temple construction -pdf

7/25/2019 temple construction -pdf

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References:

1. Dagens, Bruno. 1986. Mayamata: An Indian Treatise on Housing Architecture and Iconography.New

Delhi: Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Scientific Research,

2.Bharne, Vinayak &Krusche , Krupali. : Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India

3. Vardia, Shweta.2008 ,Building Science of Indian Temple Architecture

4. Prof. SKR Rao, Temple Architecture -Devalaya Vastu

5. Ram Raz, On The Architecture of Hindus

presented by:Ar. Fathima Rishin Razak3rd Sem, M.Arch (Architecture Education)SMMCA, Nagpur


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Temple Construction : From Design to Execution

Upapitha

Adisthana

Garbhagriha

Shikhara

Pillars

Mandapa

Layout


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Steps in Temple Construction:

1. Bhu pariksha: Examining and choosing location and soil for temple and town. The land shouldbe fertile and soil suitable.

2. Sila pariksha: Examining and choosing material for image

3. Karshana: Corn or some other crop is grown in the place first and is fed to cows. Then thelocation is fit for town/temple construction.

4. Vastu puja: Ritual to propitiate vastu devata.

5. Salyodhara: Undesired things are dug out.

6. Adyestaka: Laying down the first stone

7. Nirmana: Then foundation is laid and land is purified by sprinkling water. A pit is dug, watermixed with navaratnas, navadhanyas, navakhanijas is then put in and pit is filled. Then thetemple is constructed.

8. Murdhestaka sthapana: Placing the top stone over the prakara, gopura etc. This again involvescreating cavities filled with gems minerals seeds etc. and then the pinnacles are placed.

9.

Garbhanyasa: A pot made of five metals (pancaloha kalasa sthapana) is installed at the place ofmain deity.

10.Sthapana: Then the main deity is installed.

11.Pratistha: The main deity is then charged with life/god-ness.

Site Selection and

Preparation forConstruction

ActualConstruction

SanctifyingCeremony
http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Devatahttp://www.hindupedia.com/en/Vastu


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Temple Design:

Construction Process:

1. The planning of the temple by architect

2. the carving of different parts

3. assembling the parts

prepares list of all parts that go into details oftemple -figures, beams, brackets etc.

carves the parts and segments as per drawings,designs, specifications and guidelines

parts are transported to construction site

parts are assembled with joints -mortise

and tenon joint, lap joint etc.

mortise and tenon joint allow space forstones to expand in heat or even vibratemodestly without moving from itsposition

Design Team:

Acharya Sthapati

Sutragrahin

Takshaka

Vardhakin

Workmen

Sthapaka


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Process:

2. The carving of different partsQuarrying of Stone:

cut a series of pocketsalong the surface of the

stone

filling themwith wood,

watering thewoods

regularly.

wood swells andmakes a crack along

the holes.Transportation:-with wooden rollers drawn byelephants/ humans- floated on wooden bargealong rivers and canals

2.1 Cutting and carving the stone:

carving each stone piece -slow, tedious and work of patience

4 different phases:

1. team of stone masonswill cut stone blocks to appropriate size.2. team of carverswill give basic shape to stone

3. Sculptorsgive them final form along with joinery details4. during assembling time, these details are made fine and correct

to make a proper joint.

2.2 Drawings of Stone:

- drawings on stone made by sharpened coal piece and bamboo

shoot dipped in any colouring agents like lime, ink,redoxide etc.

- long straight lines are marked by soaking the thread incolouring agent and then stretching from one end to other andsnapped.

- after every phase of carving, more lines are made for the canvasto detail the stones.

2.3 Polishing the stone: - final phase, takes 12 -20 days to complete- done using stone bars slowly and patience

fine chiselled surface islevelled using differentcategories of stone bars

washedcleaned to removestains and dirt


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Process of Temple Buiding:

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1. Pada Vinyasa

the land considered for templeconstruction has a square (4:4) or rectangle

(4:5,4:6,4:7,4:8) ratio for breadth to length

first drafted on planning sheets and laterdrawn upon the earth (site)

ground divided into 81 cells, by drawing10 lines from east to west and 10 from bothto south (if square layout and (9X9) isselected).

4

4

5 6 7 8

4

4

1

81

N

N

9X9

Paramasayika

- Garbhagriha

- Brahma pada

- devika pada

- manusha pada

- paishachika pada

2. Garbhadhana:

Foundation pit is dig with not less than 2mdepth

Adyestaka : laying of first foundation stonein the NW corner

stones are fully packed (one above theother) below the sanctum

portion below garbhagriha is filled 3/4th

3. Agni Hotra:

sanctifying ceremony

stone slab - Adhara shila

golden box embedded in earthfoundation stones below

main diety

..actualconstruction startswith assembling ofparts


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Temple Layout:

Garbhagriha:

North India

orthogonal gridsof mandalas areused

South India

Vesara Style:


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Elements of Temple:

Upapitha / Jagati:

usually high plinth to give respect to the temple

made using layers of stones of good quality

Construction:-plinth stones are placed above foundation stone

and it act as retaining wall for the rubble compactedearth within plinth area of structure.

-above this compacted rubble are laid stone slabsof thickness 20-30 cm, for flooring.

-stones are placed one above the other and madestable with the self weight (3-10 layers)

-top most course has groover for pillar bases

Proportions:

Types: Vedibhadra

Pratibhadra

Manchabhadra

Adisthana / Pitha:Cumbhabandha

Rhutabandha

Pratibandha

Pattabandha

ManchabandhaSribandha

3. Assembling the parts


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Mandovara / Pada:

wall that connects base to the shikhara

Proportions:

generally, width : height = 1:1 (Aparachitaprecha)

divided into 44 parts with mouldings

Construction:

-structural stone masonry, withinterlocking of stones with mortice andtenon joint

-Through stone is provided for extrastability

-Stone slabs are cut, dressed andcarved and used as facing stones.

-Stone thickness varies from 30 -450cmand wall thickness 80-120cm

Proportions of Garbhagriha:grid considered is 4X4 or 8X8 -(vastu purusha mandala) ,considered auspicious for both horizontal and vertical proportions

basic unit of measurement is 1 danda = 180cm, (human proportion)width X length =180 X 180 cms (1:1)width of sanctum wall would be 60 cmsouter dimension of sanctum = 300 cms

6 ft

180 cms

4

44

Garbhagriha - plan

Garbhagriha - view

mesayuddha - mortice and tenon joint in stones in wall

Through Stone

Elements of Temple:


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Shikhara / Vimana:

the most distinctive part of hindu temple pyramidical structure built over the garbhagriha stepped, curvilinear / conical in North, and

pyramidical in South

Construction:

-The horizontal courses one above the other arestepped inwards and progressive forward to coverthe space.

-The sikhara is usually hollow from inside or in

some cases filled with rubble.-The apex of the superstructure is mounted by a

single piece of stone

corbelling construction system

Constructing of shikhara:based on curvature / rekha

1. Candrasala Rekha

2. Udayakala Rekha

relation between width of wall and height of shikhara

Proportions:

relation between garbhagriha and Shikhara

- area of shikhara is divided into 16 (4X4)if width of sanctum is 2, then width and height

of shikhara is 4 and 2/3rdof total height

wall and shikara are collectively divided into 20 parts

2

44

4

8 geometric progression: width of garbhagriha :

width of shikhara :height of shikhara =2:4:8

3

Elements of Temple:


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Types:

based onposture of deity

sthanaca (erect)

asana (sitting)

sayana (recumbent)

based on materials

sudha (pure)

misra (mixed)

sancirna (anomalous)

based onmagnitude

santica 7 10

panstica 6 9

jayada 5 8

atbhuta 4 7

sarvacama 3 6

breadth height

(units)

(units)

based on shape

Phamsana

latina

sekhari

NorthIndia

SouthIndia

kutina

shala

abovegarbhagriha

abovemandala

kalasa

amalasaraka

griva

skatha

candarasala

parts of shikhara

Elements of Temple:


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Columns & Beams:

consists of tall, slender, free-standing,beam supporting columns, pillars andpilasters.

based on cross section

square

circular

polygonal} faceted

scalloped fluted

lobed

staggered

stellate

parts of column

Types:

Proportions:

Construction:monolithic structures,

divided into 5 parts and joint bymortise and tenon joints.

vahana/pedestal

ghata/base

shaft

padma/capital

uttaroshtha/entablature

height ofcolumn

based on dimensionsand ornamentations

chitra -kanthapadma -kantha

chitra -stambha

palika sthambha

kumbha-stambha

Elements of Temple:

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Mandapas:

pillared halls

Construction:

trabeated system of construction

-horizontal and vertical members are used and stability is achievedby massive arrangement of vertical elements and heavy cross beams

-Roofing: stone slabs laid horizontally, spanning from onesupporting beam or wall to another

-Ceiling: deliberately confined to the overlapping of one stone

course with another

laying of diagonal and square stone course to producedesigns with rotating and diminishing squares.

South IndiaNorth India

Types:antarala / ardhamandapa -narrow pavilion

navaranga / nrittamandapa- big hall for singing anddancing etc.

sanapana mantapa - hall forceremonial purpose

mukha mantapa - openingpavilion

view from interior

Pproportion:

reflects the grid usedfor the garbhagriha

Elements of Temple:

Documents

temple construction -pdf