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CSIR – FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF GHANA TENURE AND FOREST RELIANCE IN GHANA Beatrice Darko Obiri 1* , Emmanuel Marfo 1 , Eric Nutakor 1 , Joseph Cobbinah 1 and Thorsten Treue 2 1 Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University P. O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana 2 Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Acknowledgement: DANIDA – funds; Ghana rural Households-data Univ. Copenhagen-coordinating, CIFOR PEN-data manager IUFRO-FORNESSA CONGRESS, 25-29 June 2012. Nairobi, Kenya 11 September 2012

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CSIR – FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF GHANA

TENURE AND FOREST RELIANCE IN GHANA

Beatrice Darko Obiri1*, Emmanuel Marfo1, Eric Nutakor1, Joseph Cobbinah1and Thorsten Treue2

1Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University P. O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana 2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Acknowledgement: DANIDA – funds; Ghana rural Households-dataUniv. Copenhagen-coordinating, CIFOR PEN-data manager

IUFRO-FORNESSA CONGRESS, 25-29 June 2012. Nairobi, Kenya11 September 2012

INTRODUCTION

11 September 2012

Relative importance of forests to rural livelihoods is widely acknowledged

Yet there are questions about the key elements of forest governance that dictate the extent to which forest benefits are derived particularly by local people Ownership Access Use and management rights over forests

Failure to address questions appropriately have resulted in: Upsurge in illegalities Deforestation and forest degradation Difficulty in implementing emerging forest governance initiatives that seek to

pay for environmental services to forest owners to contribute to poverty alleviation while ensuring environmental sustainability

WHY INABILITY TO ADDRESS FOREST GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS?

Forest tenure is crucial for sustainable use, management and conservation of forest resources but:

Limited understanding of local people’s forest needs and forest tenure/regulatory mechanisms

Limited empirical evidence to inform policy decisions on forest tenure mechanisms aimed at forest use and conservation

11 September 2012

FOCUS OF PAPER/OBJECTIVES

Paper explores house how forest tenure is influencing forest dependency among rural households in Ghana

Draws implication for forest based interventions for sustainable forest management for improved rural livelihoods in the country

11 September 2012

2 KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. HOW IS FOREST TENURE INFLUENCING ACCESS AND USE OF

FORESTS BY LOCAL COMMUNTITIES?

Which forest tenure regimes are key sources of forest incomes Which products are exploited from which regimes and what is the

significance in livelihood sustenance What is the magnitude of the monetary value of collection from tenure

regimes Who collects what from which tenure regime in the household

2. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED FOREST GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS? Ghana community based forest interventions Emerging forest governance mechanisms eg. REDD+, etc.

11 September 2012

METHODOLOGY WHAT IS TENURE?

Tenure systems are about ownership and user rights to a given resource for a given time span and under some conditions (FAO, 2002).

THEORETICAL FRAME Discussion is centered on

Forest-poverty/livelihood discuss Study is part of the CIFOR Poverty and Environmental

Network (PEN) studies in Ghana

11 September 2012

METODOLOGY:Study area

DRY forests1100 mm rain

WET forests2000mm rain

Key features of study sites: vegetation/forestWet forest Dry forest

Key features of study sitesFeature Wet site Dry siteForest type Wet evergreen Forest-Savannah Transition

Forest management •Most Gov. Forest reserves are GSBAs for community protection

•Production forests for logging

•Most forest areas degraded•Replanting reserves & private lands•Ecotourism

Rainfall 2000mm 1100mm

Population 51-100 people per sq km 51-100 people per sq km

Agricultural production CocoaOil palmRubberStaples

•Cashew•Tobacco •Staples•Vegetables

Other economic activities •Gold mining•Logging•NTFP’s: Rattan, Bamboo, Medicine, Charcoal, firewood

•Charcoal•Fuelwood

Key features of study sites: other economic activitiesWet site :Small scale gold mining/dredging Dry site: charcoal

METHODOLOGY – Data collection1. Village surveys Ownership, access, use and

management of forests

2. Household level surveys Questionnaire Interviews of 600

households (300 each in wet & dry sites) Household incomes & sources Forest land use regimes& Tenure Products quantities & value Gender, etc.

METHODOLOGY: Data analysis

Descriptive analysis Frequency Percentages

FINDINGS

9/11/2012

FOREST TENURE REGIMES IN GHANA

1. Protected (watershed, biodiversity, wildlife/national parks) Restricted access/High

enforcement rules

2. Production Moderate restriction & high

enforcement of rules Exploitation with permit from

Forestry Commission for Timber Non-timber

3. Community Protected(cultural: Sacred grooves) Restricted access/High

enforcement rules

4. Community Open access: no restriction &

enforcement of rules Moderate restriction with permission

from traditional head or FC

5. Private: Family & Individual Highly restricted –commercial Moderate restriction with

permission from owner

STATE RESERVED: community owned state is

holding in trust

OFF-RESERVE : Community & Individual owned

Which forest tenure regimes are communities exploiting & what is the frequency?

0 50 100 150 200 250

Private medium restriction with permission

Private high restriction enforcement of rules

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules

(national park, etc.)

State reserved production with permit from FC

Community medium restriction

Community protected high enforcement

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules managed by community

Community open access wth no enforcement

250

228

194

127

44

27

22

16

Frequency of forest exploitation

Tenu

re re

gim

e

Wet forests

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

State reserved production with permit from FC

Private high restriction enforcement of rules

Private medium restriction with permission

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules (national …

Community medium restriction

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules managed …

Private medium restriction used by state

Community open access wth no enforcement

Community protected high enforcement

333

197

181

140

126

110

52

20

0

Frequency of forest exploitation

Tenu

re re

gim

e

Dry forests

% Forest exploitation from tenure regimes by households

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Private medium restriction with permission

Private high restriction enforcement of rules

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules (national park,

etc.)

State reserved production with permit from FC

Community medium restriction

Community protected high enforcement

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules managed by

community

Community open access wth no enforcement

28%

25%

21%

14%

5%

3%

2%

2%

% Forest Exploitation

Tenu

re re

gim

e

Wet

0% 5% 10%15%20%25%30%

State reserved production with permit from FC

Private high restriction enforcement of rules

Private medium restriction with permission

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules …

Community medium restriction

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules …

Private medium restriction used by state

Community open access wth no enforcement

Community protected high enforcement

29%

17%

16%

12%

11%

9%

4%

2%

0%

% Forest Exploitation

Tenu

re re

gim

e

Dry

Which products are collected from respective tenure regimes? (WET)

Tenure regime

Forest products/Frequency of exploitation

GameWoodfuel Snails Poles Rattan

Lianes& vines

Wild fruits Medicine

Mushroom Timber

Bamboo

Chew stick

Spices

Total

Private high restriction enforcement of rules 63 75 31 23 5 4 1 15 5 5 2 3 2 234

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules (national park, etc.) 66 13 34 30 14 3 7 8 2 3 2 4 0 186

Private medium restriction with permission 26 52 21 8 4 2 1 4 1 2 2 1 3 127

State reserved production with permit from FC 63 12 13 9 7 0 6 5 7 0 2 1 0 125

Community medium restriction 17 8 5 8 4 22 9 1 7 8 9 10 12 120

Community protected high enforcement 5 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 14

Community open access wth no enforcement 5 2 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules managed by community 5 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 12

Total 182 87 79 58 33 27 23 18 18 14 15 17 15 820

% Exploitation 22 11 10 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 100

Which products are collected from respective tenure regimes? (DRY)

Forest tenure regime

Forest products

TotalWoodfuel Game Poles MedicineMushroo

mLianes & vines

Thatch grass

Wild fruits Timber Snails

State reserved production with permit from FC

60 114 29 11 12 6 10 7 3 3 255

Private medium restriction with permission

124 59 20 12 9 11 7 5 6 2 235

Private high restriction enforcement of rules

59 61 29 15 3 5 2 9 7 2 192

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules (national park, etc.)

35 50 17 7 7 5 3 0 2 5 131

Community medium restriction

41 40 9 11 6 6 6 0 0 2 121

State reserved protected with high enforcement of rules managed by community

61 33 5 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 107

Community protected high enforcement

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 45

Community open access wth no enforcement

9 5 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 19

Total 369 363 112 62 43 41 37 28 26 24 1105% Exploitation

33 33 10 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 100

Why are communities collecting?HOUSEHOLD INCOME SHARES BY SOURCE

(Cash and subsistence)

DryWet

When do they collect? SEASONALITY INCOME SHARES

January-March

April-June

July-September

October-December

January-March

April-June

July-September

October-DecemberDry

Wet

GENDER & FOREST USE : who collects what in the household? (WET)

GENDER & FOREST USE : who collects what in the household? (DRY)

HIGHLIGHTS Forests contributes to over 9% of total household income and mainly for

subsistence in Ghana

Most products are collected from state and private reserved forests with strict/high and medium regulation

Community managed forests with high enforcement of rules are hardly exploited

Open access forests probably severely degraded

There is higher reliance on game, poles and fuelwood which are collected by males for cash

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

PFM/CFM Community involvement in forest protection may reduce exploitation and

save government policing bill but what must we do to ensure that community forest needs are secured?

SFM promotion of smallholder forests with short rotation species

that provide fuelwood, poles and a range of commercial products in the off-reserve areas they own Could serve as buffers and/or corridors that effectively protect reserved

forests while providing the cash and subsistence needs of forest fringe communities

Communities mainly need woodfuel, game and poles for now not timber Involving them in timber plantation development alone is insufficient as

short term needs are key to household survival

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

REDD+, Certification, etc. Emphasis on innovative small holder forests to provide community

forest needs both by the government and private forest plantation developers with carbon and certification in mind

Existing forest tenure certainly threatens emerging forest sector initiatives

If innovative strategies are not adopted to address access, control and user rights challenges associated with forest exploitation There will be ghost forest to govern for REDD+

MANY ThANks