Monitorthese

    patientscloselyforadversereactionsandconsiderappropriatetreatmentforpreventionandincidence

    accordingtothepatientscondition,treatmenttherapiesanddiseasetype.

    Ixabepilone(withorwithoutcapecitabine)

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Ixabepilone40 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1

    With or withoutCapecitabine2,000 mg/m2/day (in two divided doses) P.O. on days 1 to 14Repeat cycle every 21 days.

    References:

    Perez EA, Lerzo G, Pivot X, et al. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in a phaseII study of patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to an anthracycline, a taxane, andcapecitabine.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3407-3414.

    Roche H, Yelle L, Cognetti F, et al. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an

    epothilone B analog, as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer previouslytreated with anthracycline chemotherapy.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3415-3420.

    Thomas E, Gomez HL, Li RK, et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancerprogressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment.J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5210-5217.

    Thomas E, Tabernero J, Fornier M, et al. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), anepothilone B analog, in patients with taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol.2007;25:3399-3406.

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    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,and

    delayedonsetregimensmayberecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneof

    the

    following

    is

    recommended:

    epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnotappropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:AlthoughalloftheabovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    FordiarrheaFollowtheNationalCancerInstitutesguidelinesforgradingandtreatingdiarrheabasedonseverityof

    symptomsonascaleof1(mild)to4(severeorlifethreatening).

    Lapatinib,capecitabine

    MetastaticoradvancedHER2overexpressingbreastcancer

    BiomarkerTesting:

    HER2

    RegimenDetails

    Lapatinib1250 mg P.O. on days 1 to 21Capecitabine2000 mg/m2/day (in two divided doses approximately 12 hours apart) P.O. on days1 through 14Repeat cycle every 21 days.

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    References:

    Cameron D, Casey M, Press M, et al. A phase III randomized comparison of lapatinib pluscapecitabine versus capecitabine alone in women with advanced breast cancer that hasprogressed on trastuzumab: updated efficacy and biomarker analyses.Breast Cancer Res Treat.2008;Epub January 11.

    Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced

    breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2733-2743.

    Greil R, Bortnar S, Petrkov K, et al. Combination therapy of lapatinib and capecitabine forErbB2-positive metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer: results from the LapatinibExpanded Access Program (LEAP) in Central and Eastern Europe.Onkologie. 2011;34(5):233-238. Epub 2011 Apr 26.

    SupportiveTherapy

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapy

    innoncurative

    patients,

    one

    of

    the

    following

    is

    recommended:

    epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthis

    regimen

    isused

    asadjvant

    therapy

    for

    limited

    stage

    disease,

    the

    use

    ofan

    ESA

    isnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolony

    stimulating

    factors

    24

    to72

    hours

    after

    chemotherapy

    ends.

    Note:Although

    allofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    FordiarrheaFollowtheNationalCancerInstitutesguidelinesforgradingandtreatingdiarrheabasedonseverityof

    symptomsonascaleof1(mild)to4(severeorlifethreatening).

    Paclitaxel

    Metastaticorrecurrentdiseasetherapy

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    RegimenDetails

    Paclitaxel 175 or 250 mg/m2 I.V. over 3 hours on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days.

    Or

    Paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 I.V. over 1 hour on day 1

    Repeat cycle every 7 days.

    References:

    Bishop JF, Dewar J, Toner GC, et al. Initial paclitaxel improves outcome compared with CMFPcombination chemotherapy as front-line therapy in untreated metastatic breast cancer.J ClinOncol. 1999;17:2355-2364.

    Perez EA, Vogel CL, Irwin DH, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in womenwith metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:4216-4223.

    Seidman AD, Berry D, Cirrincione C, et al. CALGB 9840: Phase III study of weekly (W)paclitaxel (P) via 1-hour(h) infusion versus standard (S) 3h infusion every third week in thetreatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), with trastuzumab (T) for HER2 positive MBC andrandomized for T in HER2 normal MBC. ASCO 2004;Abstract #512.

    Seidman AD, Berry D, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized phase III trial of weekly compared withevery-3-weeks paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, with trastuzumab for all HER-2overexpressors and random assignment to trastuzumab or not in HER-2 nonoverexpressors: finalresults of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 9840.J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1642-1649.

    Seidman AD, Tiersten A, Hudis C, et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion as initial

    and salvage chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2575-2581.

    Sledge GW, Neuberg D, Bernardo P, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and thecombination of doxorubicin and paclitaxel as front-line chemotherapy for metastatic breastcancer: an Intergroup Trial (E1193).J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:588-592.

    Smith RE, Brown AM, Mamounas EP, et al. Randomized trial of 3-hour versus 24-hour infusionof high-dose paclitaxel in patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer: NationalSurgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-26.J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3403-3411.

    Verrill MW, Lee J, Cameron DA, et al. Anglo-Celtic IV: first results of a UK National Cancer

    Research Network randomised phase 3 pharmacogenetic trial of weekly versus 3 weeklypaclitaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (ABC). ASCO2007;Abstract #LBA1005.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlowemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,and

    delayedonsetregimensmayberecommendedasneeded.

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    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: cepoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    cepoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    cdarbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    cdarbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    FordiarrheaFollowtheNationalCancerInstitutesguidelinesforgradingandtreatingdiarrheabasedonseverityof

    symptomsonascaleof1(mild)to4(severeorlifethreatening).

    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapyadministration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    Paclitaxel,trastuzumab

    RecurrentormetastaticHER2overexpressingbreastcancer

    BiomarkerTesting:

    HER2

    RegimenDetails

    Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 I.V. over 3 hours on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days.

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    WithTrastuzumab8 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes on day 1 of first cycleFollowed by

    6 mg/kg I.V. over 30 minutes every 21 days

    Or

    Paclitaxel 80 to 90 mg/m2 I.V. weekly

    WithTrastuzumab4 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes on day 1 of first weekFollowed by

    2 mg/kg I.V. over 30 minutes weekly

    References:

    Leyland-Jones B, Gelmon K, Ayoub J-P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy oftrastuzumab administered every three weeks in combination with paclitaxel.J Clin Oncol.2003;21:3965-3971.

    Seidman AD, Berry D, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized phase III trial of weekly compared withevery-3-weeks paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer, with trastuzumab for all HER-2overexpressors and random assignment to trastuzumab or not in HER-2 nonoverexpressors: finalresults of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 9840.J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1642-1649.

    Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibodyagainst HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2.N Engl J Med.2001;344:783-792.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1ofeachcycleorday1ofweeklyregimen,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenforlow

    emeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,anddelayedonsetregimensmayberecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000

    units

    weekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

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    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:AlthoughalloftheabovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapyadministration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    TC(docetaxel[Taxotere],cyclophosphamide)

    Adjuvanttherapy

    RegimenDetails

    Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Cyclophosphamide600 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days for four cycles.

    References:

    Jones SE, Savin MA, Holmes FA, et al. Phase III trial comparing doxorubicin pluscyclophosphamide with docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide as adjuvant therapy for operablebreast cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5381-5387.

    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenformoderateemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,

    anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneofthefollowingisrecommended: epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,may

    increaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

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    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnot

    appropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:Althoughallofthe

    abovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    ForhypersensitivityreactionsTopreventhypersensitivityreactions,consideroneofthefollowingbeforethestartofchemotherapyadministration:

    dexamethasone8mgP.O.twicedailyfor3daysstarting1daybeforechemotherapy,or20mgP.O.12hoursand6hoursbeforechemotherapy,or20mgI.V.beforechemotherapy

    diphenhydramine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy cimetidine300mgI.V.orranitidine50mgI.V.30to60minutesbeforechemotherapy

    TCH(Docetaxel[Taxotere]/Carboplatin,Trastuzumab[Herceptin])

    AdjuvanttherapyforHER2overexpressingbreastcancer

    BiomarkerTesting:

    HER2(trastuzumab)

    RegimenDetails

    Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 I.V. on day 1CarboplatinAUC 6 I.V. on day 1Repeat cycle every 21 days for six cycles.

    withTrastuzumab4 mg/kg I.V. over 90 minutes week 1Followed byTrastuzumab2 mg/kg I.V. over 30 minutes weekly for 17 weeksFollowed byTrastuzumab6 mg/kg I.V. over 30 to 90 minutes every 21 days to complete 52 weeks oftrastuzumab.

    References:

    Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1273-1283.

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    SupportiveTherapy

    FornauseaandvomitingOnday1,followacuteonsetantiemeticregimenformoderateemeticrisk.Anticipatory,breakthrough,

    anddelayedonsetregimensarerecommended.

    Foranemia*Ifhemoglobinlevelislessthan10g/dL,ironI.V.isrecommended.Foranemiasecondaryto

    myelosuppressivechemotherapyinnoncurativepatients,oneof

    the

    following

    is

    recommended:

    epoetinalfa150units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto300units/kgsubcutaneouslythreetimesweekly.

    epoetinalfa40,000unitssubcutaneouslyweekly.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto60,000unitsweekly.

    darbepoetinalfa2.25mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.Ifunsatisfactoryresponse,mayincreaseto4.5mcg/kgsubcutaneouslyeveryweek.

    darbepoetinalfa500mcgsubcutaneouslyevery3weeks.*Erythropoiesisstimulatingagents(ESAs)arenotindicatediftherapyisadministeredwithcurative

    intent.Ifthisregimenisusedasadjvanttherapyforlimitedstagedisease,theuseofanESAisnotappropriate.

    ForneutropeniaTopreventortreatneutropenia,oneofthefollowingisrecommended:

    filgrastim5mcg/kg(roundedtothenearestvialsizebyinstitutiondefinedweightlimits)subcutaneouslydaily,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    pegfilgrastim6mgsubcutaneouslyasasingledosepertreatmentcycle sargramostim250mcg/m2/daysubcutaneously,continuedthroughpostnadirrecovery

    Startcolonystimulatingfactors24to72hoursafterchemotherapyends.Note:AlthoughalloftheabovedrugscanbegivenI.V.,thesubcutaneousrouteispreferred.

    FordiarrheaFollowtheNationalCancerInstitutesguidelinesforgradingandtreatingdiarrheabasedonseverityof

    symptomsonascaleof1(mild)to4(severeorlifethreatening).

    ForinfusionreactionsConsiderpremedicationwithacetaminophen,dexamethasone,anddiphenhydraminetoprevent

    infusionreactions.

    Forperipheral

    neuropathy

    Totreatperipheralneuropathy,consideroverthecounterpainrelieversandgabapentin,as

    appropriate.Antidepressants,suchastricyclicsandaselectiveserotoninandnorepinephrinereuptake

    inhibitor(duloxetinehydrochloride),mayprovidesomebenefit.Forpain,giveopiateanalgesics.