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Temperature of StreamSite (upstream to
downstream)Temperature (°C) Average (°C)
1 14.9°C
14.48°C2 15.5°C3 14.3°C4 14.2°C5 13.5°C
According to the data collected, the average temperature was 14.48°C. For a stream to be
considered healthy the temperature should be below 16°C and above 10°C. All of the data was within the
range of 13°C to 15.5°C. This is an ideal range for most stream organisms to live.
Dissolved Oxygen of StreamTemperature (°C) Color & ppm Percent Saturation
14.3°C Peach & 4 ppm 39%
The data that we collected showed that the dissolved oxygen was 4ppm at a temperature of 14°C . This then equates to a saturation of 39%. On a scale of 0ppm to 11ppm, zero meaning there is not enough oxygen to
sustain wildlife, and eleven meaning the best conditions for wildlife, 4ppm is considered mid-range quality
allowing for certain types of stream organisms to survive.
Trial Number Water Temperature (Degrees Celsius)
Oxygen (mg per liter)
Percent Saturation
1 10.7 6.4 57.0%
2 10.7 5.0 45.0%
3 10.7 4.6 41.0%
4 10.7 4.6 41.0%
Dissolved Oxygen
*Levels of 4-5 mg/L are needed to support a wide variety.
Nitrates
• Trial 1: <5ppm• The healthy range of nitrates is 5ppm or lower• This indicates that the stream has a healthy
level of nitrates
Vertebrates
• We collected 4 fish samples, 3 were bluegill, and 1 was a green sunfish
• All these fish are moderately tolerant of pollution
• This indicates that the stream is at most moderately pollutant, but could also be non polluted
Copper, Nitrate, Chlorine, Iron, and Conductivity
Location In Stream 0 meters 2 meters 4 meters
Copper (ppm) 0 0 0
Nitrate (ppm) 0 0 0
Chlorine (ppm) 0 0 0
Iron (ppm) 0 0 0
Conductivity 917-926 917-926 917-926
Healthy Ranges:Copper: 1-10 ppbNitrate: 5 or less ppmChlorine: 0.01 or less ppmIron: 0.3 or less ppmConductivity: 150-500 μS/cm
Based on our results, the stream has healthy levels of nitrates, iron, copper, and chlorine, but has an unhealthy level of conductivity.
FLOW CYCLE
Overall the flow cycle was poor in all areas. Not only was it slow, but it showed little difference in different depths. In a healthy
stream, the water would move slower in deeper areas and faster in shallow areas as shown here only with a larger difference.
Depth Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Averages
18.5 cm 44.31 seconds
53.41 seconds
47.94 seconds
.104 m/sec
26 cm 78.15 seconds
81.37 seconds
66.91 seconds
.067 m/sec
32 cm 77.19 seconds
84.34 seconds
82.17 seconds
.062 m/sec
Plant Species VariationLocation Number of different Plant Species
Area 1 8
Area 2 8
Area 3 8
The plant species was healthy due to the fact that eight different species of plants can be found
consistently along the stream. However the species were mainly grasses and weeds. This shows that
even though the stream is a hospitable environment, capable of supporting vegetation, only
adaptive species can thrive here.
Presence of bacteria in stream
We were unable to test for coliform bacteria, but we did find a substantial amount of
bacteria in our cultures. 200 or more colonies per 100 mL of water is considered unhealthy.
We found over 100 colonies per 5 mL of water.
Sample A B C
Approx. # of colonies present per 5 mL of water
100 100 100
pH Level of StreamStream Sample Amount pH Level Estimate
1 5 mL 8.02 5 mL 8.5
3 5 mL 8.0
The average pH level for our three samples is 8.2, which is slightly above the healthy range for water.
pH• The pH was measured using a pH meter. There were 4 levels
of the independent variable (distance in meters) and 5 trials for each level. The average of the trials for each IV are shown below.
• The average range was between 8.5-8.9.• The healthy pH for a stream is 8.
• Based on the data, the stream is fairly healthy. The data is between .5-.9 pH away from the healthy stream pH of 8.
Distance (meters)
0m 3m 6m 9m
Average pH
8.81 8.66 8.54 8.89
Conductivity• Conductivity was measured using a Vernier conductivity meter.• There were four levels of the independent variable (distance in meters)
and 5 trials for each level. The trials were averaged for each IV and are shown below.
• The data ranged from 278.85-290.45 microsiemens.
Distance (meters)
0m 3m 6m 9m
Conductivity (microsiemens)
278.85 288.68 290.45 286.12
• The healthy range is 150-500 microsiemens.•Based on the data, the stream is within the healthy range and it can therefore be Concluded that conductivity of the stream is normal.
MacroinvertebratesName of Species Tolerance to PollutionOrb Snail Very tolerantCrayfish Fairly tolerantLeech Very tolerantMayfly Larva Very intolerantFingernail Clam Moderately intolerantPouch Snail Very tolerantAquatic Sow Bug (Isopod) Moderately intolerant
Overall, the variety of species found in the stream indicates that the stream is relatively healthy because it contains species that
are very intolerant to pollution.
pH and AlkalinitySection of Stream pH Alkalinity (ppm)
1 Right 8.48 180
1 Middle 8.33 180
1 Left 8.40 330
2 Right 8.58 240
2 Middle 8.28 300
2 Left 8.33 720
3 Right 7.90 240
3 Middle 8.00 720
3 Left 8.11 240
The pH in our stream is a little too basic for ideal levels, which are 7-8.
The alkalinity is also too high, as ideal alkalinity levels are 20-200 ppm (parts per million).
Pre-Dam Dam Post-Dam
Turbidity 19 NTU 25 NTU 15 NTU
Alkalinity 180 mg/L 120 mg/L 240 mg/L
Hardness 14.5 G/D 14.5 G/D 14.5 G/D
pH 7.0 pH 6.5 pH 7.5 pH
Healthy RangesTurbidity: <5 NTUAlkalinity:100-200 mg/LHardness: 4.1 G/DpH: 6.0 – 8.0 pH
Due to exceptionally high hardness and high turbidity from this data it can be
supported that the stream is UNHEALTHY
Dissolved Oxygen LevelsSample 1 Sample 2
Relatively Down Stream Relatively Midstream Relatively Upstream
13.5 degrees Celsius 14.8 Degrees Celsius 14.9 Degrees Celsius
92% Saturation 86% Saturation 83% Saturation
All of the results fit within the ideal range for Dissolved Oxygen Saturation (60-100%). 1 of the results fit in the ideal range (90-100%).
There is a correlation between the samples’ respective locations on the stream relative to each other an dissolved Oxygen Saturation. As the samples were taken further upstream, the Dissolved Oxygen level tended to lower.
Nitrate Levels
Samples were taken from the same cross section (CS) but from different current speeds – mid cross section (M-CS) had relatively faster currents while the edge of the cross section had almost no current.
Nitrate values were obtained via nitrate test strip; every strip indicated either no pink coloring or a very faint pink color,, which means very little amounts of nitrate. All of the results fall within the ideal range of Nitrate levels- most unpolluted streams contain < 1ppm of nitrate, whereas high pollution results in high levels, around 20 ppm.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
M-CS M-CS M-CS E-CS E-CS E-CS
0 <<2 ppm <<2 ppm 0 <<2 ppm 0
Turbidity
Values were obtained using a tube, and samples were taken from different areas, upstream / downstream.
None of the values fell within the ideal range of suspended solids, measured in mg/L
Stick (in) TSS (mg/L) Quality of waterTrial 1 7.4 50.09 ImpairedTrial 2 8.2 43.75 ImpairedTrial 3 8.7 40.46 ImpairedTrial 4 6.5 59.44 ImpairedTrial 5 6.4 60.67 ImpairedAverage 7.44 50.88 Impaired
TSS < 10 mg/l excellent water quality10mg/l < TSS < 28mg/L normal water quality29mg/l < TSS < 133mg/l impaired water streamTSS > 133mg/l severely impacted stream
Topic 4 Results Testing Free and Total Chlorine of a Stream
Free Chlorine in Stream PPM Total Chlorine in Stream PPM
0.1 0.00.1 0.00.0 0.00.1 0.0
•By using chlorine strips we were able to measure the amount of free and total chlorine •A healthy amount of free chlorine in nay natural water source is 0.0-1.0 PPM•A healthy amount of total chlorine in any natural water source is 0.0 PPM•In the stream the highest amount of free chlorine was healthy, and the total Chlorine also
Topic 4 Results Testing Fecal Coliform
Petri Dish Total Number of Colonies
1 100+
2 100+
3 100+
4 100+
5 100+
•Fecal Coliform is the amount of fecal bacteria in the stream.•A healthy amount of fecal bacteria is between 20-60 colonies.•The Stream had over 100 colonies in a 5 mL sample, suggesting an unhealthy stream.