41
International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015  Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk) Tadashi Takayanagi  Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP),  Kyoto University

Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info.@TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015  

Tensor Networks and Holography(Review Talk)

Tadashi Takayanagi  

Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP),  Kyoto University

Page 2: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Contents

① Introduction② Review of Tensor Networks③ Tensor Networks and AdS/CFT④ cMERA and AdS/CFT⑤ Surface/State Correspondence⑥ Conclusions

Refer also to Matsueda’s talk

Page 3: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Our Original Contributions

[1] arXiv:1208.3469  (JHEP 1210 (2012) 193) with Masahiro Nozaki (YITP, Kyoto)  

and Shinsei Ryu (Illinois, Urbana–Champaign)

[2] arXiv:1412.6226 (JHEP 1505 (2015) 152 )with  Masamichi Miyaji (YITP, Kyoto),

Shinsei Ryu and Xueda Wen (Illinois, Urbana–Champaign).   

[3]  arXiv:1503.08161 (PTEP 2015 (2015) 7)with Masamichi Miyaji (YITP, Kyoto)

[4]  arXiv:1506.01353 with  Masamichi Miyaji (YITP, Kyoto), Tokiro Numasawa (YITP, Kyoto), Noburo Shiba (YITP, Kyoto),and Kento Watanabe (YITP, Kyoto)

Page 4: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

The AdS/CFT and more generally holography argues ``Quantum Gravity = Quantum Many‐body Systems’’.

on Md+2  on∂Md+1

Then one may ask what are the most elementary degrees of freedom in the correspondence ?

⇒ One attractive possibility is thatquantum entanglement explains the degrees of freedom. ``Emergence of spacetime from Qubits’’   

⇔ Tensor Networks

① Introduction

Page 5: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Entanglement Entropy (EE)

⇒ The best measure of quantum entanglement

EE measures (1) How many EPR pairs can be extracted.

(2) Active degrees of freedom.  (~central charges)(3) A quantum order parameter.(~topological order)(4) a geometry of quantum many‐body system.

(~holography)

].logTr[ AAAS

2/

][Tr, ,

totBA

totBAtot HHH

AB

Page 6: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(i) Area law of EE 

EE in QFTs includes UV divergences. 

In a d+1 dim. QFT (d>1) with a UV relativistic fixed point, the leading term of EE at its ground state behaves like

where       is a UV cutoff (i.e. lattice spacing).      [d=1: log div.]

Intuitively, this property is understood like:  

Most strongly entangled 

terms),subleading(A)Area(~ 1 dAS

[Bombelli‐Koul‐Lee‐Sorkin 86,  Srednicki 93]

A∂A

Page 7: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(ii) Eternal BH in AdS/CFT [Maldacena 00]

CFT2 CFT1

..4

on)Area(Horiz]logTr[

, )(

1][Tr

,)( , )(

1

11

1121

212/

NBHthermalent

n

E

n

E

n

E

GSSS

nneZ

eZnneZ

n

nn

Page 8: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(iii) Holographic Entanglement Entropy  (HEE)[Ryu‐TT 06;  a derivation: Casini‐Huerta‐Myers 11, Lewkowycz‐Maldacena 13]

is the minimal area surface (codim.=2)  such that            

homologous

. ~ and AA AA

N

A

4G)Area( Min

AAA

AA

S

2dAdS z

A

)direction. timeomit the (We

BA

1dCFT

21

22222

zdxdtdz

Rdsd

i i

off)cut (UV

z

Note: In time‐dependent spacetimes,   we need to take extremal surfaces.[Hubeny‐Rangamani‐TT 07]

Page 9: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

The HEE suggests the following novel interpretation:``A spacetime in gravity 

=  Collections of bits of quantum entanglement’’

BA

A

Planck length

⇒Manifestly realized in the proposed connection between AdS/CFT and tensor networks ! [Swingle 09]

This entanglement/geometryduality may work for any surfaces [Bianchi‐Myers 12]

Page 10: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(2‐1) Tensor Network   [See e.g. Cirac‐Verstraete 09(review)]

Tensor network states= Efficient variational ansatz for the ground state wave functions in quantum many‐body systems. [A tensor network diagram = A wave function]

⇒ An ansatz should respect the correct quantum entanglement of ground state.~Geometry of Tensor Network 

② Review of Tensor Networks

Page 11: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Ex. Matrix Product State (MPS) [DMRG: White 92,…, Rommer‐Ostlund 95,..]

)(M

1 2 n

1 2 3 n

Spinsnnn

n

MMM 21

,,,21 ,,, ])()()(Tr[

21

. or

,1,2,...,

i

i

Spin chain

Page 12: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

MPS with finite  does not have enough EE to describe1d quantum critical points (2d CFTs) :

In general,   

).~log( log2 CFTAA SLS

1 2 n 1 2 3 4 6 7 853 1nA A

]. of onsIntersectimin[#,log

int

int

A

A

NNS

A A

Page 13: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(2‐2)  MERA 

MERA (Multiscale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz):

⇒ An efficient variational ansatz for CFT ground states. [Vidal 05]

To increase entanglement in a CFT,  we add (dis)entanglers.

1 2 3 4 6 7 85 1 2 3 4 6 7 85

Unitary transf.between 2 spins

Page 14: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

MERA in a ``more official’’ diagram 

=

! CFT2din results with agrees log

]links[#Min

LSA

Coarse‐graining = Isometry

adbcdabc TT †

a b

c

d a d

Page 15: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Cf.    Bulk State construction ⇒ Low energy bulk excitations (e.g. bulk scalars) 

[Exact holographic mapping: Xiao‐liang Qi 13]

Idea: Keep the network and introduce bulk states[tips of red vertical bonds]

Page 16: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

③ Tensor Networks and AdS/CFT

(3‐1) AdS/MERA proposal [Swingle 09]

0u 1u

AA

A

Min[Area]

A

. ,)( 2

22222

2

22 u

u

ezwherez

xddtdzxddteds

 

2dAdS1dCFT

A

Links]Min[#

? Equivalent

)( IRuu

Page 17: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

The idea:    Tensor Network of MERA (∃scale inv.)= a time slice of AdS space 

Qualitative evidences

(i) Real space RG = radial evolution in AdS→ something we usually expect in AdS/CFT.

(ii) The bound of EE in MERA:  

If this is saturated, it seems to agree with the HEE

.log]Min[ IntA NS

.)Area(Min4

1A AN

A GS

Page 18: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

In this way, AdS/MERA seems to work qualitatively.However, if we look more closely, several questions arise[see e.g. Bao‐Cao‐Carroll‐Chatwin‐Davies‐Hunter‐Jones‐Pollack‐Remmen 15]

(a)  Locality of bulk AdS:  The disentangler carries   O(N2) Qubits. 

⇒∃Locality only at the AdS radius (not Planck scale)….(b)  Conformal invariance is not clear ⇒ Lattice artifact ?

(c) Why the EE bound is saturated ? ⇒ If disentanglers ~  large N Random tensors, that can be

true. But this is not clear.

(e) ∃RG causal structure in MERA⇒ No causal structure on the time slice of AdS ?

Page 19: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(3‐2) Refinement 1:  Integral geometry[Czech, Lamprou, McCandlish, Sully 15]

Focus on AdS3/CFT2.  Keep MERA network as it is.A metric for MERA:   EE for the interval A=[x‐L,x+L] 

(i.e. MERA=dS≠AdS)

[⇒Rob Myers’s talk on Thu.]

spacedeSitter 212

),(

,2log3

),(

2

2222

dL

dxdLcdudvvu

vuSds

LcLxLxS

A

A

Integral Transf. 

Kinematical  Space ≃MERA network

AdS

Page 20: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(3‐3) Refinement 2:  Perfect Tensor Network

Consider tensors which are unitary or isometryw.r.t any legs, called perfect tensors.[Bulk reconstruction ⇔ quantum error corrections]

[Almheiri‐Dong‐Harlow 14]

[i.e. PTN=AdS]

⇒ The EE bound is saturated for single intervals.

[Pastawski‐Yoshida‐Harlow‐Preskill 15]

Page 21: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

④ cMERA and AdS/CFT [Refinement 3]  [Haegeman‐Osborne‐Verschelde‐Verstraete 11,  see also  Nozaki‐Ryu‐TT 12]

(4‐1) cMERA formulationTo remove lattice artifacts,  take a continuum limit of MERA:

.Ω)(ˆ exp)(

state IR u scaleat State

u

uIR

sKdsiPu

.any for 0space realin state dunentangle:

ASA

ueuK ~ scalelength at gler (dis)entan:)(ˆ

What is this state ?We will come back later.

IRu

Page 22: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Relation to (discrete) MERA

By adding dummy states |0>         , we keep the dimension of Hilbert space for any u to be the same.⇒We can formally describe the real space RG 

by a unitary transformation. 

‐∞

Page 23: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Example: cMERA for a (d+1) dim. Free Scalar Theory

Hamiltonian:

Ground state            :

cMERA:             

)].()()()()([21 22 kkmkkkdkH d

.00 ka0

.0 0 i.e.

,)()( ,0 :state IR

Ax

x

xx

S

xMixMaa

|).x|(1-(x) :function offcut a is (x) where

,.).(/)(2

)(ˆ

chaaMkeudkiuK kkud

.)2/1(u) ,0for ( ,/2

1)( 222

2

mMme

es u

u

Page 24: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(4‐2) Boundary State as Gravity Dual of Point‐like Space 

Q.  A general construction of  the IR states |Ω> in CFTs ?

Argument 1

We can realize disentangled states (IR states |Ω>) ⇔ Trivial (Point‐like) spaces

by performing a (infinitely) massive deformation:

. of state ground the

,)(1

mm

ddCFTm

H

xOdxmHH O

[Miyaji‐Ryu‐Wen‐TT 14]

Page 25: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Now we apply the idea of quantum quenches. 

⇒ For t<0,  we assume the ground state of the massive Hamiltonian Hm. Then at t=0, we suddenly change the Hamiltonian into HCFT as in [Calabrese‐Cardy 05].

In this setup, the state at t=0 is identified with the boundary state:

We may introduce the UV cut off like

.)0( Btm

t

theoryEmpty mH

CFTH

. / Be mHm

Page 26: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

A boundary state (Ishibashi state) :  |B>=  A state which gives a conformally invariant boundary condition:

In terms of the Virasoro algebra:where  represent 

⇒ A maximally entangled state between left and right moving sectors !

⇒ But, the real space entanglement is quite suppressed !

Boundary states in CFTs (assume 2d CFT) 

.0 ~ BLL nn

RLkkkB

,......)21,k(kk

.2121

kk LLk

Page 27: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Argument 2:  Correlation functions of local operators

⇒ When (xi‐xj)>>δ,  there is no correlations !

⇒ Disentangled !                                                           

BoundaryX1 X2 Xm δ~1/m

Boundary

.)()()()(

1

21

n

ii

n xOxOxOxO

Page 28: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Argument 3: Direct calculation of EE

For the regularized IR statewe can compute the EE explicitly in free fermion CFTs:

[Ugajin‐TT 10]

Thus we can set 

Note:    Boundary states can still have non‐zero finitetopological entanglement.

,Be H

0).( Finite],[log3

cS A

. when 0 AS

Page 29: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(4‐3) Aspects of cMERA

• No lattice artifacts

• Choice of K(u) is flexible   → In principle, we can realize not only the continuum limit of original MERA but also those of perfect tensor networks.   But, we do not know K(u) precisely except free CFTs.

• We can compute information metrics or  , though the evaluation of EE is not straightforward. 

• We can treat excited states in a straightforward way.

.)()( duuu

Page 30: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Conformal Transformation in cMERA for 2d CFT

The generators which preserve a time slice of AdS3 are given byThe SL(2,R) action which maps ρ=0  to the  

point             is given by                                     

The cMERA flowis transformed by SL(2,R) 

.~nnn LLl

),(

.),( 110 2

llli eeg

t=0

.)(ˆexp0 0

0BduuKiP

.),()(ˆ),()(ˆ where

,)(ˆexp0

1),(

0

0

),(

guKguK

BduuKiP

Page 31: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

CFT dual of excited states by bulk local field  [Miyaji‐Numasawa‐Shiba‐Watanabe‐TT 15  (see also Nakayama‐Ooguri 15)]

We can show that the CFT state dual to an bulk excited state  obtained from the bulk scalar field        is 

given by (in the large N limit) :   

Note: this agrees with Kabat‐Lifschytz‐Lowe’s  prescription.

Why ?                 Planck scale cut off   Similar to cMETA IR state 

→cMERA flow ?                        (Full Virasoro Ishibashi state) 

.,),(

State Ishibashi),2( /1 ..

offcut UVsome

)~(2 00

RSLcts

HLLi

CFTJeeg

bulk0),(

[cf.  Verlinde 15]

Page 32: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

⑤ Surface/State Correspondence  [Miyaji‐TT 15]

(5‐1) Basic Principle

Consider Einstein gravity on a d+2 dim. spacetimeM.

We conjecture the following correspondence: 

MH )( GravityMd+2

Σ :  an d dim. convex space‐like surface in Mwhich is closed and  homologically trivial

Σd

A pure state

Page 33: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

Σ BHΣ

ρ(Σ)

Md+2 Md+2

More generally,  the quantum state dual to a convex surface Σ is 

a mixed state 

if Σ is open or       topologically non‐trivial.

On the other hand,  the zero size limit of Σ corresponds to the trivial state |Ω> with no real space entanglement.

Page 34: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

This surface/state correspondence is realized in the ``perfect’’ tensor network description of holography.

This is not well‐defined in discrete MERA.But this is well‐defined in the 

``perfect network’’ in [Pastawski‐Yoshida‐Harlow‐Preskill 15]

Page 35: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

ΣAΣB

ɤAΣ

Σ=ΣA∪ΣB

Md+2

(5‐2) Entanglement Entropy

We can naturally generalize HEE for our setup :

.4

)Area(

],)([Tr ,

A

B

NA

ABA

GS

HHH

Page 36: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(5‐3) Effective Dimension

By dividing the surface Σ into infinitesimally small pieces Σ=∪Ai ,  we easily find: 

.4

)Area( Ni

A GS

i

We interpret this as the log of effective dim. for Σ

This is because          is expected to be maximally entangled(except the dummy states). 

iA

]log[dim effH

Page 37: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(5‐4) Inner Products and Information Metric

Another intriguing physical quantity is an inner productbetween two surfaces. 

Here focus on the two surfaces separated infinitesimally. ⇒ Consider  an information distance between them

'

.),(222 dxdxuxgduRds

The information metric is defined as )(2)()()(1 B

uuGduduuu

Page 38: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

If the metric is x‐independent, we have 

Example 1:  a flat spacetime⇒[u‐Translational inv. ⇒ ] 

Example 2:  an AdS spacetime

.)(1~ 2)( u ud

N

Buu Kxgdx

GG

.0)( BuuG

.)()( uduu

1ddeg)( CFTfor cMERA with Agrees du

ddB

uu eVNG

[Nozaki‐Ryu‐TT 12]: 

Vanishes on extremal surfaces

Extrinsic curvature

Page 39: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

(5‐5) Diffeomorphism in cMERA and SS‐correspondenceWe define

The dual state of a surface expected in SS‐correspondence  is given by the form:

.,..3,2||,~ )n (LLl nnn

.)(ξluug

uguguguKuguK

BduuKiP

nn nu

ug

g

00 with )(exp)( where

,)()()(ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ)(ˆ

,)(ˆexp0

11

0

0

.)(ˆexp)( 0BdssKiPu

gu

u

u 0B

Page 40: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

⑥ Conclusions• Quantum entanglement represents a geometry of quantum state in many‐body systems.

Tensor network  ⇒ Entanglement = geometryBoundary states  ⇔ trivial (point‐like) space

• AdS/MERA duality looks like a zero‐th order approximation. ⇒We need some refinement.  

(1) Integral geometry ?(2) Perfect tensor network ?  ⇒ Surface/State corresp.(3) continuum limit (cMERA) ?

Page 41: Tensor Networks Holography (Review Talk)...International Workshop on Strings, Black Holes and Quantum Info. @TFC, Tohoku U. Sep.7th, 2015 Tensor Networks and Holography (Review Talk)

So many future problems

• Planck scale locality in Tensor Networks ?• Tensor networks for gauge theories ?• Derivation of Einstein eq. (how to describe strongly coupled gauge theories ?)

• Determinations of K(u) in cMERA ?• Perfect Tensor models for real CFTs ?• Holography for more general spacetimes and TNs ?• Applications to black hole information problem ?

::