TENDENCY TOWARDS TEXTBOOKS PURCHASING ONLINE(Research Proposal)

8/9/2019 TENDENCY TOWARDS TEXTBOOKS PURCHASING ONLINE(Research Proposal)

1/14

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2/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig` ?Kirfmik D+ O+ www+KirfmikDO+acm

R@KB@KAV RCWI_BQ R@TROCCEQ XP_ADIQFKG CKLFK@

Riol` cn Ack`kqFkrcbpafck++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1

Lf`ripr` r`~f`w+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

Rribffckil mcf~ifckq ncr qdcxxfkg cklfk`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

B`mcgrixdfaq ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

Qàprfv acka`rkq +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

Lfn`qvl`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0

Lfe`lv c xpradiq`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

Qcafil fknlp`ka` d`crv ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >

@nnà cn qcafil fknlp`ka` ikb Grcpxq t`rfkg xr`qqpr` ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7

Qcafil lìrkfkg d`crv +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4

Il`rfkg fkbf~fbpilq iocp cklfk` xpradiqfkg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4

Xrcol`m qi`m`k++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

_`qìrad cojàf~` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

_`qìrad yp`qfckq+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

_`qìrad nrim`wcre+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++98

_`qìrad dvxcd`q`q++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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M`dcbclcgv +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99

Bii acllàfck m`dcb ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99

_`qìrad b`qfgk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99

Lfmfifck cn qpbv++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9?

Qfgkfnfaika` cn qpbv +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9?

_`n`r`ka`++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++91


3/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig` 1Kirfmik D+ O+ www+KirfmikDO+acm

Fkrcbpafck

Rd` rixfb xrcgr`qq cn Fk`rk` àdkclcgv ikb d` ib`ypi` b`~`lcxm`k cn

`nnàf~` ikb qàpr` rìl fm` `làrckfa xivm`k qvq`mq, xrc~fb` opqfk`qq-

c-ackqpm`r $O?A& acmm`ra` i xrcqx`rcpq cklfk` opqfk`qq `k~frckm`k+ Rdfq

k`w `làrckfa adikk`l diq xrcmfq`b c arì` i l`~`l xlivfkg nf`lb ncr nfrmq

cn ill qfz`q $Wiqck ikb cd`rq, 9664&+ F fq fmxcrik ncr mikig`rq c

pkb`rqikb cklfk` xpradiq` o`di~fcr ikb d` niacrq di fknlp`ka` apqcm`rq+

Rdpq, d` niacrq di fknlp`ka` ifpb`q, qpojàf~` kcrmq ikb o`di~fcr

cwirb cklfk` xpradiqfkg fq fmxcrik ikb xr`bfafkg d` `nnà cn x`rqckilfv

cr lfn`qvl` rifq ck xpradiqfkg o`di~fcr qdcplb o` qpbf`b+

@iad q`m`q`r, acll`g` qpb`kq opv mfllfckq cn `tocceq+ Fk ?880, Rd`

Kifckil Iqqcafifck cn Acll`g` Qcr`q `qfmi`b d` qil`q cn `tocceq fk

acll`g` occeqcr`q c cil mcr` dik ">+4 ofllfck $Kifckil Iqqcafifck cn

Acll`g` Qcr`q, ?88>&+ Fk ibbffck c occeqcr`q, dcw`~`r, cklfk` rìfl`rq,

qpad iq Imizck+acm, ~irqfvocceq+acm ikb ofgwcrbq+acm, ir` kcw aixprfkg

mcr` ikb mcr` cn d` `tocce mire`+ Wdi fq mcf~ifkg dfq o`di~fcr

adikg`, di fq, wdi aipq`q qpb`kq c qwfad d` ribffckil xi`rk cn

xpradiqfkg `tocceq i d` aimxpq qcr` ikb fkqìb xpradiq` d`m cklfk`3Aik xrcoioflfv c mie` xpradiq`q cklfk` o` xr`bfa`b ov i rikg` cn qcafil ikb

x`rqckil adiria`rfqfaq cn ackqpm`rq3

Fk`rk` occeqcr`q iaacmxikvfkg d` `m`rg`ka` cn d` Wcrlb Wfb` Wò

di~` nlcprfqd`b+ Rc xrcmc` occeq ikb c q`r~fa` rìb`rq, Fk`rk` occeqcr`

cwk`rq cn`k mie` i~ifliol` qxia` ck d`fr Wò qf`q wd`r` rìb`rq, `tx`rq,

ikb iaib`mfaq aik rìb ik ioqria, `txr`qq d`fr ~f`wq cr mie` acmm`kq

pxck i xirfaplir occe+ Iaacrbfkg c i k`wq r`xcr fk d` Lckbck @ackcmfq

$?881&, d` kpmo`r cn Fk`rk` occe r`~f`wq fq dpkbr`bq ikb `~`k dcpqikbqcn fm`q di cn d` kpmo`r cn r`~f`wq xpolfqd`b fk xrfk ~`rqfckq $@ackcmfq,

?881&+ Ncr `timxl`, kìrlv dr`` mfllfck r`~f`wq di~` o``k xcq`b ck d`

Imizck occeqcr`q Wò xig` ov fq apqcm`rq ikb d` kpmo`r fq

ackfkpcpqlv fkarìqfkg $Imizck, ?882&+


4/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil


Lf`ripr` r`~f`w

@iad vìr d` Fk`rk` oàcm`q i mcr` nìqfol` xrcbpa-mire`fkg xlincrm+

Mikv mire`fkg irìq, fkalpbfkg occeq ikb `tocceq fkbpqrf`q, ir`

`tx`rf`kafkg niq grcwd fk cklfk` qil`q, wfd cil Fk`rk` qil`q cxxfkg "17

ofllfck fk ?88? $M`è`r ikb Xìrqck, ?8815 `Mire``r, ?882&+ Ildcpgd dfq fq

qfll cklv i xcrfck cn d` qil`q g`k`ri`b ov cklfk` qcr`q, Fk`rk` grcwd fq

illcwfkg cklfk` rìfl`rq c aixpr` i ackqfb`riol` xcrfck cn qil`q fk qcm`

qàcrq+ Ncr `timxl`, 10 x`ra`k cn ill occe qil`q ir` `txà`b c caapr cklfk`

ov ?898 $_c`, ?887&+

Fk bcfkg qc, w` ilqc qdcw di qcm` cn d`q` mcr` ribffckil `txlikifckq cn

xpradiqfkg o`di~fcr, qpad iq xrfafkg, bc kc di~` i qfgkfnfaik fmxia+ Nfkillv,

w` xrcxcq` ib~`rfqfkg ikb mire`fkg qpgg`qfckq ncr ocd ck- ikb cnn-lfk`

`tocce rìfl`rq oiq`b ck qcafil ikb x`ra`xpil alfmi`q+

Rribffckil mcf~ifckq ncr qdcxxfkg cklfk`

B`mcgrixdfaq

B`mcgrixdfaq ir` cn`k ackqfb`r`b wd`k rvfkg c nfkb cp wdv ackqpm`rq

qdcx cklfk`+ Wdfl` mikv qpbf`q ncpkb fkv bfqfkafckq fk xpradiqfkg o`di~fcr

oiq`b ck ig` ikb g`kb`r, d` mcq ackqfb`riol` bfnn`r`ka`q ir` pqpillv

r`li`b c fkacm` ikb `bpaifck qig`q+ Rdcq` wfd dfgd`r r`~`kp` ikb dcq`

wdc di~` iifk`b i dfgd`r l`~`l cn `bpaifck ir` qcm`wdi mcr` `txà`b c

qdcx cklfk` $Lf ikb cd`rq, ?884&+ Dcw`~`r, mcq r`qìrad`rq o`lf`~` di

cd`r niacrq, qpad iq xiq xpradiq` ikb fk`k, ir` nir mcr` fmxcrik ncr

xr`bfafkg qdcxxfkg o`di~fcrq d`k ir` b`mcgrixdfaq+

Qàprfv acka`rkq

Fmxia cn qàprfv ikb xrf~iav acka`rkq

Mikv ìrlf`r qpbf`q ck cklfk` qdcxxfkg diofq di~` xifb i`kfck ck d`

fmxia cn qàprfv ikb xrf~iav acka`rkq c mie` bàfqfck ncr qdcxxfkg cklfk`+

Qcm` qpbf`q di~` ncpkb d`q` acka`rkq c o` i qfgkfnfaik b``rr`k c cklfk`

qdcxxfkg+ I qpbv ov Odikigir ` il+ $?888& ncpkb di x`ra`xfck cn rfqe


5/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil


qfgkfnfaiklv bàrìq`q d` lfe`lfdccb di ik fkbf~fbpil wfll xpradiq` gccbq cr

q`r~fa`q cklfk`+ Rd`v ilqc ncpkb di dfgd`r xrfa`b f`mq ikb `gc-a`krfa f`mq,

cr dcq` f`mq di ir` qrckglv r`xr`q`kif~` cn ck`q`ln, qpad iq alcdfkg cr

aclcgk`, ir` ackqfb`r`b mcr` rfqev, ikb d`r`ncr` ir` l`qq lfe`lv c o`

xpradiq`b cklfk` $Odikigir ikb cd`rq, ?888&+

Cd`r r`qìrad`rq di~` ncpkb xrf~iav ikb qàprfv acka`rkq c o` mpad l`qq

qfgkfnfaiklv r`li`b c d` bàfqfck c qdcx cklfk`+ D`likb`r ikb Edilfb $?888,

?880& ncpkb di wdfl` qpojàq af`b qàprfv iq i acka`rk wd`k qdcxxfkg

cklfk`, d`fr bàfqfck c qdcx cklfk` wiq fknlp`ka`b nprd`r mcr` ov qpad

niacrq iq ack~`kf`ka`, xrcbpa i~iflioflfv ikb acq+ Qfmflirlv, d` Wdirck

^frpil R`q Mire` $W^RM& qpbv qdcw`b di qàprfv acka`rkq bfb kc

innà d` bàfqfck c qdcx cklfk`, ikb w`r` kc fmxcrik xr`bfacrq cn d`

bàfqfck c qdcx cklfk` cr d` imcpk cn mck`v qx`k d`r` $O`llmik ikbcd`rq+, 9666&+

C~`rill, r`qplq nrcm qpbf`q ck d` `nnà cn qàprfv acka`rkq ck d` bàfqfck

c qdcx ir` fkackqfq`k+ @~`k d` Odikigir $?888& qpbf`q di qdcw`b di

qàprfv acka`rkq w`r` mìkfkgnpl wd`k ackqpm`rq ackqfb`r`b qdcxxfkg

cklfk` fkbfai`b di d`q` acka`rkq w`r` mpad mcr` fmxcrik ncr dfgd-acq

f`mq+ Qfka` `tocceq ir` k`fd`r dfgd-acq kcr qifqnv `gca`krfa k``bq, f

q``mq pklfe`lv di qàprfv acka`rkq wcplb xliv i mijcr rcl` fk wd`d`r cr

kc c opv d`m cklfk`+ F k``bq mcr` qpbv c pkb`rqikb+

Lfn`qvl`

Fmxcrik xr`bfacrq cn cklfk` qdcxxfkg

Li`q r`qìrad iq xir cn d` Wdirck ^frpil R`q Mire` $W^RM&

ràcmm`kbq di d` mcq fmxcrik ncràiq`rq cn cklfk` qdcxxfkg fkalpb`b

lìbfkg i wfr`b lfn`qvl` ikb o`fkg qir~`b ncr fm` $O`llmik ` il+, 9666&+

Rdcq` wdc lìb i wfr`b lfn`qvl` fkalpb` dcq` wdc pq` d` Fk`rk` ncr cd`rrìqckq qpad iq wcre, k`wq ikb acmmpkfaifckq+ Qpad x`cxl` di~` o``k ck

d` Fk`rk` ncr q`~`ril vìrq ikb cn`k rà`f~` i lirg` kpmo`r cn `-mifl

m`qqig`q i biv+ Rd`v ilqc ir` lfe`lv c o` ìrlv ibcx`rq cn i ~irf`v cn dfgd

àdkclcgv b`~fa`q+ Nfkillv, ikb mcq fmxcriklv, dcq` lìbfkg i wfr`b

lfn`qvl` ir` qfgkfnfaiklv mcr` ìg`r c di~` ck` cr mcr` xpradiq`q cklfk`+

Rd`v ir` lfe`lv c ~f`w d` Fk`rk` iq ik `ta`ll`k xlia` c r`qìrad, qìrad ncr

ikb opv gccbq+


6/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig` >Kirfmik D+ O+ www+KirfmikDO+acm

Rfm` qir~ifck fq ilqc ik fmxcrik xr`bfacr cn cklfk` qdcxxfkg+ Rdcq` wfd

lfl` fm`, fkalpbfkg dcq` wdc wcre lckg dcprq ikb dcq` wfd i kpmo`r cn

bpf`q, `kb c di~` lfl` fm` c r`qìrad ikb opv dfkgq fk ribffckil qcr`q

$O`llmik ` il+, 9666&+ Iq qpad, dcq` x`cxl` `kb c gc cklfk` c r`qìrad ikb

qdcx ncr xrcbpaq+

Qfmflirlv, Kf`lqck $?88>& ncpkb di ack~`kf`ka` ikb o`fkg ìqv c pq` w`r`

d` mijcr rìqckq di x`cxl` xpradiq` cklfk`+ _`qxckb`kq c Kf`lqckq

$?88>& qpr~`v fkbfai`b di d` xrcmfq` cn lcw xrfa`q iria`b d`m c cklfk`

rìfl`rq, op miefkg d` qdcxxfkg `tx`rf`ka` ìqv, xlìqik ikb ack~`kf`k

w`r` d` mifk rìqckq d`v iapillv xpradiq`b, rid`r dik orcwq`b, i i

xirfaplir qf`+

Lfe`lv c xpradiq`

Ildcpgd kck` cn d`q` qpbf`q o`lckgq c qxàfnfaillv c d` aiq` cn `tocce

xpradiqfkg, f q``mq di dcq` wdc xpradiq` cd`r f`mq cklfk` ir` lfe`lv c

ilqc xpradiq` `tocceq cklfk`+ F iq w`ll q``mq lfe`lv di dcq` wdc di~`

ncpkb d` Fk`rk` c o` mcr` ack~`kf`k, l`qq qr`qq`b, ikb ik cd`rwfq`

xlìqik xlia` c qdcx wcplb ilqc o` mcr` `txà`b c qìrad cklfk` ncr

`tocceq+ Rd`r`ncr`, mv nfrq dvxcd`qfq r`li`q c xr`~fcpq cklfk` qdcxxfkg

iq i xr`bfacr ncr cklfk` `tocce qdcxxfkg:

D9+ Ncrm`r `tx`rf`ka` ck cklfk` xpradiqfkg fq xcqff~`lv lfke`b c d` adika`

cn i x`rqck ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk +

Qcafil fknlp`ka` d`crv

Qcm` r`qìrad`rq ackalpb`b di Wò ackqpm`rq ir` lfe`lv c qdcx cklfk` c

qi~` fm` ikb#cr mck`v, op wdi iocp dcq` ackqpm`rq wdc qdcx cklfk`

wd`k ik `ypillv fm`- ikb acq-`nnfaf`k il`rkif~` fq xr`q`k3 Fk aiq` cn

`tocce xpradiqfkg, d` fm` qx`k fk qìradfkg ncr d` ixxrcxrfi` occeq fq`txà`b c o` qfmflir, r`girbl`qq cn wd`d`r d` qpb`k adccq`q c qdcx fk

d` aimxpq occeqcr` cr drcpgd ik cklfk` `tocce q`ll`r+ Fn fm` nrcm

xpradiq` cklfk` pkfl pq` fq ie`k fkc iaacpk, cklfk` `tocce qdcxxfkg acplb

o` ackqfb`r`b l`qq fm`-`nnfaf`k dik fq cnnlfk` acpk`rxir+ Qfmflirlv, d` acq

cn `tocceq xpradiq`b cklfk` fq kc qfgkfnfaiklv bfnn`r`k nrcm d` acq cn

`tocceq xpradiq`b fk d` aimxpq qcr` $Ncpaipl ikb cd`rq, ?887&+ Alìrlv,

cd`r niacrq di~` i rcl` fk d` bàfqfck miefkg c qdcx cklfk`+ Rribffckil

acmmpkfaifck d`crf`q, qpad iq qcafil lìrkfkg d`crv, qcafil fknlp`ka` d`crv

aik o` ixxlf`b c k`w m`bfi ikb d`lx pq fb`kfnv d`q` fqqp`q+


7/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil


Qcafil fknlp`ka` d`crv, oiq`b ck d` acka`x cn kcrmif~` qcafil fknlp`ka`,

o`lf`~`q di grcpxq ir` gc~`rk`b ov q`q cn rpl`q $d` kcrmq& di qxàfnv

qpfiol` o`di~fcrq ikb iafckq+ Fkbf~fbpilq ir` xr`qqpr`b c acmxlv wfd d`

kcrmq cn d`fr acmmpkfv ikb r`~ìl qpfiol` o`di~fcrq iq xr`qarfo`b+ Rdcq`

wdc bc kc ackncrm ir` q``k iq bfnn`r`k ikb d`v ir` qpojà c rfbfapl`,`moirriqqm`k, ikb plfmi`lv, r`jàfck+ Rd` nìr cn qikafck q`r~`q iq i

xcw`rnpl ccl ncr `kncrafkg grcpx ~ilp`q ikb xrcmc`q qrckg ackncrmfv c

grcpx kcrmq $Irckqck ikb cd`rq, 9667&+

@nnà cn qcafil fknlp`ka` ikb Grcpxq `t`rfkg xr`qqpr`

Rdfq d`crv diq o``k `q`b fk cklv i ~`rv qmill kpmo`r cn cklfk` qdcxxfkg

qpbf`q+ Lfmiv`m ikb cd`rq $?888 ikb ?880& ackbpa`b wc qpbf`q di

b`mckqri`b d` `nnà cn qcafil fknlp`ka` ck d` bàfqfck miefkg c qdcxcklfk`+ Rd`v ncpkb di x`ra`f~`b kcrmq bfb xliv i rcl` fk d` bàfqfck c

xpradiq` cklfk`, qxàfnfaillv wfd r`girb c nimflv fknlp`ka`q+ Ildcpgd d`v bfb

kc nfkb nrf`kb fknlp`ka` c o` i qfgkfnfaik niacr, d`v ncpkb di d` xr`q`ka`

cn ik Fk`rk`-qpxxcrf~` `k~frckm`k, fkalpbfkg nrf`kbq wdc qdcxx`b cklfk`,

fkarìq` d` lfe`lfdccb cn miefkg ik cklfk` xpradiq` $Lfmiv`m, ?888&+ Fk

ibbffck, Erip ` il+ $?887& ncpkb i qfgkfnfaik lfke o`w``k x`ra`f~`b kcrmq

ikb fk`kfckq c qdcx cklfk`+ Rd`v ncpkb di x`cxl` ir` fk`r`q`b c pq` d`

Fk`rk` ncr qdcxxfkg fn d`v di~` i qpxxcrf~` qcafil `k~frckm`k, fkalpbfkg

r`lif~`q ikb nrf`kbq wdc qdcx cklfk` $Erip ikb cd`rq, ?887&+

Fk d` qxàfnfa aiq` cn `tocce xpradiqfkg, dcw`~`r, d` grcpxq wdc ir`

`t`rfkg xr`qqpr` miv o` qcm`wdi bfnn`r`k dik d` grcpxq fk yp`qfck ncr

cd`r cklfk` qdcxxfkg bàfqfckq+ Alìrlv, nrf`kbq acplb xc`kfillv `t`r

ackqfb`riol` fknlp`ka` ck d` `tocce xpradiqfkg bàfqfck, jpq iq d`

fknlp`ka` cn nrf`kbq' niacrq fkc ill cklfk` xpradiqfkg bàfqfckq+ Dcw`~`r, f

q``mq di xir`kil ikb nimflv fknlp`ka` wcplb kc xliv ik fmxcrik rcl` fk

dfq aiq`+ Oàipq` mikv qpb`kq ir` iwiv nrcm dcm` ikb nimflv, f wcplb o`bfnnfapl ncr d`q` grcpxq c o` ~`rv fknlp`kfil fk d` bàfqfck c xpradiq`

`tocceq wd`d`r ck- cr cnn-lfk`+ Fkqìb, kcrmq b``rmfk`b ov acll`g`

xrcn`qqcrq iq c ixxrcxrfi` `tocce xpradiqfkg cpl`q ir` lfe`lv c fknlp`ka`

d` `tocce opvfkg bàfqfck+ Rd`r`ncr`, d` k`t dvxcd`q`q bìlq wfd d`

`nnà cn qcafil xr`qqpr` $qcafil fknlp`ka`& ck cklfk` `tocce xpradiqfkg

bàfqfckq:


8/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil


D?+ Qcafil fknlp`ka`q ncr cklfk` `tocce xpradiqfkg ir` xcqff~`lv lfke`b c

d` adika` cn i x`rqck ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+

Qcafil lìrkfkg d`crv

Dpmikq lìrk ov coq`r~fkg o`di~fcrq

I lc cn qpbf`q o`gfkkfkg wfd Mfll`r ikb Bcllirb $9629& di~` qdcwk di

dpmikq lìrk ov coq`r~fkg d` o`di~fcrq cn cd`rq+ Rd` ìrlv Mfll`r ikb

Bcllirb qpbf`q qdcw`b di fmfif~` lìrkfkg caaprr`b wd`k coq`r~`rq xfae`b

px ck `k~frckm`kil qfgkq ikb fmfi`b d`m fk x`rqckil o`di~fcrq+ Oikbpri

$9679& `txikb`b ck d`q` qpbf`q c fkalpb` dr`` bfnn`r`k wivq di qcafil

lìrkfkg mfgd caapr+

Nfrq, drcpgd coq`r~ifckq, fkbf~fbpilq aik g` k`w o`di~fcrq qfmxlv ov

wiadfkg d` o`di~fcr r`xr`q`k`b ov cd`rq+

Qàckb, ~f`wfkg ik fkbf~fbpil o`fkg xpkfqd`b ncr qdcwfkg i qxàfnfa

o`di~fcr aik di~` ik fkdfofcrv `nnà, ikb bàrìq`q d` r`kb di

~f`w`rq wfll ràrì` di o`di~fcr+

Nfkillv, ~f`wfkg ik fkbf~fbpil rà`f~` i r`wirb ncr i drì`kfkg cr

xrcdfof`b o`di~fcr aik di~` i bfq-fkdfofcrv `nnà, ikb qfgkfnfaiklv

fkarìq` d` r`kb di ik fkbf~fbpil wfll r`xì di o`di~fcr $Oirik ikb

Bi~fq, 9660&+

Il`rfkg fkbf~fbpilq iocp cklfk` xpradiqfkg

Ildcpgd d`r` ir` lfmf`b r`qìrad`q fk d` irì `qxàfillv fk aiq` cn

mire`fkg ikb ib~`rfqfkg, f q``mq ~`rv `txà`b di qcafil lìrkfkg acplb

innà cklfk` xpradiqfkg diofq fk i ~irf`v cn wivq+ Rd` mcq oiqfa wiv di

acplb o` fknlp`kafkg d` bàfqfck c qdcx cklfk` wcplb o` il`rfkg fkbf~fbpilq

di d` xcqqfoflfv cn cklfk` xpradiqfkg `~`k `tfqq+ Fk dfq aiq` f mìkq d`

ekcwl`bg` cn `tfqfkg cklfk` `tocce rìfl`rq+ Co~fcpqlv, fn ik fkbf~fbpil diq

kc ekcwk drcpgd nrf`kbq cr d` m`bfi di d`r` fq ik il`rkif~` c cnn-lfk`

`tocce xpradiqfkg, d` cr qd` acplb kc qdcw d` o`di~fcr+ Rd`r`ncr`, d`

dfrb dvxcd`qfq bìlq wfd iwir`k`qq cn cklfk` rìfl`rq:


9/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil


D1+ Iwir`k`qq cn ck` cr mcr` cklfk` `tocce rìfl`rq fq xcqff~`lv acrr`li`b

wfd d` lfe`lfdccb cn ik fkbf~fbpil ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+

Xrcol`m qi`m`k

_`qìrad cojàf~`

Fk ik `nncr c ackrfop` c d` r`lif~`lv qmill xccl cn cklfk` mire`fkg ikb

qil`q r`qìrad, dfq qpbv ncapq`q ck d` qcafil niacrq fknlp`kafkg d` bàfqfck

c xpradiq` `tocceq cklfk` iq ik cojàf~`+ Pqfkg d`crf`q qpad iq qcafil

mcf~ifck d`crv, qcafil lìrkfkg d`crv iq i d`cr`fail oiaegrcpkb, dfqqpbv xrc~fb`q i nrim`wcre ncr nppr` ib~`rfqfkg ikb ackqpm`r r`qìrad,

b`mckqrifkg dcw x``rq, ipdcrff`q, x`rqckil x`ra`xfckq, ikb xiq

xpradiqfkg o`di~fcrq fknlp`ka` d` lfe`lfdccb c qdcx cklfk`+ F ilqc

fk~`qfgi`q dcw xr`bfacrq cn cklfk` qdcxxfkg fb`kfnf`b fk xr`~fcpq r`qìrad,

qpad iq b`mcgrixdfaq ikb qàprfv acka`rkq, fknlp`ka` `tocce xpradiqfkg

bàfqfckq+

_`qìrad yp`qfckq

Rd` ypfaelv `txikbfkg cklfk` mire`xlia` diq cx`k`b d` bccrq ncr k`w

g`kr`q cn ackqpm`r r`qìrad+ Rd` yp`qfck nr`yp`klv iqe`b fk dfq r`qìrad fq

wdi bc`q mcf~i` ackqpm`rq c qdcx ck d` Wò+ Ildcpgd d` r`qìrad

xccl fq qfll ypf` qmill, mikv r`qìrad`rq di~` bfqac~`r`b di lcw`r acq ikb

o``r xrcbpa i~iflioflfv ir` wc mifk rìqckq wdv x`cxl` opv cklfk`+ Op,

wdi fn d`q` niacrq ir` kc qfgkfnfaik, iq fq d` aiq` wd`k acmxirfkg ck- ikb

cnn-lfk` `tocce xpradiqfkg+ Rd`r` fq kc qifqfaillv ackqfb`riol` xrfa`

ib~ikig` c xpradiq` `tocceq cklfk`, gf~`k di `tocceq aik o`

xpradiq`b fk d` aimxpq qcr` $Ncpaipl ikb cd`rq, ?887&+ V`, qpb`kq

xpradiq` `tocceq cklfk`, qc d` yp`qfck acplb o` wdi ir` d` cd`r

xcqqfol` niacrq mcf~ifkg qpb`kq c prk c d` Fk`rk` ncr d`fr `tocce

k``bq+


10/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig`

98Kirfmik D+ O+ www+KirfmikDO+acm

_`qìrad nrim`wcre

F^ B^

_`qìrad dvxcd`q`q

Iq m`kfck`b o`ncr` oiq`b ck d`q` d`crf`q ikb xrfcr r`qìrad`q, d` oiqfa

dvxcd`q`q aik o` iq o`llcw:

D9+ Xr`~fcpq xcqff~` cklfk` xpradiq` fq xcqff~`lv acrr`li`b wfd d` adika`

cn ik fkbf~fbpil ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+

D?+ Qcafil fknlp`ka`q ncr cklfk` `tocce xpradiqfkg ir` xcqff~`lv acrr`li`b

wfd d` lfe`lfdccb cn ik fkbf~fbpil ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+

D1+ Iwir`k`qq cn ck` cr mcr` cklfk` `tocce rìfl`rq fq xcqff~`lv

acrr`li`b wfd d` lfe`lfdccb cn ik fkbf~fbpil ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+

Xr`~fcpq tx`rf`ka`q

Qcafil fknlp`ka`q

Iwir`k`qq cn cklfk`

`tocce rìfl`rq

Xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`


11/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig`


M`dcbclcgv

Bii acllàfck m`dcb

Qimxlfkg: Rd` qpbv pq`q Milivqfik pkf~`rqff`q qpb`kq $lcail ikb

fk`rkifckil& iq qpojàq oàipq` d`v ilmcq ill pq` Fk`rk`+ Rd`v wfll o`

gf~`k i q` cn yp`qfckkifr`+ Rd` bii wfll o` acllà`b nrcm 90 mijcr

pkf~`rqff`q $Ixx`kbfa`q I&, pqfkg d` ypci ikb ack~`kf`ka` qimxlfkg

m`dcb, imckg `k x`ra`k cn qpb`k xcxplifckq nrcm ìad acll`g`+ Qimxl`

qfz` q`là`b oiq`b ck d` arf`rfi q` iaacrbfkg c _cqac`'q rpl` cn

dpmo $Qèirik ikb Ocpgf` ?898&+ Rd` r`qxckb`kq wfll o` iqe`b qcm`

yp`qfckq c `lfaf d`fr mijcr adiria`rfqfaq ikb b`mcgrixdfaq, lfn`qvl`,

x`rqckilfv, Qàprfv acka`rkq ikb qcafil fknlp`ka` ncr lìrk iocp d`fr

ifpb`q iocp `tocce xpradiqfkg cxfckq ikb c pkac~`r xcqqfol`

mcf~ifckq ncr xpradiqfkg `tocceq cklfk`+ F acmofk`b i q`rf`q cn alcq`b-

`kb`b yp`qfckq wfd cx`k-`kb`b ikb nr`` ràill yp`qfckq+

_`qìrad b`qfgk

Xirfafxikq wfll o` adcq`k nrcm acll`g` qpb`kq, pkb`rgribpi` qpb`kq,

xcq-gribpi` qpb`kq, ikb XdB qpb`kq cn m`kfck`b pkf~`rqfv rikbcmlv

ikb d`v wfll ikqw`r yp`qfckkifr`q ck mitfmpm ?8 mfkp`q+

Rd` QXQQ ~`r+ 9> wfll o` pq`b c ikilvz` ikb bii fk`rxrìfck+ Ill ikilvq`q

ikb iol`q wfll xr`q`k oiq`b ck Adf-qypir` qifqfaq+ Ncr ikilvzfkg D9 c D2

w` wfll ixxlv qimxl` mìk, mplfxl` r`gr`qqfck ikb Ac`nnfaf`k cn Acrr`lifck

$_& c `q d` r`lfioflfv cn mìqpr`q w`r` ncpkb c o` qpnnfaf`klv r`lfiol` ncr

ikilvqfq+


12/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig`

9?Kirfmik D+ O+ www+KirfmikDO+acm

Lfmfifck cn qpbv

Rdfq qpbv ncapq`b ck pkf~`rqfv qpb`kq fk Milivqfi oàipq` d`v qpxxcq` c

o` d` lirg`q grcpx cn Fk`rk` occeqcr` pq`rq fk Milivqfi iaacrbfkg c i

qpr~`v acmxl``b ov d` Milivqfik Acmmpkfaifckq ikb Mplfm`bfi

Acmmfqqfck iocp d` Fk`rk` Pqig` $MAMA, ?884&+ Rdpq, d` r`qplq miv

kc xr`bfa d` mire` ackqpm`rq o`di~fcr+

Rdfq qpbv pq`b ncapq grcpxq c fk~`qfgi` ifpb`q ikb x`ra`f~`b o`di~fcril

ackrcl f`mq o`ncr` acllàfkg ikv bii+ Op qcm` nifl`b r`qxckq`q miv di~`xrcbpa`b i qimxlfkg `rrcr+

Nfkillv, dfq wcre b`nfk`q Fk`rk` occeqcr`q g`k`rillv5 dcw`~`r, bfnn`r`k

lfn`qvl`q miv r`qpl fk bfnn`r`k xr`n`r`ka`q cwirbq bfnn`r`k Fk`rk`

occeqcr`q+

Qfgkfnfaika` cn qpbv

Rdfq qpbv `txà`b c fkarìq` d` aprr`k ocbv cn ekcwl`bg` ov fk~`qfgifkg

ck qcafil ikb fkpff~` fknlp`ka`q di `tfq fk aprr`k cklfk` ackqpm`r

mire`fkg r`qìrad+ Rd` qpbv cplfk`q xr`bfacrq cn cklfk` xpradiqfkg oiq`b

ck mcf~ifck d`crf`q briwk nrcm ribffckil cklfk` ackqpm`r mcf~ifck

r`qìrad+ F ilqc xr`q`kq fmxcrik fmxlfaifckq ncr mire`fkg ikb cklfk`rìflfkg+ Rd` nfkbfkg mfgd o` pq`npl ncr ill qaf`kfnfa fkqfp`q, cklfk`

mire``rq, xpolfaifckq, pkf~`rqff`q ikb occe rìfl`rq+


13/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig`


_`n`r`ka`

Ikckvmcpq, Imi`prq ck Imizck, @ackcmfq 10? $?881&: >0+

Imizck+acm Occeq $?882&, I~ifliol` i: dx:##www+imizck+acm#

`tà#cofbcq#g#orcwq`#-#?41900#r`n%1Bio%0No%0No%0N1#88?-

9491824-2>?1??2+

Oikbpri, I+ $9679&, Xqvadclcgfail Mcb`lfkg: Acknlfafkg Rd`crf`q, Ilbfk`

Id`rck, Adfaigc, FL+, +

Oirik, Q+J+, Bi~fq, B+E+ $9660&, Miqq Acmmpkfaifck Rd`crv, Wibqwcrd,

O`lmck, AI+, +

Odikigir, I+, Mfqri, Q+, D+_+ $?888&, /Ck rfqe, ack~`kf`ka`, ikb Fk`rk`

qdcxxfkg o`di~fcr/, Acmmpkfaifckq cn d` IAM, ^cl+ 21 Kc+99, xx+64-

980+

$?882&, `Mire``r, `Mire``r: d` Àcmm`ra` O?A r`xcr,

www+`mire``r+acm, +

Ncpaipl, O+, L`~v, K+, _fnefk, I+, Qflnf`q, J+ $?887&, /Acmxirfqck cn

`tocce xrfa`q ov rìfl`r ikb ov acll`g`/, Acrk`ll Pkf~`rqfv, Fdiai,

KV+, Wcrefkg xix`r, +
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353360.353371


14/14

_`qìrad Xrcxcqil

Xig`

Lf, D+, Epc, A+, _pqq`ll, M+G+ $?884&, /Rd` fmxia cn x`ra`f~`b adikk`l

pflff`q, qdcxxfkg crf`kifckq, ikb b`mcgrixdfaq ck d` ackqpm`rq

cklfk` opvfkg o`di~fcr/,

www+iqapqa+crg#jama#~cl0#fqqp`?#difrckg+dml, +

Miqlcw, I+D+ $9602&, Mcf~ifck ikb X`rqckilfv, Dirx`r, K`w Vcre,

KV+,+

M`è`r, I+, Xìrqck, Q+ $?881&, Rd` Fk`rk` _ìflfkg _`xcr, Mcrgik

Qikl`v Bìk Wf`r, K`w Vcre, KV,

www+mq+acm#fkqfgd#mfqa#fk`rìfl+dml, +

Mfll`r, K+@+, Bcllirb, J+ $9629&, Qcafil Lìrkfkg ikb Fmfifck, Vil`

Pkf~`rqfv Xr`qq, K`w Di~`k, AR+, +

Kifckil Iqqcafifck cn Acll`g` Qcr`q $?880&, KIAQ Fkbpqrv Nfkikafil

_`xcr ?880, www+kiaq+crg#xpolfa#r`qìrad#dfgd`rS`bSrìfl+iqx, +

Kf`lqck, J+ $?88>&, /Wdv x`cxl` qdcx ck d` Wò/, Jieco Kf`lqckqIl`roct, www+pq`f+acm#il`roct#668?87+dml, +

_cqgr`k, E+@+ $9672&, /Pq`q ikb grifnfaifckq: i xiribfgm cplfk`b/, fk

Olpm`r, J+, Eiz, @+ $@bq&,Rd` Pq`q cn Miqq Acmmpkfaifck, Qig`

Xpolfaifckq, Lckbck, xx+?>6-49+

Rckfi X`rì v Mckqpw`, O`k`bfa G+A+ B`lli`r, Ec b` _pv`r

,Fk`rkifckil Jcprkil cn Q`r~fa` Fkbpqrv

Mikig`m`k,?882 ,^clpm`: 90
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233.htmhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233.htmhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233/15http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233/15http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233.htmhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233.htm

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