teleytaio comp.GUILDS 2 - Andrew Betsis ELT...snowshoe v to travel on a special footwear for walk- ing over snow. O the good news is that anyone who can walk can go snowshoeing on

COMPANION

Practice teSt 1 Page 3












Contents

teSt 1Listening - Part 1recall v When you recall something, you remember itand tell others about it. O i recalled the way they hadbeen dancing together. g θυμάμαι, επαναφέρω στημνήμηsweat v When you sweat, sweat comes through yourskin. O already they were sweating as the sun beatdown upon them. g ιδρώνω || sweat: ιδρώτας

Listening - Part 2roommate n the person you share a rented roomwith, for example when you are at university.g σõãêÜôïéêïò interact v When people interact with each other orinteract, they communicate as they work or spend timetogether. O While the other children interacted andplayed together, ted ignored them. g επικοινωνώsmooth adj Something that is going well and is freeof problems or trouble. O Political hopes for a swiftand smooth transition to democracy have been dashed.g ïìáëός, εύρυθμοςsmoothly adv O So far, talks at GM have gonesmoothly. g ïìáëÜ

Listening - Part 4relative n Your relatives are the members of your fam-ily. O Get a relative to look after the children when youare abroad. g συγγενήςescort v if you escort someone somewhere, youaccompany them there, usually in order to make surethat they leave a place or get to their destination.O i escorted him to the door. g óõíïäåýù

reading - Part 1 slug n a small slow-moving creature with a long softbody and no legs, like a snail without a shell.g γυμνοσάλιαγκας flowerpot n a container that is used for growingplants. O it is better to use fresh parsley, grown in yourown flowerpot. g γλάστραcarnivore n an animal that eats meat. O Birds havedifferent appetites - some are carnivores and others arevegetarians. g σαρκοβόρο, σαρκοφάγο ζώοblade n the edge of a knife, axe, or saw, which isused for cutting. O Many of these tools have sharpblades, so be careful. g λεπίδα, λάμαnocturnal adj Occurring at night. O He used to takelong nocturnal walks. g νυκτερινός, βραδινόςnative adj Plants or animals that are native to a par-ticular region live or grow there naturally and were notbrought there. O Many of the plants are native toBrazil. g εντόπιος, ενδημικός (για φυτό ή ζώο)pot v if you pot a young plant, or part of a plant, youput it into a container filled with soil, so it can growthere. O i have a big collection of potted plants.g φυτεύω σε γλάστραlane n a narrow road, especially in the country. OFollow the lane to the river. g μονοπάτι, εξοχικός δρόμοςspecimen n a single plant or animal which is anexample of a particular species or type and is examinedby scientists. O 200,000 specimens of fungus are keptat the Komarov Botanical institute. g αντικείμενο εργαστηριακής ανάλυσης, δείγμαrelease v if a person or animal is released from some-

where where they have been locked up or lookedafter, they are set free or allowed to go. O the dogstarted to run when it was released. g αφήνω ελεύθε-ρο, απελευθερώνωharmful adj Something that has a bad effect onsomething else, especially on a person's health.O You must consider the harmful effects of smoking.g επιζήμιος, επιβλαβήςspread v to become dispersed, distributed, or scat-tered. O the industrial revolution which started a cou-ple of hundred years ago in europe is now spreadingacross the world. g διαδίδομαι, εξαπλώνομαιsoil n the substance on the surface of the earth inwhich plants grow. OWe have the most fertile soil ineurope. g έδαφος, χώμαverify v if you verify something, you state or confirmthat it is true. Othe government has not verified any ofthose reports. g επαληθεύω, εξακριβώνω

reading - Part 2 tribe n a group of people of the same race, language,and customs, especially in a developing country. O it isworth trying to offer the indian tribes a chance to geton with each other. g φυλήprominent adj Someone who is important. O He wasa prominent member of the Law Society. g ðñïåîÝ÷ùí,περίοπτοςsurrounding adj encompassing, closely encircling.O On his visits he painted views of the colleges, thetown and the surrounding countryside. g ðïõðåñéâÜëëåé Þ ðåñéóôïé÷ßæåéfondly adv Lovingly, affectionately, tenderly, withaffection. O think of me fondly when you say good-bye. g óôïñãéêÜ, ôñõöåñÜbog n a bog is an area of land which is very wet andmuddy. g âÜëôïò, âïýñêïòsummit n Τhe top of a mountain. O He was the firstman to reach the summit of Mount everest.g âïõíïêïñöÞrocky adj a place which is covered with rocks or con-sists of large areas of rock and has nothing growing onit. O the paths are often very rocky so strong boots areadvisable. g âñá÷þäçò, ðåôñþäçòlookout n a place from which you can see clearly inall directions. O troops tried to set up a lookout postinside a refugee camp. g ðáñáôçñçôÞñéïtrail n a rough path across open country or throughforests. O He was following a broad trail through thetrees. g ìïíïðÜôésteep adj a slope which rises at a very sharp angleand is difficult to go up. O San Francisco is built on 40hills and some are very steep. g áðüêñçìíïò, áðüôïìïòwinding road n a road with a lot of bends or twistsin it. O You should be extra careful when driving onwinding roads. g äñüìïò ìå óôñïöÝòlead up to phr.v. the events that lead up to a particu-lar event happen one after the other until that eventoccurs. O alan tomlinson has reconstructed the eventsthat led up to the deaths. g ïäçãþ óå, καταλήγωhiking n Αn outdoor activity which consists of walk-ing in natural environments, often on hiking trails.O We plan to go hiking this weekend. g ðåæïðïñßábackpacking n Αn outdoor activity which combineshiking and camping in a single trip. O they went back-packing on Mount Ossa. g ðïñåßá ìå óáêßäéï óôçíðëÜôç

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snowshoe v to travel on a special footwear for walk-ing over snow. O the good news is that anyone whocan walk can go snowshoeing on Mount Ossa.g πεζοπορώ με åéäéêά ðáðïýôóéα ÷éïíéïý slope n Τhe side of a mountain, hill, or valley. O Saintchristo is perched on a mountain slope. g πλαγιάcampground n a place where people who are on holi-day can stay in tents. O Many campgrounds have cab-ins that usually can be booked in advance. g χώρος(κατάλληλος) για κατασκήνωσηdrain v if a liquid drains somewhere, it flows there.O Springs and rivers that drain into lakes are polluted.g διοχετεύομαι, “χύνομαι”

reading - Part 3congregate v When people congregate, they gathertogether and form a group. O Youngsters love to con-gregate here in the evenings outside cinemas showingamerican films. g óõíáèñïßæù-ïìáéerect v if people erect something such as a building,bridge, or barrier, they build it or create it. O the build-ing was erected in 1900-1901 for the Glasgow Parishcouncil. g áíåãåßñù, õøþíùinnovative adj Something that is new and original.O We produce products which are cheaper, more inno-vative and more reliable than those of our competitors.g êáéíïôüìïòexclusively adv exclusively is used to refer to situa-tions or activities that involve only the thing or thingsmentioned, and nothing else. O instruction in thesesubjects in undergraduate classes is almost exclusivelyby lecture. g áðïêëåéóôéêÜ twist n an unexpected and significant developmentin something. O the battle of the sexes also took anew twist. g ìåôáâïëÞ, íÝá ôñïðÞ, "åîÝëéîç"spacious adj a room or other place which is large insize or area, so that you can move around freely in it.O the house has a spacious kitchen and dining area.g åõñý÷ùñïòpitch a tent v if you pitch your tent, or pitch camp,you put up your tent in a place where you are going tostay. O He had pitched his tent in the yard. g óôÞíùáíôßóêçíïtiming n the skill or action of judging the rightmoment in a situation or activity at which to do some-thing. O if your timing is right, you may be fortunateenough to stumble across a village fiesta. g συγχρονι-σμός, επιλογή του (κατάλληλου) χρόνουfunding n Money which a government or organizationprovides for a particular purpose. O they hope for gov-ernment funding for the scheme. g ÷ñçìáôïäüôçóç

reading - Part 4shrink v if something shrinks or something else shrinksit, it becomes smaller. O the vast forests of West africahave shrunk. g óõññéêíþíùchick n a baby bird. g íåïóóüò ðïõëéïýregurgitate v if a person or animal regurgitates food,they bring it back up from their stomach before it hasbeen digested. O Sometimes he regurgitates the foodwe give him because he cannot swallow. g (ãéá æþá,êôë.) αναμασώ, μηρυκάζωoffspring n a person's children or an animal's young.O eleanor was now less anxious about her offspringthan she had once been. g γόνος, íåïãíόseafood n Shellfish such as lobsters, mussels, and

crabs, and sometimes other sea creatures that you caneat. O ...a seafood restaurant. g øáñéêÜ, èáëáóóéíÜsquid n a sea creature with a long soft body andmany soft arms called tentacles. g êáëáìÜñéreplenish v if you replenish something, you make itfull or complete again. O three hundred thousand tonsof cereals are needed to replenish stocks.g επανεφοδιάζω, áíáíåþíùimplant v to implant something into a person's bodymeans to put it there, usually by means of a medicaloperation. O Doctors in arizona say they have implant-ed an artificial heart into a 46-year-old woman.g åìöõôåýùtag n an electronic tag is a device that is firmlyattached to someone or something and sets off analarm if that person or thing moves away or isremoved. O a hospital is to fit new-born babies withelectronic tags to foil kidnappers. g åôéêÝôá, ôáìðÝëáassure v to make safe, as from risks or against over-throw. O Ways must be found to assure our children adecent start in life. g åîáóöáëßæù, διασφαλίζωtrend n a change or development towards somethingnew or different. O ...a trend towards part-timeemployment. g ñïðÞ, τάση

teSt 2Listening - Part 1count on phr.v. if you count on something or countupon it, you expect it to happen and include it in yourplans. O the government thought it could count on thesupport of the trades unions. g âáóßæïìáé óå, υπολογίζω

Listening - Part 3split v if something splits or if you split it, it is dividedinto two or more parts. O if the chicken is fairly small,you may simply split it in half. g διαιρώ, χωρίζω

Listening - Part 4couch n a long, comfortable seat for two or threepeople. g êáíáðÝòget rid of phr.v. When you get rid of something thatyou do not want or do not like, you take action so thatyou no longer have it or suffer from it. O the ownerneeds to get rid of the car for financial reasons.g îåöïñôþíïìáéestate agent n Someone who works for a companythat sells houses and land for people. g êôçìáôïìåóßôçòcabinet n a cupboard used for storing things such asmedicine or alcoholic drinks or for displaying decorativethings in. O the star of my medicine cabinet is thehumble aspirin. g íôïõëÜðé, åñìÜñéïbrick n rectangular blocks of baked clay used forbuilding walls, which are usually red or brown. Brick isthe material made up of these blocks. O ...a tiny gar-den surrounded by high brick walls. g ôïýâëï

reading - Part 1workhouse n a place where very poor people couldlive and do unpleasant jobs in return for food. Peopleuse the workhouse to refer to these places in general.O Poor people lived with the constant fear of theworkhouse. g πτωχοκομείο relief n Money, food, or clothing that is provided forpeople who are very poor, or who have been affectedby war or a natural disaster. O relief agencies are step-

COMPANION To City & Guilds Level B2

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ping up efforts to provide food, shelter and agriculturalequipment. g ανακούφιση, βοήθειαdate v if you date something, you give or discoverthe date when it was made or when it began.O archaeologists have dated the fort to the reign ofemperor antoninus Pius. g χρονολογώ, χρονολογούμαιreign n the period during which a monarch is sover-eign. O this was built during the reign of Henry Viii.g βασιλεία, ηγεμονίαact n a law passed by the government. O ...an act ofParliament. g νομοθετική πράξη, νόμοςevolve v if something evolves or you evolve it, itgradually develops over a period of time into some-thing different and usually more advanced. O as med-ical knowledge evolves, beliefs change. g εξελίσσομαι,αναπτύσσομαιpleasant adj Something that is nice, enjoyable, orattractive. O it's always pleasant to do what you'regood at doing. g ευχάριστος, επιθυμητόςboard n the food which is provided when you staysomewhere, for example in a hotel. O Free room andboard are provided for all hotel staff. g σίτιση, διατροφήlodging n a place to stay for a period of time. O Hewas given free lodging in a three-room flat. g διαμονή,στέγασηable-bodied adj a person that is physically strong andhealthy, rather than weak or disabled. O the gym canbe used by both able-bodied and disabled people.g αρτιμελής, γερόςpauper n a very poor person. O He died a pauper andhe is buried in an unmarked grave. g άπορος, πάμπτωχοςdesperate adj Someone who is in such a bad situationthat is willing to try anything to change it. O troopsare needed to help get food into Kenya where peopleare in desperate need. g απελπισμένος, απεγνωσμένοςoff-putting adj if you describe a quality or feature ofsomething as off-putting, you mean that it makes youdislike that thing or not want to get involved with it.O However, many customers found the smell of thisproduct distinctly off-putting. g αποθαρρυντικός, αποτρεπτικόςelderly n People who are old. O the elderly are a for-midable force in any election. g ηλικιωμένος, γηραιόςunwell adj Someone who is ill. O He had been ridingin Hyde Park, but felt unwell as he was being drivenback to his office late this afternoon. g ασθενής, άρρωστος, αδιάθετοςward n a room in a hospital which has beds for manypeople, often people who need similar treatment.O a man was admitted to the emergency ward with awound in his chest. g θάλαμος νοσοκομείουmonotonous adj Something which is very boringbecause it has a regular, repeated pattern which neverchanges. O it's a monotonous work, like most factoryjobs. g μονότονος, βαρετόςporridge n a thick sticky food made from oats cookedin water or milk and eaten hot, especially for breakfast.g χυλός βρώμης, πόριτζ, κουάκερgruel n a food made by boiling oats with water ormilk. g κουρκούτι, αλευριά, χυλόςinmates n the prisoners or patients who are living ina prison or mental hospital. O a quarter of the inmatesdied but ernest, carefully nursed for weeks, recovered.g τρόφιμος

dormitory n a large bedroom where several peoplesleep. O there are four inmates in a dormitory so theyare bound to get up to bullying. g κοιτώνας, θάλαμοςlocality n a small area of a country or city. O Followingthe discovery of the explosives the president cancelledhis visit to the locality. g τόπος, τοποθεσίαdegradation n a situation, condition, or experiencewhich you consider shameful and disgusting, especiallyone which involves poverty or immorality. O they weresickened by the scenes of misery and degradation theyfound. g ταπείνωση, κατάντια, ξεπεσμόςcrown v When a king or queen is crowned, a crown isplaced on their head as part of a ceremony in whichthey are officially made king or queen. O elizabeth wascrowned in Westminster abbey on 2 June 1953.g στέφω || crown: στέμμα, κορώναseldom adv if something seldom happens, it happensonly occasionally. O We were seldom at home.g σπανίως, αραιά και πουinhabitant n the people who live in a place. O i lovedthe inhabitants of Glasgow. g κάτοικος.

reading - Part 2mountainous adj a place which has a lot of moun-tains. O ...the mountainous region of campania.g ïñåéíüòchief adj the chief cause, part, or member of some-thing is the most important one. O Financial stress iswell established as a chief reason for divorce.g êýñéïò, ðñùôåýùíadministrative adj administrative work involves organ-ising and supervising an organisation or institution.O Other industries have had to sack managers toreduce administrative costs. g äéïéêçôéêüòregion n a large area of land that is different fromother areas of land, for example because it is one ofthe different parts of a country with its own customsand characteristics, or because it has a particular geo-graphical feature. O ...Barcelona, capital of theautonomous region of catalonia. g ðåñéï÷Þ, ðåñéöÝñåéádesignate v When you designate someone or some-thing, you formally give them a particular descriptionor name. O there are efforts under way to designatethe bridge a historic landmark. g ÷áñáêôçñßæù/ορίζωêÜôé ùòterritorial adj concerned with the ownership of a par-ticular area of land or water. O it is the only republicwhich has no territorial disputes with the others.g åäáöéêüòterritorial collectivity n a territorial collectivity withinthe French republic, is the generic name for all subna-tional entities and dependent areas which have anelected local government and a certain freedom ofadministration. g εδαφική οντότητα, φορέας τοπικήςαυτοδιοίκησηςdense adj Something that contains a lot of things orpeople in a small area. O Where Bucharest now stands,there once was a large, dense forest. g ðõêíüò, δασύςshrub n Plants that have several woody stems.O ...flowering shrubs. g èÜìíïò maquis n g μακί, μακία (ïíïìáóßá èÜìíïõ)fragrance n a pleasant or sweet smell. O a shrubbyplant with a strong characteristic fragrance. g Üñùìá,åõùäßáhideout n a place where someone goes secretlybecause they do not want anyone to find them, for


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example if they are running away from the police.g êñõóöýãåôï, êñõøþíábandit n robbers are sometimes called bandits, espe-cially if they are found in areas where the law has bro-ken down. g ëçóôÞò, óõììïñßôçòbanditry n Αcts of robbery and violence in areaswhere the rule of law has broken down. g ëçóôåßácork n Α soft, light substance which forms the bark ofa type of Mediterranean tree. O We decided to putcork floors in our new house. g öåëëüò (ξύλο)cede v if someone in a position of authority cedesland or power to someone else, they let them have theland or power, often as a result of military or politicalpressure. O Only a short campaign took place in Puertorico, but after the war Spain ceded the island toamerica. g ðáñá÷ùñþ, åê÷ùñþblur v if something blurs an idea or a distinctionbetween things, that idea or distinction no longerseems clear. O She believes that scientists are trying toblur the distinction between `how' and `why'questions. g “èïëþíù”, μπερδεύω, προκαλώ σύγχυσηwheat n a cereal crop grown for food. Wheat is alsoused to refer to the grain of this crop, which is usuallyground into flour and used to make bread. O ...farmersgrowing wheat, corn, or other crops. g ó(é)ôÜñéscented adj things that have a pleasant smell, eithernaturally or because perfume has been added to them.O the white flowers are pleasantly scented. g åõþäçò,ìõñùäÜôïò, áñùìáôéóìÝíïò isle n an island; often used as part of an island'sname, or in literary english. O We plan to visit the par-adise isle of Bali. g íçóßakin to adj if one thing is akin to another, it is similarto it in some way. O cooking is a physical activity,more akin to woodwork or gardening than to readingor listening to music. g συναφής, όμοιοςmetropolitan adj Belonging to or typical of a largebusy city. O ...the metropolitan district of Miami.g ìçôñïðïëéôéêüò, ôçò ðñùôåýïõóáò.

reading - Part 3simplicity n When you talk about something's simplic-ity, you approve of it because it has no unnecessaryparts or complicated details. O Fortunately, there aren’tany fussy details that ruin the simplicity of the design.g áðëüôçôá, ëéôüôçôástretch v When you stretch, you put your arms or legsout straight and tighten your muscles. O He yawnedand stretched. g ôåíôþíù-ïìáéalignment n the position of something in relation tosomething else or to its correct position. O theyshunned the belief that there is a link between thealignment of the planets and events on the earth.g åõèõãñÜììéóç sweatshirt n a loose warm piece of casual clothing,usually made of thick stretchy cotton, which covers theupper part of your body and your arms. g áèëçôéêÞìðëïýæáleotard n a tight-fitting piece of clothing, coveringthe body but not the legs, that some people wearwhen they practise dancing or do exercise.g êïëëÜí, åöáñìïóôÞ öüñìá ÷ïñïý Þ ãõìíáóôéêÞòsneakers n casual shoes with rubber soles.g αèëçôéêÜ/ðÜíéíá ðáðïýôóéáflip-flop n Open shoes which are held on your feet bya strap that goes between your toes. g óáíäάëι,

óáãéïíÜñáprolong v to make something last longer. O Mrchesler said foreign military aid was prolonging thewar. g ðáñáôåßíù (÷ñïíéêÜ)contest n a competition or game in which people tryto win. O Few contests in the recent history of Britishboxing have been as thrilling. g äéáãùíéóìüòcontestant n a person who takes part in a competi-tion or quiz. O the catwalk show gives the contestantsa rare chance to have their designs viewed by repre-sentatives of the fashion press. g äéáãùíéæüìåíïòoverall adj You use overall to indicate that you aretalking about a situation in general or about the wholeof something. O ...the overall rise in unemployment.g óõíïëéêüò, ãåíéêüòevolve v if something evolves or you evolve it, itgradually develops over a period of time into some-thing different and usually more advanced. O ...a tinyairline which eventually evolved into Pakistaninternational airlines. g åîåëßóóïìáé, äéáìïñöþíïìáéera n You can refer to a period of history or a longperiod of time as an era when you want to draw atten-tion to a particular feature or quality that it has.O ...the nuclear era. g åðï÷Þ, éóôïñéêÞ ðåñßïäïòchoreographer n Someone who invents the move-ments for a ballet or other dance and tells the dancershow to perform them. g ÷ïñïãñÜöïòtap dance n a form of dance in which a tappingsound is made when metal plates on the dancer'sshoes touch a hard surface. g êëáêÝôåò (åßäïò ÷ïñïý)progress v to move over a period of time to astronger, more advanced, or more desirable state.O He will visit once a fortnight to see how his newstaff are progressing. g προχωρώ, ðñïïäåýùattain v if you attain something, you gain it orachieve it, often after a lot of effort. O Jim is halfwayto attaining his pilot's licence. g êáôáöÝñíù, áποκôώmastery n if you show mastery of a particular skill orlanguage, you show that you have learned or under-stood it completely and have no difficulty using it.O He doesn't have mastery of the basic rules ofgrammar. g âáèéÜ ãíþóç, δεξιοτεχνίαpersistence n if you have persistence, you continue todo something even though it is difficult or other peo-ple are against it. O Skill comes only with practice,patience and persistence. g åðéìïíÞ, πείσμαoriginate v When something originates or whensomeone originates it, it begins to happen or exist.Othe disease originated in africa. g êáôÜãïìáé, προέρχομαι

reading - Part 4cough n the act of forcing air out of your throat witha sudden, harsh noise. O Symptoms are streaming eyes,a runny nose, headache and a cough. g βήχαςsniffles n(pl) a slight cold. You can also say thatsomeone has the sniffles. g óõíÜ÷é, êáôáññïÞsneeze v When you sneeze, you suddenly take in yourbreath and then blow it down your nose noisily with-out being able to stop yourself, for example becauseyou have a cold. g φτερνίζομαιsneeze n g öôÝñíéóìárunny adj if someone has a runny nose or runny eyes,liquid is flowing from their nose or eyes. O Symptomsare streaming eyes, a runny nose, headache and acough. g (ãéá ìÜôéá Þ ìýôç) που τρέχει


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lung n the two organs inside your chest which fillwith air when you breathe in. g ðíåýìïíáòswallow v if you swallow something, you cause it togo from your mouth down into your stomach. O Youare asked to swallow a capsule containing vitamin B.g êáôáðßíùclaim v if you say that someone claims that some-thing is true, you mean they say that it is true but youare not sure whether or not they are telling the truth.O He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.g éó÷õñßæïìáésoothe v Something that soothes a part of your bodywhere there is pain or discomfort makes the pain ordiscomfort less severe. O Use this body lotion tosoothe dry skin. g áíáêïõößæù, (êáôá)ðñáàíùstifle v if someone stifles something they prevent itfrom continuing. O critics have accused the US of try-ing to stifle debate. g êáôáóôÝëëùsore throat n Painful throat g ðïíüëáéìïòside effect n the effects, usually bad ones, that adrug has on you in addition to its function of curing ill-ness or pain. O the treatment has a number ofextremely unpleasant side-effects. g ðáñåíÝñãåéárecommend v if you recommend that something isdone, you suggest that it should be done. O it is recommended that you should consult your doctor.g óõíéóôþ, προτείνωremedy n Something that is intended to cure youwhen you are ill or in pain. O i prefer natural remediesto overcome winter infections. g öÜñìáêï, ãéáôñéêüheal v When a broken bone or other injury heals, itbecomes healthy and normal again. O Within six weeksthe bruising had gone, but it was six months before itall healed. g (ãéá ðëçãÝò) åðïõëþíù/-ïìáé, θεραπεύωfolk adj Folk art and customs are traditional or typicalof a particular community or nation. O i study the tra-ditional chinese folk medicine. g ëáúêüò, παραδοσιακόςpediatrician n a doctor who specialises in treatingsick children. g ðáéäßáôñïòmotivate v if you are motivated by something, espe-cially an emotion, it causes you to behave in a particu-lar way. O i don't want to be missing out. and thatmotivates me to get up and do something every day.g ðáñáêéíþsticky adj a situation which involves problems or isembarrassing. O inevitably the transition will yieldsome sticky moments. g δύσκολος, δυσάρεστοςirritated adj a part of your body, which is sore. O thedoctor suggested this pill for my irritated throat.g åñåèισμένοςairway n the passages from the nose and mouthdown to the lungs, through which air enters and leavesthe body. O She suffers an inflammation of theairways. g αναπνευστική οδόςsubstitute n Something that you have or use insteadof something else. O i prefer cooking with sugarsubstitutes. g υπïêáôÜóôáôïtopping n Food, such as cream or cheese, that ispoured or put on top of other food in order to deco-rate it or add to its flavour. g γαρνιτούρα, σωςconsistency n the consistency of a substance is howthick or smooth it is. O i added a little milk to mix thedough to the right consistency. g ðõêíüôçôáregistered adj a registered doctor is someone who isqualified to work as a doctor. g πτυχιούχος (για επαγ-γελματίες), με άδεια άσκησης επαγγέλματος

dietician n a person whose job is to give peopleadvice about the kind of food they should eat.O Dieticians often work in hospitals. g äéáéôïëüãïònutrition n the process of taking food into the bodyand absorbing the nutrients in those foods. O thereare alternative sources of nutrition to animal meat.g διατροφή, (ùò åðéóôÞìç:) äéáéôïëïãßáconsultant n a person who gives expert advice to aperson or organisation on a particular subject. O He wasa consultant to the Swedish government. g σýìâïõëïòsubstance n a solid, powder, liquid, or gas with partic-ular properties. O there's absolutely no regulation ofcigarettes to make sure that they don't include poison-ous substances. g ïõóßá, óõóôáôéêüantioxidant n a substance which slows down thedamage that can be caused to other substances by theeffects of oxygen. O Foods which contain antioxidantsare thought to be very good for you. g áíôéïîåéäùôéêόblueberry n a small dark blue fruit that is found inNorth america. O Blueberries are usually cooked beforethey are eaten. g ìõñôßëëïς, βακκίνιοspinach n a vegetable with large dark green leavesthat you chop up and boil in water before eating.g óðáíÜêécell n the smallest part of an animal or plant that isable to function independently. every animal or plant ismade up of millions of cells. O those cells divide andgive many other different types of cells. g êýôôáñïgrocery store n a grocer's shop. g ðáíôïðùëåßï,ìðáêÜëéêïclover n a small plant with pink or white ball-shapedflowers. g ôñéöýëëébuckwheat n a type of small black grain used forfeeding animals and making flour. Buckwheat alsorefers to the flour itself. g φαγόπυρο το εδώδιμο,μαύρο σιτάρι, κεχρίinfectious adj a disease that can be caught by beingnear a person who has it. O ...infectious diseases suchas measles... g ìïëõóìáôéêüò, ëïéìþäçò, ìåôáäïôéêüòmicrobe n a very small living thing, which you canonly see if you use a microscope. g ìéêñüâéïslather v if you slather something with a substance, orslather a substance onto something, you put the sub-stance on in a thick layer. O if your skin is dry, youhave to slather on moisturiser to soften it. g áëïßöù,áðëþíùdose n You can refer to an amount of something as adose of that thing, especially when you want toemphasise that there is a great deal of it. O the Westis getting a heavy dose of snow and rain today.g äüóç, ποσότηταcheer up phr.v. When you cheer up or when some-thing cheers you up, you stop feeling depressed andbecome more cheerful. O i think he misses her terribly.You might cheer him up. g åõèõìþ, φτιάχνω το κέφι

teSt 3Listening - Part 2sibling n Brothers and sisters. O His siblings are mostlyin their early twenties. g áδερφός-ήacquaintance n Someone who you have met andknow slightly, but not well. O He exchanged a fewwords with the proprietor, an old acquaintance of his.g ãíùóôüòresort n a place where a lot of people spend their


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holidays. O the ski resorts are expanding to meet thegrowing number of skiers that come here. g èÝñåôñïmayor n the person who has been elected to repre-sent a town or city for a fixed period of time or, insome places, to run its government. g äÞìáñ÷ïò

Listening - Part 3 warm up n Something that prepares you for an activi-ty or event, usually because it is a short practice orexample of what the activity or event will involve. Othe exercises can be fun and a good warm up for thelatter part of the programme. g ζέσταμα, προετοιμασίαaward n a prize or certificate that a person is givenfor doing something well. O She presented a braveryaward to schoolgirl caroline. g έπαθλο, βραβείο, τιμητική διάκρισηceremony n a formal event. O today's award ceremo-ny took place at the British embassy in tokyo.g τελετή

Listening - Part 4argument n a statement or set of statements thatyou use in order to try to convince people that youropinion about something is correct. O there's a strongargument for lowering the price. g επιχείρημα, λόγοςcuddly adj a cuddly person or animal makes you wantto hold them close, as for affection, comfort, orwarmth. O He is a small, cuddly man with spectacles.g που θέλεις íá áãêáëéÜσåéòdislike v if you dislike someone or something, youconsider them to be unpleasant and do not like them.O David began to dislike all his television heroes whosmoked. g απεχθάνομαι, αντιπαθώtease v to disturb or annoy by persistent irritating orprovoking especially in a petty or mischievous way.O He told her how the boys in east Poldown had seton him, teasing him. g ðåéñÜæù, åíï÷ëþhormone n a chemical, usually occurring naturally inyour body, that makes an organ of your body do some-thing. g ïñìüíçretriever n a kind of dog. O retrievers are traditional-ly used to bring back birds and animals which theirowners have shot. g (óêýëïò ñÜôóáò) ñçôñÞâåñlabrador n a type of large dog with short, thick blackor gold hair. g (óêýëïò ñÜôóáò) ëáìðñáíôüñmutt n the same as a mongrel, a kind of dog which isa mixture of different breeds. g óêύëïς όχι συγκεκριμέ-νης ράτσαςpug n a small, fat, short-haired dog with a flat face. gåßäïò ìðïõëíôüãê

reading - Part 1 conker n round brown nut which comes from horsechestnut trees. g αγριοκάστανο colony n a country which is controlled by a morepowerful country. O in France's former North africancolonies, anti-French feeling is growing. g αποικίαseed n the small, hard part of a plant from which anew plant grows. O i sow the seed in pots of soil-based compost. g σπόροςhorse-chestnut n a large tree which has leaves withseveral pointed parts and shiny reddish-brown nutscalled conkers that grow in cases with points on them.g αγριοκαστανιά, ιπποκαστανέα η κοινή native adj Plants or animals that are native to a par-ticular region live or grow there naturally and were not

brought there. O Many of the plants are native toBrazil. g εντόπιος, ενδημικός (για φυτό ή ζώο)shell n the hard protective covering that an animalsuch as a tortoise, snail, or crab has around its body oron its back. g καβούκι, κέλυφοςhazelnut n Nut from a hazel tree, which can be eaten.g φουντούκι drill v When you drill into something or drill a hole insomething, you make a hole in it using a drill.O i drilled five holes at equal distance. g ανοίγω οπή,τρυπώ || drill: τρυπάνι, δράπανοgimlet n a small tool with a screw point, groovedshank, and cross handle for boring holes. g τρυπάνιscrewdriver n a tool that is used for turning screws. itconsists of a metal rod with a flat or cross-shaped endthat fits into the top of the screw. g κατσαβίδιstring n a thin rope made of twisted threads, usedfor tying things together or tying up parcels. O Heheld out a small bag tied with string. g σχοινί, σπάγγοςthread v if you thread a long thin object throughsomething, you pass it through one or more holes ornarrow spaces. O instruments developed at the hospi-tal allow doctors to thread microscopic telescopes intothe digestive tract. g εισάγω, "περνώ σαν βελόνα"shoelace n Long, narrow piece of material like piecesof string that you use to fasten your shoes. O Hebegan to tie his shoelaces. g κορδόνι παπουτσιώνknot n if you tie a knot in a piece of string, rope,cloth, or other material, you pass one end or part of itthrough a loop and pull it tight. O One lace had brokenand been tied in a knot. g κόμποςdangle v if something dangles from somewhere or ifyou dangle it somewhere, it hangs or swings loosely.O a gold bracelet dangled from his left wrist.g αιωρούμαι, ταλαντεύομαιswing v if something swings or if you swing it, itmoves repeatedly backwards and forwards or from sideto side from a fixed point. O She was swinging a bottleof wine by its neck. g ταλαντεύομαι, κρέμομαι soak v if you soak something or leave it to soak, youput it into a liquid and leave it there. O He turned offthe water and left the dishes to soak. g μουλιάζω,εμποτίζωvinegar n a sharp-tasting liquid, usually made fromsour wine or malt, which is used to make things suchas salad dressing. g ξύδιvarnish n an oily liquid which is painted onto woodor other material to give it a hard, clear, shiny surface.O the varnish comes in six natural wood shades.g βερνίκι, λάκαnotch n a small V-shaped or circular cut in the surfaceor edge of something. O they cut notches in the han-dle of their pistol for each man they shot. g εγκοπή,εντομή, "χαρακιά”split v if something such as wood or a piece of cloth-ing splits or is split, a long crack or tear appears in it.O You can't split this type of wood. g σχίζω, σχίζομαι

reading - Part 2common adj if something is common to two or morepeople or groups, it is done, possessed, or used bythem all. O Moldavians and romanians share acommon language. g κοινός, συνήθηςcommonly adv êïéíþò, åõñÝùòmonument n Something such as a castle or bridgewhich was built a very long time ago and is regarded


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as an important part of a country's history. O ...theancient monuments of england, Scotland and Wales.g ìíçìåßïborough n a town, or a district within a large town,which has its own council. O ...the New York cityborough of Brooklyn. g δήμος, αστικό διαμέρισμα(μεγάλης πόλης)identify with v if you identify one person or thingwith another, you think that they are closely associat-ed or involved in some way. O Moore really hates toplay the sweet, passive women that audiences haveidentified her with. g ôáõôίζωstark adj Something that is very plain in appearance.O there is a stark white, characterless fireplace in thedrawing room. g “γυμνός”, "øõ÷ñüò", χωρίςδιακοσμητικάconqueror n the conquerors of a country or group ofpeople are the people who have taken complete con-trol of that country or group's land. O the people of anoppressed country obey their conquerors because theywant to go on living. g êáôáêôçôÞò, πορθητήςprimary adj You use primary to describe somethingthat is very important. O that's the primary reason thecompany's share price has held up so well. g κύριος,áñ÷éêüò, πρωτεύωνfunction n the function of something or someone isthe useful thing that they do or are intended to do.O the main function of the merchant banks is to raisecapital for industry. g λειτουργίαexecution n the action of putting a condemned per-son to death. O execution by lethal injection is sched-uled for July 30th. g åêôÝëåóç (êáôÜäéêïõ Þêñáôïýìåíïõ)torture v the infliction of intense pain (as from burn-ing, crushing, or wounding) in order to punish some-one or to make him reveal information. O He is exam-ining cases of torture and murder by the securityforces. g βασανιστήριο, βασανισμόςarmoury n all the weapons and military equipment acountry has. O Nuclear weapons will play a less promi-nent part in NatO's armoury in the future.g ïðëïóôÜóéïtreasury n a room in a castle or a church where valuableobjects are displayed or stored. g θçóáõñïöõëÜêéïroyal adj Something that is connected with a king,queen, or emperor, or their family. a royal person is aking, queen, or emperor, or a member of their family.O ...an invitation to a royal garden party. g βασιλικόςmint n the place where the official coins of a countryare made. O in 1965 the mint stopped putting silver indimes. g νομισματοκοπείο royal Mint n g Βασιλικό Νïìéóìáôïêïðåßïobservatory n a building with a large telescope fromwhich scientists study things such as the planets bywatching them. g παρατηρητήριοprincipally adv More than anything else. O this isprincipally because the major export markets are slow-ing. g êõñßùò, êáôÜ êýñéï ëüãïattraction n Something that people can go to forinterest or enjoyment, for example a famous building.O the walled city is an important tourist attraction.g πόλος έλξης, αξιοθέατοman v if you man something such as a place ormachine, you operate it or are in charge of it.O contact the person manning the phone at thecomplaints department. g επανδρώνω, στελεχώνω

warder n Someone who works in a prison supervisingthe prisoners. g äåóìïöýëáêáòfortification n Buildings, walls, or ditches that are builtto protect a place and make it more difficult to attack.O the government has started building fortificationsalong its eastern border. g ï÷ýñùóç, οχυρό

reading - Part 3enrich v to enrich something means to improve itsquality, usually by adding something to it. O an extend-ed family enriches life in many ways. g åìðëïõôßæùfirmly adv Something that is not subject to change orrevision, steady. O He is firmly convinced that it is vitalto do this. g σταθερά, γεράcommercial adj involving or relating to the buyingand selling of goods. O attacks were reported onpolice, vehicles and commercial premises. g åìðïñéêüòrotational adj involving or relating to a circular move-ment. O it is a rotational shift, moving progressively tothe right heel and transferring your weight to the rightside. g περιστρεφόμενος, περιστροφικόςmoulding n the action of making a soft substance,such as plastic or clay, into a particular shape or into anobject. g äéáìüñöùóç, κατασκευήexpertise n Special skill or knowledge that is acquiredby training, study, or practice. O the problem is thatmost local authorities lack the expertise to deal sensiblyin this market. g έμπειρη γνώση, ικανότηταengineering n the work involved in designing andconstructing engines and machinery, or structures suchas roads and bridges. engineering is also the subjectstudied by people who want to do this work. O ...thedesign and engineering of aircraft and space vehicles. g ìç÷áíïëïãßámanufacturing n Fabrication, the act of making aproduct from raw materials. O ...the manufacturing ofa luxury type automobile. g (âéïìç÷áíéêÞ) êáôáóêåõÞoutstanding adj Something that is very remarkableand impressive. O He is an outstanding athlete anddeserved to win. g åîáßñåôïò, έξοχοςboundless adj if you describe something as boundless,you mean that there seems to be no end or limit to it.O the work demanded boundless energy and theatricalimagination. g áðÝñáíôïò, áðåñéüñéóôïòextraordinary adj Someone or something that hassome extremely good or special quality. O We've madeextraordinary progress as a society in that regard.g åîáéñåôéêüò, καταðëçêôéêüòbarrier n Something such as a rule, law, or policy thatmakes it difficult or impossible for something to hap-pen or be achieved. O Duties and taxes are the mostobvious barrier to free trade. g ðåñéïñéóìüò, åìðüäéïdisability n a permanent injury, illness, or physical ormental condition that tends to restrict the way thatsomeone can live their life. O Facilities for people withdisabilities are still insufficient. g áíáðçñßá, ανικανότηταpassionate adj a person that has very strong feelingsabout something or a strong belief in something.O i admire his passionate commitment to peace.g öëïãåñüò, ãåìÜôïò ðÜèïòrecruit v if you recruit people for an organisation, youselect them and persuade them to join it or work for it.O the police are trying to recruit more black and asianofficers. g ðñïóλαμβάνω, συγκεντρώνωfabulous adj if you describe something as fabulous,you are emphasising that you like it a lot or think that


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it is very good. O this is a fabulous album. it's fresh,varied, fun. g Ýîï÷ïò, öáíôáóôéêüòcater for v in British english, to cater for a group ofpeople means to provide all the things that they needor want. in american english, you say you cater to aperson or group of people. O Minorca is the sort ofplace that caters for families. g êáëýðôù ôéò áíÜãêåò,ικανοποιώ toddler n a young child who has only just learned towalk or who still walks unsteadily with small, quicksteps. g íÞðéïsandpit n a shallow hole or box in the ground withsand in it where small children can play. g óêÜììá ìåÜììïscoop n Α deep shovel or similar implement for dig-ging, dipping, or shoveling. g öôõÜρι, φαγάναspinning adj Something that turns quickly around acentral point. g ðåñéóôñåöüìåíïòmagnificent adj Something or someone that isextremely good, beautiful, or impressive. O ...a magnif-icent country house in wooded grounds. g èáõìÜóéïòframework n a structure that forms a support orframe for something. O We placed wooden shelves ona steel framework. g ðëáßóéï

reading - Part 4figure out phr.v. if you figure out a solution to aproblem or the reason for something, you succeed insolving it or understanding it. O it took them aboutone month to figure out how to start the equipment.g καταλαβαίνω, âãÜæù óõìðÝñáóìátic-tac-toe n a game in which two players alternatelyput crosses and circles in one of the compartments of asquare grid of nine spaces g τρίλιζαtwist n the action of turning something so that itmoves around in a circular direction. O the bag isresealed with a simple twist of the valve. g στροφή,περιστροφήquintillion n (in N.america and France) Α number thatis represented by a figure 1 followed by 18 zeros.g εξάκις εκατομμύριοpotential adj You use potential to say that someoneor something is capable of developing into the particu-lar kind of person or thing mentioned. O We are awareof the potential problems and have taken everyprecaution. g πιθανός, εν δυνάμειsuspect v You use suspect when you are statingsomething that you believe is probably true, in order tomake it sound less strong or direct. O the above com-plaints are, i suspect, just the tip of the iceberg.g πιθανολογώ, υποθέτωschedule v to appoint, assign, or designate for a fixedtime. O the flight to London is scheduled for 3pm. g προγραμματίζω, ορίζω χρονοδιάγραμμαcheckers n Α game for two people, played with 24round pieces on a board. g (ðáé÷íßäé) íôÜìácheckerboard n a square board with 64 black andwhite squares that is used for playing checkers orchess. g "óêáêéÝñá", "íôáìéÝñá"opponent n in a sporting contest, your opponent isthe person who is playing against you. O He's the bestopponent i've come across this season, a great player.g áíôßðáëïòcounter move n a move in opposition or response toa preceding move. g αντίθετη κίνηση, áíôßäñáση,΄κόντρα΄

cut down phr.v. if you cut down on something or cutdown something, you use or do less of it. O car ownerswere asked to cut down travel. g περιορίζω, μειώνωtie n the state of having the same number of pointsor the same degree of success as your opponent. O thechess game ended in a tie. g ισοπαλίαconfiguration n an arrangement of a group of things.O ...Stonehenge, in south-western england, an ancientconfiguration of giant stones. g äéÜôáîç, äéáìüñöùóç

teSt 4Listening - Part 4patisserie n a shop where cakes and pastries are sold.O i bought some real cakes from a patisserie.g æá÷áñïðëáóôåßïreluctant adj if you are reluctant to do something,you are unwilling to do it and hesitate before doing it,or do it slowly and without enthusiasm. O Mr Sperowas reluctant to ask for help. g áðñüèõìïòpriority n if something is a priority, it is the mostimportant thing you have to do or deal with, or mustbe done or dealt with before everything else you haveto do. O Being a parent is her first priority.g ðñïôåñáéüôçôáreligious adj things that are connected with religionor with one particular religion. O We must respect dif-ferent religious beliefs. g èñçóêåõôéêüò

reading - Part 1 dressing gown n a long, loose garment which youwear over your night clothes when you are not in bed.O She got out of bed, put on her dressing gown andwent to the children’s bedroom. g ñüìðámake for phr.v. if you make for a place, you movetowards it. O He rose from his seat and made for thedoor. g êáôåõèýíïìáé, οδηγούμαιvaluables n(pl) things that you own that are worth alot of money, especially small objects such as jewellery.O Leave your valuables in the hotel safe. g ôéìáëöÞ,áíôéêåßìåíá áîßáòno doubt adv You use no doubt to emphasise thatsomething seems certain or very likely to you. O Nodoubt she’ll pass the test; she’s a great student.g áíáìößâïëá, ÷ùñßò áìöéâïëßáreminiscences n(pl) Someone’s reminiscences arethings that they remember from the past, and whichthey talk or write about. O Here i am boring you withmy reminiscences. g áíáìíÞóåéòrecall v When you recall something, you remember itand tell others about it. O i have no idea what shesaid, something about airline travel, i seem to recall.g èõìÜìáé, áíáêáëþ óôç ìíÞìç forecast v if you forecast future events, you say whatyou think is going to happen in the future. O He fore-casts that average salary increases will remain around 4per cent. g προβαίνω σε πρόγνωση, προβλέπωtremor n a small earthquake. O there were severaltremors during the volcanic eruption. g σεισμικήäüíçóç, σεισμόςdawn n the time of day when light first appears inthe sky, just before the sun rises. O Nancy woke atdawn. g áõãή, χάραμαcontented adj if you are contented, you are satisfiedwith your life or the situation you are in. O Wheneverhe returns to this place he is happy and contented.


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g éêáíïðïéçìÝíïò, ευχαριστημένοςbefriend v if you befriend someone, you make friendswith them. O On the aeroplane i was befriended by adelightful German woman. g ðëçóéÜæù öéëéêÜ, κάνωπαρέαchat v When people chat, they talk to each other inan informal and friendly way. O the women were chat-ting to each other about their holidays.g êïõâåíôéÜæù, συζητώyoungster n Young people, especially children, aresometimes referred to as youngsters. O i was only ayoungster in 1935. g νεαρός, νεανίαςmug n a large deep cup with a handle, used for hotdrinks. O He spooned instant coffee into two of themugs. g êïýðáepicentre n the epicentre of an earthquake is theplace on the earth's surface directly above the pointwhere it starts, and is the place where it is felt moststrongly. O the earthquake had its epicentre two-hun-dred kilometres north-east of the capital. g επίκεντροvow v if you vow to do something, you make a seri-ous promise or decision that you will do it. O i vowedthat someday i would return to live in europe.g õðüó÷ïìáé, äßíù üñêïbitterly adv You use bitterly when you describe anattitude which involves strong, unpleasant emotionssuch as anger or dislike. O We are bitterly upset atwhat has happened. g ðéêñÜswallow (one’s pride) v if you swallow your pride oryour feelings in general, you do not express them,although you want to very much. O She had to swal-low her pride and apologise to her boss although sheknew she was right. g êáôáðßíù ôçí áîéïðñÝðåéá ìïõ,σκύβω το κεφάλιdisapprove v if you disapprove of something or some-one, you feel or show that you do not like them or donot approve of them. O Most people disapprove ofsuch violent tactics. g αποδοκιμάζω, απορρίπτωworsen v if a bad situation worsens or if somethingworsens it, it becomes more difficult, unpleasant, orunacceptable. O these options would actually worsenthe economy. g χειροτερεύω, επιδεινώνω

reading - Part 2 retirement n the time when a worker leaves his joband usually stop working completely. O the proportionof the population who are over retirement age hasgrown tremendously in the past few years.g óõíôáîéïäüôçóçworkload n the amount of work that has to be doneby a person or organisation. O the sudden cancellationof Mr Blair's trip was due to his heavy workload. g öüñôïò åñãáóßáòsip v if you sip a drink or sip at it, you drink by takingjust a small amount at a time. O Jessica sipped herdrink thoughtfully. g áñãïðßíù, ñïõöþ pastime n Something that you do in your spare timebecause you enjoy it or are interested in it. O Hisfavourite pastime is golf. g åõ÷Üñéóôç áðáó÷üëçóç(ελεύθερου χρόνου)leisure n the time when you are not working and youcan relax and do things that you enjoy. O ...a relaxingway to fill my leisure time. g åëåýèåñïò ÷ñüíïòpensioner n Someone who receives a pension, espe-cially a pension paid by the state to retired people.g óõíôáîéïý÷ïò

spokesman n a man who speaks as the representa-tive of a group or organisation. O a UN spokesmansaid that the mission will carry 20 tons of relief sup-plies. g åêðñüóùðïò ôýðïõgradual adj a gradual change or process occurs insmall stages over a long period of time, rather thansuddenly. O Losing weight is a slow, gradual process.g âáèìéáßïò, óôáäéáêüògossip n an informal conversation, often about otherpeople's private affairs. O He spent the first hourtalking gossip. g øéëïêïõâÝíôá, κουτσομπολιόsmartly adv in a stylish or elegant way as far asappearance is concerned. O He is always smartlydressed. g κομψά

reading - Part 3gear n the gear involved in a particular activity is theequipment or special clothing that you use.O ...fishing gear... g óýíåñãá, åîïðëéóìüòrucksack n a rucksack is a bag with straps that goover your shoulders, so that you can carry things onyour back, for example when you are walking or climb-ing. g óáêêßäéïrefund v if someone refunds your money, they returnit to you, for example because you have paid too muchor because you have returned goods to a shop. O Weguarantee to refund your money if you're not delight-ed with your purchase. g åðéóôñÝöù ÷ñÞìáôáconfirm v if something confirms what you believe,suspect, or fear, it shows that it is definitely true.O these new statistics confirm our worst fears aboutthe depth of the recession. g επιβεβαιώνω confirmation n åðéâåâáßùóçdeparture n Departure or a departure is the act ofgoing away from somewhere. O ..the President'sdeparture for Helsinki... g áíá÷þñçóçterminal n a terminal is a place where vehicles, pas-sengers, or goods begin or end a journey. O Plans areunderway for a fifth terminal at Heathrow airport.g ôåñìáôéêüò óôáèìüò, αερολιμένας (ôÝñìéíáë)arrival n When a person or vehicle arrives at a place,you can refer to their arrival. O ...the day after hisarrival in england... g Üöéîçensure v to ensure something, or to ensure thatsomething happens, means to make certain that ithappens. O Britain's negotiators had ensured that thetreaty which resulted was a significant change in direc-tion. g åîáóöáëßæù

reading - Part 4distinct adj if something is distinct from somethingelse of the same type, it is different or separate fromit. O this book is divided into two distinct parts.g îå÷ùñéóôüò, äéáöïñåôéêüòdispute n a dispute is an argument or disagreementbetween people or groups. O they have won previouspay disputes with the government. g áíôéäéêßá,äéáöùíßá, áíôéðáñÜèåóçcriminal court n a criminal court is a law court thatdeals with criminal offences. g ðïéíéêü äéêáóôÞñéïpunish v to punish someone means to make themsuffer in some way because they have done somethingwrong. O i don't believe that George ever had to pun-ish the children. g ôéìùñþcompensate v to compensate someone for money orthings that they have lost means to pay them money


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or give them something to replace that money orthose things. O the official promise to compensatepeople for the price rise clearly hadn't been workedout properly. g áðïæçìéþíùfinancial adj Financial means relating to or involvingmoney. O the company is in financial difficulties.g οικονομικός financially adv O Financially, things are a bit tight.g áðü ïéêïíïìéêÞ Üðïøçproceedings n Legal proceedings are legal actiontaken against someone. O ...criminal proceedingsagainst the former prime minister... g δικαστικά μέτραfine n a fine is a punishment in which a person isordered to pay a sum of money because they havedone something illegal or broken a rule.g ðñüóôéìï, ÷ñçìáôéêÞ ðïéíÞimprisonment n imprisonment is the state of beingimprisoned. O She was sentenced to seven years'imprisonment. g öõëÜêéóç, êÜèåéñîçmagistrate n a magistrate is an official who acts as ajudge in law courts which deal with minor crimes ordisputes. g äéêáóôéêüò, ειρηνοδίκηςpreliminary adj Preliminary activities or discussionstake place at the beginning of an event, often as aform of preparation. O Preliminary results show therepublican party with 11 percent of the vote.g ðñïêáôáñêôéêüòwhereas conj. You use whereas to introduce a com-ment which contrasts with what is said in the mainclause. O these fixed-price menus for two or threecourses can cost as little as 50f, whereas the a la carteis always more expensive. g åíþ (äçëþíåé áíôßèåóç)knight n in medieval times, a knight was a man ofnoble birth, who served his king or lord in battle.g éððüôçòhandle v if you say that someone can handle a prob-lem or situation, you mean that they have the abilityto deal with it successfully. O to tell the truth, i don'tknow if i can handle the job. g äéá÷åéñßæïìáéplea n in a court of law, a person's plea is the answerthat they give when they have been charged with acrime, saying whether or not they are guilty of thatcrime. O the judge questioned him about his guiltyplea. g äÞëùóç áðïäï÷Þò Þ áðüññéøçò ôïõêáôçãïñçôÞñéïõinterpret v if you interpret something in a particularway, you decide that this is its meaning or significance.O the whole speech might well be interpreted as acoded message to the americans. g åñìçíåýù, åîçãþregistrar n in Britain, a registrar is a person whose jobis to keep official records, especially of births, mar-riages, and deaths. g ëçîßáñ÷ïòjudicature n äéêáóôικό σώμαchancery n in Britain, the chancery or chanceryDivision is the Lord chancellor's court, which is a divi-sion of the High court of Justice. g (Çí. Âáó.) ôìÞìáôïõ Áíþôáôïõ ÄéêáóôÞñéïõbench n in a court of law, the bench is the judge ormagistrates. O the chairman of the bench adjournedthe case until October 27. g Ýäñá δικαστηρίουdivision n in a large organisation, a division is a groupof departments whose work is done in the same placeor is connected with similar tasks. O ...the bank's Latinamerican division. g τμήμα, õðçñåóéáêÞ ìïíÜäácoroner n a coroner is an official who is responsiblefor investigating the deaths of people who have died

in a sudden, violent, or unusual way. O the coronerrecorded a verdict of accidental death.g ανακριτής με ιατροδικαστικές αρμοδιότητες

teSt 5Listening - Part 1 intersection n a place where roads or other linesmeet or cross. Othis is a busy highway intersection.g διασταύρωση tempt v Something that tempts you, attracts you andmakes you want it, even though it may be wrong orharmful. O can i tempt you with a little ice cream? g βάζω σε πειρασμό, δελεάζω

Listening - Part 4tutor n a teacher at a British university or college. insome american universities or colleges, a tutor is ateacher of the lowest rank. O He is course tutor inarchaeology at the University of Southampton.g καθηγητής (συνήθως ðáíåðéóôçìéáêüò), λέκτορας capable (of) adj if a person or thing is capable of doingsomething, they have the ability to do it. O Heappeared hardly capable of conducting a coherentconversation. g éêáíüò, άξιοςachieve v if you achieve a particular aim or effect, yousucceed in doing it or causing it to happen, usuallyafter a lot of effort. O there are many who will workhard to achieve these goals. g åðéôõã÷Üíù, êáôïñèþíùmotto n a short sentence or phrase that expresses arule for sensible behaviour, especially a way of behavingin a particular situation. O the regiment's motto is`Nemo nos impune lacessit' (No one provokes us withimpunity). g ãíùìéêü, áðüöèåãìá, ìüôïpessimistic adj Someone who thinks that bad thingsare going to happen. O Not everyone is so pessimisticabout the future. g áðáéóéüäïîïòdepressing adj Something makes you feel sad and dis-appointed. O Yesterday's unemployment figures wereas depressing as those of the previous 22 months.g êáôáèëéðôéêüò, απογοητευτικόςunrealistic adj Someone that does not recognize thetruth about a situation, especially about the difficultiesinvolved in something he wants to achieve. O thereare many who feel that the players are being com-pletely unrealistic in their demands. g áíåäáöéêüò,ïõôïðéêüòacademic adj things that relate to the work done inschools, colleges, and universities, especially work whichinvolves studying and reasoning rather than practical ortechnical skills. O their academic standards are high.g áêáäçìáúêüò, åêðáéäåõôéêüòsum up phr.v. if you sum something up, you describeit as briefly as possible. O One voter in Brasilia summedup the mood `Politicians have lost credibility,' he com-plained. g óõíïøßæùattitude n the way that you think and feel aboutsomething, especially when this shows in the way youbehave. O We must all change our attitude towardshandicapped people. g óôÜóç, óõìðåñéöïñÜ

reading - Part 1 poorly adv in a bad condition or with a low quality orstandard. O Some people are living in poorly builtdormitories, even in tents. g ανεπαρκώςhum v When something hums it makes a soft,


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continuous sound like a machine. O the only soundwas that of the computer humming. g âïõßæùlone adj if you talk about a lone person or thing, youmean that they are alone or there is only one of them.O He was shot by a lone gunman. g ìüíïò, (åäþ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ìåôáöïñéêÜ)glow v if something glows, it produces a soft, warmlight. O the lamp glowed softly in the darkness.g áêôéíïâïëþ, ëÜìðùget on with phr. v if you get on with something, youcontinue doing it after a period of interruption. O “Please, get on with your work!”, shouted theteacher to the students. g óõíå÷ßæù (íá êÜíù êÜôé)errand n a short trip that you make in order to do ajob for someone, for example when you go to a shopto buy something for them. O She went off on someerrand for her mother. g èÝëçìá, εξυπηρέτησηgive sb more than they bargained for phr When yougive someone more than they bargained for, you makethings more difficult for them than they had expectedin the first place. O He thought that he could easilybeat his opponent but he was given more than he hadbargained for and in the end he lost. g äçìéïõñãþ óåêÜðïéïí ðåñéóóüôåñåò äõóêïëéÝò áð’ ü,ôé ðåñßìåíåretreat n the action of giving something up, such asa plan or a way of life, usually in order to do some-thing safer or less extreme. O the President's remarksappear to signal that there will be no retreat from hisposition. g õðï÷þñçóç, οπισθοχώρησηbe on the defensive phr if someone is on the defen-sive, they are trying to protect themselves or theirinterests because they feel unsure or threatened. O Hesmiled, not wanting to put the man on the defensive.g êñáôþ áìõíôéêÞ óôÜóç, αμύνομαιbrim v if someone or something is brimming with aparticular quality, they are full of that quality. Otheenglish team are brimming with confidence after twowins in the tournament. g îå÷åéëßæù, åßìáé ãåìÜôïò áðüresign v if you resign from a job or position or froman activity, you formally announce that you are leavingit. O He knew he couldn’t win the game of chess, so heresigned. g ðáñáéôïýìáéindex finger n the finger that is next to your thumb.g δείκτης (δάχτυλο)contradict v if you contradict someone, you say thatwhat they have just said is wrong, or suggest that it iswrong by saying something different. O She dared notcontradict him. g áíôéëÝãù, äéáøåýäùkey in phr. v if you key something in, you put infor-mation into a computer or you give the computer aparticular instruction by typing the information or instruction on the keyboard. O Brian keyed in his per-sonal code. g ðëçêôñïëïãþfond adj if you are fond of someone, you feel affec-tion for them. O She was especially fond of a little girlnamed Linda. g που αγαπά, που τρέφει αισθήματα αγάπηςin particular adv You use in particular to indicate thatwhat you are saying applies especially to one thing or person. O Why should he notice her car in particular?g óõãêåêñéìÝíá, ιδιαίτερα boast v if someone boasts about something that theyhave done or that they own, they talk about it veryproudly, in a way that other people may find irritating or offensive. O carol boasted about her fan-tastic new job. g õðåñçöáíåýïìáé, καυχιέμαιovertime n the time that you spend doing your job

in addition to your normal working hours. O He wouldwork overtime, without pay, to finish a job.g υðåñùñßαhave a high opinion of phr if someone has a highopinion of you, they respect you and think you arevery good in some way, for example at your work.O She has always had a high opinion of her colleagues.g Ý÷ù êáëÞ ãíþìç ãéá êÜðïéïí

reading - Part 2grief n a feeling of extreme sadness. O their griefsoon gave way to anger. g θλίψη, πόνοςresentment n Bitterness and anger that someonefeels about something. O She expressed resentment atbeing interviewed by a social worker. g ðéêñßá,äõóáñÝóêåéásap v if something saps your strength or confidence, itgradually weakens or destroys it. O i was afraid the sick-ness had sapped my strength. g υποσκάπτω, εξαντλώdrain v if something drains you, it leaves you feelingphysically and emotionally exhausted. O My emotionalturmoil had drained me. g áðïìõæþ, åîáíôëþ/-ïýìáéconscious adj a conscious decision or action is madeor done deliberately with you giving your full attentionto it. O i don't think we ever made a conscious decisionto have a big family. g συνειδητός, που έχει επίγνωσηroot v to have an origin or base. O racism is rooted inprejudices which have existed for thousands of years. g προέρχομαι, πηγάζωself-esteem n the way you feel about yourself. Forexample, if you have low self-esteem, you do not likeyourself, you do not think that you are a valuable per-son, and therefore you do not behave confidently.O Poor self-esteem is at the centre of many of the diffi-culties we experience in our relationships.g áõôïóåâáóìüò, αυτοεκτίμησηdownwards adv towards the ground or a lower level.O Benedict pointed downwards again with his stick.g προς τα κάτωbreathing space n a rest, pause or respite. g ανάταση,ανάπαυλαdelegate v if you delegate duties, responsibilities, orpower to someone, you give them those duties, thoseresponsibilities, or that power so that they can act onyour behalf. O He talks of travelling less, and delegat-ing more authority to his deputies in Britain andaustralia. g αναθέτω, åîïõóéïäïôþ

reading - Part 3 cottage n a small house, usually in the country.O they used to have a cottage in N.W. Scotland.g εξοχικό óðίôé, αγροικίαsteep adj a steep slope rises at a very sharp angle andis difficult to go up. O San Francisco is built on 40 hillsand some are very steep. g áðüêñçìíïò, áðüôïìïòmisleading adj Designed to deceive either deliberatelyor inadvertently. O this advertisement is very mislead-ing and does not refer to the side-effects the productmay cause. g παραπλανητικός, παραπειστικόςpatio n an area of flat blocks or concrete next to ahouse, where people can sit and relax or eat. g áßèñéï,σκεπαστή βεράντα

reading - Part 4eagerly adv in a way that shows keen interest orintense desire or impatient expectancy. O He eagerly


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decided to travel abroad with me. g πρόθυμα, μεενθουσιασμόwillpower n a very strong determination to do some-thing. O i know i've got the willpower to do it.g äýíáìç èÝëçóçòfactor n One of the things that affect an event, deci-sion, or situation. O Physical activity is an importantfactor in maintaining fitness. g ðáñÜãïíôáò, συντελεστήςcommission v to order to be made. O Several archi-tects were commissioned to design the building. g αναθέτω εντολή, επιφορτίζωwaistline n Your waistline is your waist measurement.O a passion for cooking does not necessarily have tobe bad for your waistline. g ðåñßìåôñïò ìÝóçòcite v if you cite something, you quote it or mentionit, especially as an example or proof of what you aresaying. O She cites a favourite poem by GeorgeHerbert. g áíáöÝñù, παραθέτω (ãíþìç, ñçôü êôë.)tummy n the part of the front of your body belowyour waist. tummy is often used by children or byadults talking to children. O Your baby's tummy shouldfeel warm, but not hot. g êïéëίτσα, óôïìÜ÷égrim adj a situation or piece of information that isunpleasant, depressing, and difficult to accept. O theypainted a grim picture of growing crime.g äõóÜñåóôïò, δυσοίωνοςobese adj Someone who is extremely fat. O the ten-dency to become obese is at least in part hereditary.g παχύσαρκοςepidemic n if there is an epidemic of a particular dis-ease somewhere, it affects a very large number of peo-ple there and spreads quickly to other areas. O a fluepidemic is sweeping through Moscow. g åðéäçìßáfizzy adj Drinks that contain small bubbles of carbondioxide. they make a sound like a long `s' when youpour them. O ...fizzy water. g áåñéïý÷ïò, με ανθρακικόstroke n if someone has a stroke, a blood vessel intheir brain bursts or becomes blocked, which may killthem or make them unable to move one side of theirbody. O He had a minor stroke recently which left himpartly paralysed. g εγκεφαλικόswap v if you swap one thing for another, youremove the first thing and replace it with the second,or you stop doing the first thing and start doing thesecond. O Despite the heat, he'd swapped his overallsfor a suit and tie. g áíôáëëÜóù, αντικαθιστώmisconception n an idea that is not correct. O it is amisconception that Peggy was fabulously wealthy.g åóöáëìÝíç áíôßëçøç, παρεξήγησηtemptation n if you feel you want to do something orhave something, even though you know you reallyshould avoid it, you can refer to this feeling as tempta-tion. O Will they be able to resist the temptation tobuy? g πειρασμός, δέλεαρ

teSt 6Listening - Part 1argumentative adj Someone who is always ready todisagree or start quarrelling with other people.O You're in an argumentative mood today. g εριστικός,επιθετικός

Listening - Part 2hang out phr.v. to spend time in a certain location orwith certain people. O We can just hang out and havea good time. g βγαίνω, πραγματοποιώ έξοδο

Listening - Part 3crayon n a pencil containing coloured wax or clay, ora rod of coloured wax used for drawing. g κιμωλία ήκάρβουνο (ζωγραφικής), παστέλ

Listening - Part 4indefinitely adv if a situation will continue indefinitely, itwill continue for ever or until someone decides tochange it or end it. O the visit has now been post-poned indefinitely. g åð´ áüñéóôïítutor n Someone who gives private lessons to onepupil or a very small group of pupils. g καθηγητής (ιδι-αιτέρων μαθημάτων)motivate v if someone motivates you to do some-thing, they make you feel determined to do it. O Neversay that the manager doesn't know how to motivatehis players. g ðáñáêéíþ, ùèþ, παρέχω κίνητρα

reading - Part 1 glamorous adj Someone or something that is more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary peopleor things. O Some of the world’s most beautiful andglamorous models took part in the fashion show.g ãïçôåõôéêüò, ãåìÜôïò áßãëçremove v if you remove a stain or make-up from asurface, you make it disappear by treating it with a chemical or by washing it. Othis detergent removesthe worst stains. g áöáéñþ, âãÜæùsession n a session of a particular activity is a periodof that activity. Othe two leaders emerged for a photosession. g óõíåäñßá, ÷ñïíéêÞ ðåñßïäïò êáôÜ ôçí ïðïßáãßíåôáé êÜôé (ìéá äñáóôçñéüôçôá)deny v if you deny yourself something that you needor want, you refuse to let yourself have it or enjoy it.O if you regularly take snacks instead of eating proper-ly, you will deny yourself the important nutrients thatyour body requires. g áñíïýìáé, áðáñíéÝìáécertain adj refering to a particular, specific person orthing. Othere are certain things you must avoid eatingwhen you go on a diet. g óõãêåêñéìÝíïòweather permitting phr if you say that you will dosomething weather permitting, you mean that you willdo it if the weather is good or suitable for what youwant to do. O Weather permitting, we can go for apicnic on Saturday. g êáéñïý åðéôñÝðïíôïòtrack n a piece of ground, often oval-shaped, that isused for races involving athletes, cars, bicycles, horses,or dogs called greyhounds. O the two men turned towatch the horses going round the track. g óôßâïò, ðßóôákeep in shape phr if you keep in shape, you keep fit.Othe glamorous model was asked what she does tokeep in shape. g äéáôçñïýìáé óå öüñìáprevent v to prevent someone from doing somethingmeans to make it impossible for them to do it.O He said this would prevent companies from creatingnew jobs. g εμποδίζω, αποτρέπωaffect v if something affects a person or thing, itinfluences them or causes them to change in someway. O Nicotine adversely affects the functioning ofthe heart and arteries. g επηρεάζωcentre v if something centres or is centred on a partic-


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ular thing or person, that thing or person is the mainsubject of attention. O When working with patients,my efforts are centred on helping them to overcomeillness. g επικεντρώνω, εστιάζω

reading - Part 2 arm n an arm of land or water is a long thin area ofit that is joined to a broader area. O at the end of theother arm of cardigan Bay is Bardsey island. g βραχίο-νας θαλάσσης, εκβολή ποταμού sleeve n the sleeves of a coat, shirt, or other item ofclothing are the parts that cover your arms. O Hissleeves were rolled up to his elbows. g ìáíßêéshallow adj a shallow container, hole, or area ofwater measures only a short distance from the top tothe bottom. O Put the milk in a shallow dish.g áâáèÞò, ñç÷üòcontinental shelf n the area which forms the edge ofa continent, ending in a steep slope to the depths ofthe ocean. O ...the deep water off the continentalShelf. g çðåéñùôéêÞ õöáëïêñçðßäádefence n action that is taken to protect someone orsomething against attack. O the land was flat, givingno scope for defence. g άμυναinvasion n if there is an invasion of a country, a for-eign army enters it by force. O it happened seven yearsafter the roman invasion of Britain. g åéóâïëÞ,åðéäñïìÞamphibious operation adj in an amphibious militaryoperation, army and navy forces attack a place fromthe sea. O a third brigade is at sea, ready for anamphibious operation. g αμφίβια επιχείρηση (από ξηράκαι θάλασσα)allies ν the allies were the armed forces that foughtagainst Germany and Japan in the Second World War.g Σύμμαχοιlink v if two places or objects are linked or some-thing links them, there is a physical connectionbetween them. O the campus is linked by regular busservices to coventry. g συνδέω, ενώνωnorthern adj Ιn or from the north of a region, state, orcountry. O their two children were immigrants toNorthern ireland from Pennsylvania. g âüñåéïò, âïñåéíüòportion n a part of something. O i have spent a fairlyconsiderable portion of my life here. g τμήμα, μέροςhalt v When a person or a vehicle halts or when some-thing halts them, they stop moving in the directionthey were going and stand still. O they halted at ashort distance from the house. g óôáìáôþcurrent n a steady and continuous flowing movementof some of the water in a river, lake, or sea.Othe couple were swept away by the strong current.g υδάτινο ρεύμα

reading - Part 3cheery adj if you describe a person or their behaviouras cheery, you mean that they are cheerful and happy.O She was cheery and talked to them about theirproblems. g ευδιάθετος, πρόσχαροςgracious adj characterised by charm, good taste, gen-erosity of spirit, and the tasteful leisure of wealth andgood breeding. O She offered me a gracious gift toshow me her thanks. g “αριστοκρατικός”, μεγάλης αξίαςpersonalised adj individualised, made for or directed oradjusted to a particular individual. O i will try to giveyou some personalised advice, especially for your own

problem. g εξατομικευμένος, προσαρμοσμένοςripened adj aged, having reached a desired or finalcondition. O i will make an apple pie with theseripened apples. g ώριμος, μεστόςovary n Α part of the female reproductive organ ofthe flower. g ùïèÞêçflowering adj Shrubs, trees, or plants which producenoticeable flowers. g áíèéóìÝíïòseed n the small, hard part of a plant from which anew plant grows. O ...a packet of cabbage seed.g óðüñïòfleshy adj a thick and juicy fruit, succulent. O i madea sweet of fleshy fruits like apples, plums, pears,peaches. g óáñêþäçò, ζουμερόςplum n a small, sweet fruit with a smooth red or yel-low skin and a stone in the middle. g äáìÜóêçíïstem n the thin, upright part of a plant, on which theflowers and leaves grow. O He stooped down, cut thestem for her with his knife and handed her the flower.g ìßó÷ïò, êïôóÜíé (öýëëïõ, ëïõëïõäéïý)rhubarb n a plant with large leaves and long redstems. You can cook the stems with sugar to make jamor puddings. g ρήον, ñáâÝíôé courgette n a long thin vegetable with dark greenskin. g κολοκυθάκιfig n a soft sweet fruit that grows in hot countries.it is full of tiny seeds and is often eaten dried. g óýêïripe adj ripe fruit or grain is fully grown and ready toeat. O always choose firm, but ripe fruit. g þñéìïò,ãéíοìÝíïòappetizer n the first course of a meal. it consists of asmall amount of food. O Seafood soup is a good appe-tizer. g ïñåêôéêü, ìåæÝò

reading - Part 4worthy adj if a person or thing is worthy of some-thing, they deserve it because they have the qualitiesor abilities required. O the bank might think you'reworthy of a loan. g Üîéïòpeer n the people who are the same age as you orwho have the same status as you. O ...children who aremuch cleverer than their peers. g óõíïìÞëéêïò, ßóïòovercome v if you overcome a problem or a feeling,you successfully deal with it and control it. O Molly hadfought and overcome her fear of flying. g îåðåñíþ,õðåñíéêþobstacle n anything that makes it difficult for you todo something. O Overcrowding remains a large obsta-cle to improving conditions. g åìðüäéï, êþëõìámeasure v if you measure the quality, value, or effectof something, you discover or judge how great it is.O i continued to measure his progress against thecharts in the doctor's office. g μετρώ, õðïëïãßæùwell-being n Ηealth and happiness. O Singing can create a sense of well-being. g åõçìåñßá, ευεξίαaccurate adj Ιnformation, measurements, and statisticsthat are correct to a very detailed level. an accurateinstrument is able to give you information of this kind.O Police have stressed that this is the most accuratedescription of the killer to date. g áêñéâÞò, óùóôüògenuine adj People and things that are exactly whatthey appear to be, and are not false or an imitation.Othere was a risk of genuine refugees being returned toVietnam. g γνήσιος, αυθεντικός genuinely adv g ãíÞóéá, áõèåíôéêÜengage v if you engage in an activity, you do it or are


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actively involved with it. O You can engage in croqueton the south lawn. g áðáó÷ïëþ-ούμαι, συμμετέχωsubject n in an experiment or piece of research, thesubject is the person or animal that is being tested orstudied. O Subjects in the study were asked to follow amodified diet. g Üôïìï που παίρνει μέρος σε πείραμα,μελέτη, κλπ.course n You can refer to the way that events devel-op as, for example, the course of history or the courseof events. O ...a series of decisive naval battles whichaltered the course of history. g ðïñåßá, διάρκειαclue n Something that guides through an intricateprocedure or maze of difficulties. g στοιχείο, ένδειξηfrontal adj Of, relating to, or adjacent to the foreheador the frontal bone. O He is studying the functions ofthe frontal lobes of the brain. g ìåôùðéαίοςcortex n the cortex of the brain or of another organis its outer layer. O ...the cerebral cortex. g öëïéüòscan n a medical test in which a machine sends abeam of X-rays over a part of your body in order tocheck that it is healthy. O He was rushed to hospitalfor a brain scan. g τομογραφίαtendency n a part of your character that makes youbehave in an unpleasant or worrying way. O He isspoiled, arrogant and has a tendency towards snob-bery. g ñïðÞ, ðñïäéÜèåóçmaintain v if you maintain something, you continueto have it, and do not let it stop or grow weaker. O the Department maintains many close contacts withthe chemical industry. g äéáôçñþmood n the way you are feeling at a particular time.O He is clearly in a good mood today. g øõ÷éêÞ äéÜèåóçday-to-day phr things or activities that exist or hap-pen every day as part of ordinary life. O i am a vegetar-ian and use a lot of lentils in my day-to-day cooking.g καθημερινόςquotient n Quotient is used when indicating the pres-ence or degree of a characteristic in someone or some-thing. O Being rich doesn't actually increase yourhappiness quotient. g συντελεστής, äåßêôçòburst n a sudden outbreak. O When he learned aboutthis, he had a burst of anger. g ξέσπασμα, έκρηξηemotional adj concerned with emotions and feelings.O i needed this man's love, and the emotional supporthe was giving me. g óõíáéóèçìáôéêüòexternal adj Something that is on the outside of asurface or body, or that it exists, happens, or comesfrom outside. O there was a much reduced heat lossthrough external walls. g åîùôåñéêüòcircumstances n(pl) the circumstances of a particularsituation are the conditions which affect what hap-pens. O recent opinion polls show that 60 percentfavour abortion under certain circumstances.g óõíèÞêåò, περιστάσεις

teSt 7Listening - Part 1disaster n if you refer to something as a disaster, youare emphasizing that you think it is extremely bad orunacceptable. O the whole production was just adisaster! g καταστροφή, αποτυχίαridiculous adj Something or someone that is very fool-ish. O it is ridiculous to suggest we are having aromance. g γελοίοςhilarious adj Something which is extremely funny and

makes you laugh a lot. O We thought it was hilariouswhen we first heard about it. g ξεκαρδιστικός, αστείος

Listening - Part 2in-laws n(pl) Τhe parents and close relatives of yourhusband or wife. g πεθερικάselfish adj Someone who cares only about himself andnot about other people. O i think i've been very selfish.i've been mainly concerned with myself. g εγωιστής,ατομιστήςenvy v if you envy someone, you wish that you hadthe same things or qualities that they have. O i don'tenvy the young ones who've become tV superstarsand know no other world. g ζηλεύω, φθονώquit v if you quit your job, you choose to leave it.O He quit his job as an office boy in athens. g παραι-τούμαιbranch n Οne of the offices, shops, or groups whichbelong to a business or other organisation and whichare located in different places. O the local branch ofthe bank is handling the accounts. g υποκατάστημα

Listening - Part 3fasten v When you fasten something, you close it bymeans of buttons or a strap, or some other device. ifsomething fastens with buttons or straps, you canclose it in this way. O She got quickly into her Miniand fastened the seat belt. g δένω seat belt n a strap attached to a seat in a car or anaircraft. You fasten it across your body in order to pre-vent yourself being thrown out of the seat if there is asudden movement. Othe fact i was wearing a seat beltsaved my life. g ζώνη ασφαλείας

Listening - Part 4unique adj Something that is the only one of its kind.O each person's signature is unique. g μοναδικόςgrumble v if someone grumbles, they complain aboutsomething in a bad-tempered way. O i shouldn't grum-ble about Mum, she's lovely really. g γκρινιάζωstrand n a land along the edge of the sea or ocean orof a level or river. g αμμώδης ακτή ή όχθη coastline n the outline of a country’s coast. O thousands of volunteers gave up part of their week-end to clean up the california coastline. g ακτογραμμή,παράκτια ζώνηblinded adj Someone who ignores a fact or a situa-tion or is unaware of it, although you think that theyshould take notice of it or be aware of it. O She wasblinded by David's good looks and impeccable mannersthat she could forgive all his mistakes. g τυψλωμένος.που εθελοτυφλείbreakthrough n an important development orachievement. O the company looks poised to make asignificant breakthrough in china. g σημαντική εξέλιξη,ανακάλυψηimaginary adj a person, place, or thing that exists onlyin your mind or in a story, and not in real life.O Lots of children have imaginary friends. g φανταστι-κός, της φαντασίας

reading - Part 1serial adj Somebody who repeatedly commits thesame crime. O the serial killer claimed to have killed400 people. g êáô’åîáêïëïýèçóç, μανιακόςcome across phr.v if you come across something or


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someone, you find them or meet them by chance.O i’ve never come across such an ugly baby before!g óõíáíôþ ôõ÷áßá, ανταμώνω string out phr. v. if things string out, they are situatedin a line. O Small coffee shops and canteens are strungout on the seafront. g ðáñáôÜóóïìáégetaway n if someone makes a getaway, they leave aplace quickly, especially after committing a crime orwhen trying to avoid someone. O they made their get-away along a pavement on a stolen motorcycle. g áðüäñáóç, διαφυγήraid v if someone raids a building or place, they enterit by force in order to steal something. O a 19-year-oldman has been found guilty of raiding a bank. g ληστεύω, κάνω διάρρηξηat random adv if something happens at random, ithappens without a definite plan or pattern. O threepeople were killed by shots fired at random from a car. g óôçí ôý÷ç, τυχαίαoverlook v if you overlook a fact or problem, you donot notice it, or do not realise how important it is.O We overlook all sorts of warning signals about ourown health. g ðáñáâëÝðù, υποτιμώsearch for a contact lens on an ice rink idm g ψάχνωψύλλους στα άχυραspot v if you spot something or someone, you noticethem. O can you spot the difference? g åíôïðßæù, επι-σημαίνω, παρατηρώcoincidence n When two or more similar or relatedevents occur at the same time by chance and withoutany planning. O Mr. Berry said the timing was a coinci-dence and that his decision was unrelated to Mr.roman's departure. g συγκυρία, σύμπτωσηconstable n in Britain and some other countries, aconstable is a police officer of the lowest rank.O He was a constable at Sutton police station.g áóôõíïìéêüò, αστυφύλακαςco-ordinate v if you co-ordinate an activity, youorganise the various people and things involved in it.O Government officials visited the earthquake zone onthursday morning to co-ordinate the relief effort.g συντονίζω, διευθύνωenquiry n the process of asking about or investigatingsomething in order to find out more about it. O theinvestigation has suddenly switched to a new line ofinquiry. g έρευνα, ανάκρισηsub-contract v if you sub-contract work which youhave signed a contract to do to someone else, e.g.another company, you pay them to do part of it.O the job was too big for the company so they sub-contracted some of the work to another company.g áíáèÝôù Ýñãï óå õðåñãïëÜâïvia prep if you do something via a particular means orperson, you do it by making use of that means or per-son. O the technology to allow relief workers to con-tact the outside world via satellite already exists.g ìÝóùmainland n You can refer to the largest part of acountry or continent as the mainland when contrastingit with the islands around it. O She was going to theharbour to catch the ferry to the mainland.g çðåéñùôéêÞ ÷þñá, óôåñéÜefficient adj if something or someone is efficient, theyare able to do tasks successfully, without wasting timeor energy. O With today’s more efficient careercounselling young people can make decisions about

professions they would really enjoy pursuing.g áðïäïôéêüò, áðïôåëåóìáôéêüòbackground n Your background is the kind of familyyou come from and the kind of education you havehad. it can also refer to such things as your social andracial origins, your financial status, or the type of workexperience that you have. O She came from a working-class background. g õðüâáèñïrecord n if someone has a criminal record, it is official-ly known that they have committed crimes in the past.O He was a heroin addict with a criminal record forshoplifting. g (ποινικό) μητρώοrelease v if a person or animal is released from some-where they have been locked up or looked after, theyare set free or allowed to go. O He is expected to bereleased from hospital today.g áðåëåõèåñþíù, αφήνω ελεύθεροillegitimate adj a person who was born of parentswho were not married to each other. O His illegitimateson could not make any claim to his father’s money. g íüèïò, εξώγαμοςtrace v if you trace someone or something, you findthem after looking for them. O Police are anxious totrace two men seen leaving the house just before 8am.g áíáêáëýðôù ôá ß÷íç, εντοπίζωout of the blue phr if something happens out of theblue, it happens unexpectedly. O One of them wrote tous out of the blue several years later. g îáöíéêÜ, ανα-πάντεχα

reading - Part 2mystical adj Something that involves spiritual powersand influences that most people do not understand.O that was clearly a deep mystical experience.g μυστικιστικός, απόκοσμοςroam v if you roam an area or roam around it, youwander or travel around it without having a particularpurpose. O they're roaming around the countryshooting at anything that moves. g περιπλανώμαι,περιφέρομαιunicorn n an imaginary animal that looks like a whitehorse and has a horn growing from its forehead. g

μονόκερως moorland n a land which consists of an open and usu-ally high area with poor soil that is covered mainlywith grass and heather. O ...rugged Yorkshiremoorland. g χερσότοπος creature n You can refer to any living thing that is nota plant as a creature, especially when it is of anunknown or unfamiliar kind. People also refer to imagi-nary animals and beings as creatures. O alaskaneskimos believe that every living creature possesses aspirit. g πλάσμα, ονencounter n a meeting with someone, particularlyone that is unexpected or significant. O the authortells of a remarkable encounter with a group of SouthVietnamese soldiers. g συνάντηση, αντίκρυσμαclaw v if an animal claws at something, it scratches ordamages it with its claws. O the wolf clawed at thetree and howled the whole night. g γραντζουνάω,σχίζω με τα νύχια || claw: νύχι (αρπακτικού)torch n a small electric light which is powered bybatteries and which you can carry in your hand.g φακόςprank n a childish trick. g φάρσαbang v if you bang on something or if you bang it,


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you hit it hard, making a loud noise. O We could bangon the desks and shout till they let us out. g βροντώ,χτυπώ δυνατάtear v if you tear paper, cloth, or another material, orif it tears, you pull it into two pieces or you pull it sothat a hole appears in it. O She very nearly tore myovercoat. g σχίζωguy rope n a rope or wire that has one end fastenedto a tent or pole and the other end fixed to theground, so that it keeps the tent or pole in position.g σχοινίpeg n a small, usually cylindrical, pointed or taperedpiece (as of wood), used to pin down or fasten thingsor to fit into or close holes. O First of all, we mustsecure the pegs of the tent. g πάσσαλοςpaw n the paws of an animal such as a cat, dog, orbear are its feet, which have claws for gripping thingsand soft pads for walking on. O the kitten was blackwith white front paws and a white splotch on herchest. g πατούσα (ζώου)disturb v if you disturb someone, you interrupt whatthey are doing and upset them. O Did you sleep well? ididn't want to disturb you. You looked so peaceful.g αναστατώνω, ταράζωremains (pl) n the remains of a person or animal arethe parts of their body that are left after they havedied, sometimes after they have been dead for a longtime. O the unrecognisable remains of a man had beenfound. g λείψανα, σορός

reading - Part 3apprenticeship n Someone who has an apprenticeshipworks for a fixed period of time for a person who has aparticular skill in order to learn the skill. apprenticeshipis the system of learning a skill like this. O after servinghis apprenticeship as a toolmaker, he became amanager. g μαθητεία, φοίτηση alternatively adv You use alternatively to introduce asuggestion or to mention something different to whathas just been stated. O allow about eight hours for thedrive from calais. alternatively, you can fly to Brive.g εναλλακτικάvarying adj things that are different from each otherin size, amount, or degree. O Different writers willprepare to varying degrees. g ποικίλος, διαφορετικόςsanitation n Τhe process of keeping places clean andhealthy, especially by providing a sewage system and aclean water supply. O ...the hazards of contaminatedwater and poor sanitation. g υγιεινήrigorous adj a test, system, or procedure that is verythorough and strict. O the selection process is basedon rigorous tests of competence and experience.g ενδελεχής, αυστηρόςculinary adj concerned with cooking. O She was keento acquire more advanced culinary skills. g μαγειρικός,της μαγειρικής administer v if someone administers something suchas a country, the law, or a test, they take responsibilityfor organising and supervising it. O the plan calls forthe UN to administer the country until elections can beheld. g διεξάγω, διευθύνωshift n if a group of factory workers, nurses, or otherpeople work shifts, they work for a set period beforebeing replaced by another group, so that there isalways a group working. each of these set periods iscalled a shift. You can also use shift to refer to a group

of workers who work together on a particular shift.O His father worked shifts in a steel mill. g βάρδια supplier n a person, company, or organisation thatsells or supplies something such as goods or equipmentto customers. g προμηθευτήςoption n Something that you can choose to do inpreference to one or more alternatives. O He's arguedfrom the start that america and its allies are puttingtoo much emphasis on the military option. g (δυνατό-τητα) επιλογής, εναλλακτική επιλογήcontent n if you refer to the content or contents ofsomething such as a book, speech, or television pro-gramme, you are referring to the subject that it dealswith, the story that it tells, or the ideas that it express-es. O She is reluctant to discuss the content of theplay. g περιεχόμενοoutline v if you outline an idea or a plan, you explainit in a general way. O the mayor outlined his plan toclean up the town's image. g συνοψίζω, περιγράφω(σύντομα)

reading - Part 4dyslexia n if someone suffers from dyslexia, they havedifficulty with reading because of a slight disorder oftheir brain. g δυσλεξίαaffect v if something affects a person or thing, it influ-ences them or causes them to change in some way. O Nicotine adversely affects the functioning of theheart and arteries. g επηρεάζωgene n the part of a cell in a living thing which con-trols its physical characteristics, growth, anddevelopment. g γονίδιοsequence n a serial arrangement in which things fol-low in logical order or a recurrent pattern. O thechronological sequence gives the book an element ofstructure. g “σειρά”, ακολουθίαevidence n evidence is anything that you see, experi-ence, read, or are told that causes you to believe thatsomething is true or has really happened. O there is alot of evidence that stress is partly responsible fordisease. g στοιχείο, απόδειξηhemisphere n Οne half of the brain. O in most peo-ple, the left hemisphere is bigger than the right.g ημισφαίριοlink v if someone or something links two things or sit-uations, there is a relationship between them, forexample because one thing causes or affects the other.O rumors linked his name with Judith. g συνδέω,ενώνωseverity n the state of being intensely or extremelybad or unpleasant in degree or quality. O Several drugsare used to lessen the severity of the symptoms.g σοβαρότητα (μιας κατάστασης), μέγεθοςresult v if something results in a particular situationor event, it causes that situation or event to happen.O Fifty per cent of road accidents result in headinjuries. g καταλήγω, έχω ως αποτέλεσμαbarrier n Something such as a rule, law, or policythat makes it difficult or impossible for something tohappen or be achieved. O Duties and taxes are themost obvious barrier to free trade. g φραγμός,εμπόδιο, κώλυμα mistake v if you mistake one person or thing foranother, you wrongly think that they are the otherperson or thing. O i mistook you for carlos. g μπερ-δεύω, ‘περνώ’


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teSt 8Listening - Part 1throat n Τhe back of your mouth and the top part ofthe tubes that go down into your stomach and yourlungs. O as she stared at him she felt her throat godry. g λαιμόςfog n tiny drops of water in the air which form a thickcloud and make it difficult to see things. O the crashhappened in thick fog. g νεφέλωση, ομίχλη

Listening - Part 2pushy adj in a forceful way to get things done as theywould like or to increase their status or influence. O She was a confident and pushy young woman.g πιεστικός, φορτικός, απαιτητικόςaffordable adj Something that most people haveenough money to buy it. O ...the availability ofaffordable housing. g οικονομικός, προσιτός effortless adj Something that is done easily and well.O in a single effortless motion, he scooped Frannie intohis arms. g άνετος, ‘εύκολος’, που δεν απαιτεί προσπά-θεια, αβίαστος

Listening - Part 3exhibit n a painting, sculpture, or object of interestthat is displayed to the public in a museum or artgallery. O Shona showed me round the exhibits.g έκθεμαcommon sense n the natural ability to make goodjudgments and to behave in a practical and sensibleway. g κοινή λογική, κοινός νουςpossessions n the things that you own or have withyou at a particular time. O People had lost their homesand all their possessions. g υπάρχοντα, προσωπικάαντικείμενα

Listening - Part 4 brainwash v if you brainwash someone, you forcethem to believe something by continually telling themthat it is true, and preventing them from thinkingabout it properly. O they brainwash people into givingup all their money. g κάνω ‘πλύση εγκεφάλου’ skinny jeans n Jeans that have a snug fit through thelegs and end in a small leg opening. g πολύ στενά τζιν

reading - Part 1 jolly well adv Jolly well is sometimes used to empha-sise an opinion or intention, and to express annoyanceor anger. O She was jolly well not going to let themget away with it unpunished. g ïðùóäÞðïôåbe on the lookout for phr if you are on the lookoutfor something, you are alert and careful about it, eitherbecause you do not want to miss it or because it willbe unpleasant or harmful and you need to avoid it.O Police are on the lookout for any cases of mugging inthe area. g Ý÷ù ôá ìÜôéá ìïõ áíïé÷ôÜ ãéá êÜôé, βρίσκο-μαι σε επαγρύπνησηput in a good word phr When you put in a goodword for someone, you praise them so that they canget a job, etc. O “Don’t worry”, he said. “i’ll put in agood word for you at the meeting.” g ëÝù έναν καλόλόγο ãéá êÜðïéïísnag n a small problem or disadvantage. O the schooldeals exclusively with children of high academic ability.there is a snag though, it costs 9,600 a year.

g ðñüâëçìá, εμπόδιοdauntingly adv in a way that makes you feel slightlyafraid or worried when dealing with something. O Sheis dauntingly strict and makes everyone nervous.g áðïèáññõíôéêÜdismay n a strong feeling of fear, worry, orsadness that is caused by something unpleasant andunexpected. O Lucy discovered to her dismay that shewas pregnant. g óôåíá÷þñéá, απογοήτευσηwares n(pl) the things that someone sell, usually inthe street or in a market. O Vendors displayed theirwares in baskets or on the ground. g ðñáìÜôåéá,åìðïñåýìáôáday in, day out phr if something happens day in, dayout, it happens every day over a long period of time.O She couldn’t bear his constant complaining day in,day out. g ãéá ðïëý êáéñütoil n Unpleasant work that is very tiring physically.O the old woman had led a life of toil and misery.g μü÷èïò, κόποςrecollection n if you have a recollection of sth, youremember it. O He had no recollection of the crash.g áíÜìíçóç, ενθύμησηpittance n if you say that you receive a pittance, youare emphasising that you get only a very small amountof money, probably not as much as you think youdeserve. O Her secretaries work tirelessly for a pittance.g åîåõôåëéóôéêÞ áìïéâÞ, ψίχουλαslave v if you say that a person is slaving over some-thing or is slaving for sb, you mean that they are work-ing very hard. O When you’re busy all day the lastthing you want to do is spend hours slaving in thekitchen, cooking a big meal. g äïõëåýù óêëçñÜdignity n the sense that you have of your own impor-tance and value, and other people’s respect for you.O if you were wrong, admit it. You won’t lose dignity,but will gain respect. g áîéïðñÝðåéáresolve v if you resolve to do something, you make afirm decision to do it. O She resolved to report thematter to the hospital’s nursing manager. g áðïöáóßæùsuccessor n Someone’s successor is the person whotakes their job after they have left. O He set out sever-al principles that he hopes will guide his successors.g äéÜäï÷ïòunreliability n the trait of not being dependable orreliable. O i hate his lateness and unreliability.g αναξιοπιστίαexploit v if you say that someone is exploiting you,you think that they are treating you unfairly by usingyour work or ideas and giving you very little in return.O critics claim he exploited black musicians forpersonal gain. g εκμεταλλεύομαι, “μεταχειρίζομαι”

reading - Part 2plague n Plague or the plague is a very infectious dis-ease which usually results in death. the patient has asevere fever and swellings on his or her body. O Wefear a fresh outbreak of plague. g πανούκλα isolate v to isolate a sick person or animal means tokeep them apart from other people or animals, so thattheir illness does not spread. O You don't have to iso-late the drug addicts from the community. g απομονώνωspread v if something spreads or is spread by people,it gradually reaches or affects a larger and larger areaor more and more people. O the industrial revolutionwhich started a couple of hundred years ago in europe


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is now spreading across the world.g εξαπλώνω-ομαι, διαδίδω-ομαιflea n a very small jumping insect that has no wingsand feeds on the blood of humans or animals. g ψύλλοςinfest v When creatures such as insects or rats infestplants or a place, they are present in large numbersand cause damage. O ...pests like aphids which infestcereal crops. g κατακλύζω, μαστίζωflea-infested adj που κατακλύζεται από ψύλλους bundle n a bundle of things is a number of them thatare tied together or wrapped in a cloth or bag so thatthey can be carried or stored. O She produced a bundleof notes and proceeded to count out one hundred andninety-five pounds. g μπόγος, σωρός, πάκοrector n a priest in the church of england who is incharge of a particular area. O He was rector of allHallows church in Wellingborough. g εφημέριοςreverend n a title used before the name or rank of anofficially appointed religious leader. O the service wasled by the reverend Jim Simons. g αιδεσιμότατοςrage v You say that something powerful or unpleas-ant rages when it continues with great force or vio-lence. O train services were halted as the fire raged formore than four hours. g μαίνομαιbubonic plague n a serious infectious disease spreadby rats. it killed many people during the Middle ages.g βουβωνική πανούκλαquarantine v if people or animals are quarantined,they are stopped from having contact with other peo-ple or animals. if a place is quarantined, people andanimals are prevented from entering or leaving it.O Dogs have to be quarantined for six months beforethey'll let them in. g βάζω σε καραντίνα grave digger n a person that digs graves.g νεκροθάφτηςprecaution n an action that is intended to preventsomething dangerous or unpleasant from happening.O could he not, just as a precaution, move to a placeof safety? g προληπτικό μέτρο, μέτρο προφύλαξηςrandom adj Something that does not seem to followa definite plan or pattern. O We must fight randomviolence against innocent victims. g τυχαίοςexpose v if someone is exposed to something danger-ous or unpleasant, they are put in a situation in whichit might affect them. O they had not been exposed tomost diseases common to urban populations. g εκθέτωσε κίνδυνο, αφήνω εκτεθειμένο ή απροφύλακτο

reading - Part 3venue n the place where an event or activity will hap-pen. O Birmingham's international convention centreis the venue for a three-day arts festival.g τόπος διεξαγωγήςgoal n Something that you hope to achieve, especial-ly when much time and effort will be needed. O it's amatter of setting your own goals and following them.g στόχος, σκοπός gangway n Α short bridge or platform that can beplaced between the side of a ship or boat and theshore, so that people can get on or off. g κινητή γέφυ-ρα επιβίβασης/αποβίβασηςmassive adj Something that is very large in size,quantity, or extent. O there was evidence of massivefraud.g τεράστιος, πολύ μεγάλοςarmada n a large group of warships. O an armada of

U.S. Navy ships participated in the invasion. g αρμάδα,(πολεμικός) στόλοςfleet n a fleet is a group of ships organised to dosomething together, for example to fight battles or tocatch fish. O the damage inflicted upon the Britishfleet was devastating. g στόλοςitinerary n an itinerary is a plan of a journey, includ-ing the route and the places that you will visit. O thenext place on our itinerary was Silistra. g δρομολόγιοposh adj if you describe something as posh, youmean that it is smart, fashionable, and expensive.O celebrating a promotion, i took her to a posh hotelfor a cocktail. g πολυτελής, ‘αριστοκρατικός’counter n in a place such as a shop or cafe, a counteris a long narrow table or flat surface at which customersare served. O ...those fellows we see working behind thecounter at our local video rental store. g πάγκος needless to say phr You use needless to say when youwant to emphasise that what you are about to say isobvious and to be expected in the circumstances.O Our budgie got out of its cage while our cat was in

the room. Needless to say, the cat moved quicker thanme and caught it. g περιττό να λεχθεί

reading - Part 4pilates n Α form of exercise. g πιλάτες seek v if you seek to do something, you try to do it.O He also denied that he would seek to annex thecountry. g αποσκοπώ, επιδιώκω, (επι)ζητώendurance n Τhe ability to continue with an unpleas-ant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over along period of time. O the exercise obviously willimprove strength and endurance. g αντοχήcoordination n Moving the parts of your body in asmooth and controlled way. g ικάνοτητα ελέγχου τωνκινήσεων, συντονισμός (κινήσεων)circulation n Τhe movement of blood through yourbody. O anyone with heart, lung or circulation prob-lems should seek medical advice before flying.g κυκλοφορία (του αίματος)sculpt v if something is sculpted, it is made into a par-ticular shape. O More familiar landscapes have beensculpted by surface erosion. g σμιλεύω, λαξεύω posture n Τhe position in which you stand or sit.O You can make your stomach look flatter instantly byimproving your posture. g στάση σώματοςprone to adj to be prone to something, usually some-thing bad, means to have a tendency to be affected byit or to do it. O For all her experience as a televisionreporter, she was still prone to camera nerves.g επιρρεπήςfrail adj Someone who is not very strong or healthy.O She lay in bed looking particularly frail. g ασθενικός,ευπαθής accomplished adj Highly skilled. O at the age of 10 hewas already an accomplished pianist. g μεγάλος, “φτασμένος”mat n a small piece of carpet or other thick materialwhich is put on the floor for protection, decoration, orcomfort. g χαλάκιtorso n Τhe main part of your body, and does notinclude your head, arms, and legs. g κορμός (ανθρώπι-νου σώματος)intertwined adj if two or more things are intertwinedor intertwine, they are closely connected with eachother in many ways. O their destinies are intertwined.


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g συνυφασμένος precision n if you do something with precision, youdo it exactly as it should be done. O the choir sangwith precision. g ακρίβειαresistance n the resistance of your body to germs ordiseases is its power to remain unharmed or unaffectedby them. O this disease is surprisingly difficult to catchas most people have a natural resistance to it.g αντίσταση, ανθεκτικότηταprinciple n the basic rules or laws of a particular the-ory or philosophy. O What you just said was a violationof the basic principles of Marxism. g αρχήpregnancy n the condition of being pregnant or theperiod of time during which a female is pregnant. O itwould be wiser to cut out all alcohol during pregnancy.g εγκυμοσύνηseparate v if you separate people or things that havebeen connected, or if one separates from another, theconnection between them is ended. O they want toseparate teaching from research. g διαχωρίζω, ξεχωρίζω

teSt 9Listening - Part 1improvement n if there is an improvement in some-thing, it becomes better. O a lecture about the dra-matic improvements in medicine in recent years.g βελτίωση, τελειοποίησηfairly adv in quite a large amount, degree, size, or dis-tance. O it was a fairly expensive dress, but i lookedgreat in it. g αρκετά, πολύ (αλλά όχι υπερβολικά)

Listening - Part 2indifferent adj if you accuse someone of being indif-ferent to something, you mean that they have a com-plete lack of interest in it. O People have become indif-ferent to the suffering of others. g αδιάφοροςlack v if you say that someone or something lacks aparticular quality, you mean that they do not have anyor enough of it. O it lacked the power of the italiancars. g υστερώ σε..., μου λείπειbackpack n a bag with straps that go over yourshoulders, so that you can carry things on your backwhen you are walking or climbing. g σακίδιο πλάτης

Listening - Part 3transaction n a piece of business, for example an actof buying or selling something. g συναλλαγήaccount n if you have an account with a bank or asimilar organisation, you have an arrangement to leaveyour money there and take some out when you needit. O Some banks make it difficult to open an account.g λογαριασμόςtransfer v if you transfer something or someone fromone place to another, or they transfer from one placeto another, they go from the first place to the second.O remove the wafers with a spoon and transfer themto a plate. g μεταφέρω, μεταβιβάζω

Listening - Part 4hopeless adj if you feel hopeless, you feel very unhap-py because there seems to be no possibility of a bettersituation or success. O He had not heard her cry beforein this uncontrolled, hopeless way. g απεγνωσμένος,απελπισμένοςjealous adj if someone is jealous, they feel angry or

bitter because they think that another person is tryingto take a lover or friend, or a possession, away fromthem. O She got insanely jealous and there was aterrible fight. g ζηλιάρης ignore v if you ignore someone or something, youpay no attention to them. O She said her husbandignored her. g αγνοώ, δεν δίνω σημασίαinsult v if someone insults you, they say or do some-thing that is rude or offensive. O i did not mean toinsult you. g προσβάλλω, μειώνω κάποιον

reading - Part 1offering n Something that is specially produced to besold. O it was very, very good; far better than vegetari-an offerings in a posh restaurant. g προσφοράchapter n One of the parts that a book is dividedinto. each chapter has a number, and sometimes atitle. O i took the title of this chapter from one of myfavourite books. g κεφάλαιο gnawing adj Something that causes you to keep wor-rying. O Mary ann's excitement gave way to gnawingfear. g που κατατρώγει, που αναστατώνειdoom n a feeling that things are going very badlyand are likely to get even worse. O Why are people sofull of gloom and doom? g αφανισμός, καταβαράθρωσηpotion n a drink that contains medicine, poison, orsomething that is supposed to have magic powers.g μαγικό φίλτροsentiment n a general thought, feeling, or sense.O i must agree with the sentiments expressed by JohnPrescott. g συναίσθημα, αίσθημαsturdiness n the state of being vigorous and robust.g στιβαρότητα, ανθεκτικότηταwhisk v if you whisk someone or something some-where, you take them or move them there quickly. O iwas whisked away in a police car. g διώχνω, αρπάζωcramped adj Something that is restricted. O Like moreand more women, she believes marriage would leadher to a cramped lifestyle. g περιορισμένοςwitchcraft n the use of magic powers, especially evilones. g μαγεία, μαγική τέχνηwizardry n the art of a wizard, sorcery, somethingthat gives the appearance of magic. O it is a piece oftechnical wizardry. g μαγεία || wizard: μάγοςwondrous adj Something that is strange and beauti-ful or impressive. O We were driven across this won-drous vast land of lakes and forests. g θαυμάσιος,εκπληκτικόςhallow n Holy, consecrated, sacred, or revered.g ιερό, άγιοreluctance n a certain degree of unwillingness.O Ministers have shown extreme reluctance to explaintheir position to the media. g απροθυμία, άρνησηnimbly adv in a clever and quick way. O Sabrinajumped nimbly out of the van. g έξυπνα, εύστροφα καιγρήγοραshift v if you shift something or if it shifts, it movesslightly. O He stopped, shifting his cane to his lefthand. g αλλάζω, μεταπηδώsoap operatic adj concerning or relating to a soapopera. g που σχετίζεται, μοιάζει με σαπουνόπεραfiller n Something that is being used or done becausethere is a need for something and nothing better isavailable. g επεισόδιο μιας (τηλεοπτικής συνήθως) σει-ράς που αποκλίνει από το βασικό θεματικό πυρήνα καιπροβάλλει άσχετα γεγονότα που χαρακτηρίζονται όμως


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από την θεματική της σειράςunrecognisable adj Something that has become impos-sible to recognise or identify, for example because ithas been greatly changed or damaged.O the new town would have been unrecognisable tothe original inhabitants. g αγνώριστοςimply v if you imply that something is the case, yousay something which indicates that it is the case in anindirect way. O `are you implying that i have some-thing to do with those attacks?' she asked coldly.g υπονοώ, υπαινίσσομαι

reading - Part 2 dismal adj Something that is bad in a sad or depress-ing way. O this small country had a dismal record inthe Olympics. g θλιβερός, καταθλιπτικόςtop v to top a list means to be mentioned or chosenmore times than anyone or anything else. O it was thefirst time a Japanese manufacturer had topped the listfor imported vehicles. g έρχομαι πρώτοςpoll n a survey in which people are asked their opin-ions about something, usually in order to find out howpopular something is or what people intend to do inthe future. O Polls show that the european treaty hasgained support in Denmark. g δημοσκόπηση, σφυγμομέτρησηdemolish v to demolish something such as a buildingmeans to destroy it completely. O a storm moveddirectly over the island, demolishing buildings andflooding streets. g κατεδαφίζω, γκρεμίζωdedicate v if someone dedicates something such as abook, play, or piece of music to you, they mention yourname, for example in the front of a book or when apiece of music is performed, as a way of showing affec-tion or respect for you. O She dedicated her first albumto Woody allen, whom she says understands herobsession. g αφιερώνωachieve v if you achieve a particular aim or effect, yousucceed in doing it or causing it to happen, usuallyafter a lot of effort. O there are many who will workhard to achieve these goals. g κατορθώνωspotlight n Someone or something that is in the spot-light is getting a great deal of public attention.O Michael Jackson is back in the spotlight. g στοκέντρο της προσοχής, στο φως grant n an amount of money that a government orother institution gives to an individual or to an organi-sation for a particular purpose such as education orhome improvements. O they'd got a special grant toencourage research. g επιχορήγηση, χρηματοδότησηfund v When a person or organisation funds some-thing, they provide money for it. O the Bush Foundationhas funded a variety of faculty development program-mes. g χρηματοδοτώ, επιχορηγώsingle n a single is a small record which has one shortsong on each side. You can also refer to the main songon a small record as a single. O Kids today don't buysingles. g “σινγκλ”, δίσκος ή cD που περιέχει μόνο έναμουσικό κομμάτιrelease v if a new record, video, or film is released, itbecomes available for people to buy or see. O His newfilm is being released at the end of the week.g κυκλοφορώ, διαθέτω στο κοινόcause n an aim or principle which a group of peoplesupports or is fighting for. O refusing to have oneleader has not helped the cause. g σκοπός, αγώνας

publicity n When the news media and the publicshow a lot of interest in something, you can say that itis receiving publicity. O the case has generatedenormous publicity in Brazil. g δημοσιότηταfeature v if someone or something features in some-thing such as a show, exhibition, or magazine, they arean important part of it. O Jon featured in one of theshow's most thrilling episodes. g πρωταγωνιστώ, παίζωσημαντικό ρόλοcampaign n a planned set of activities that peoplecarry out over a period of time in order to achievesomething such as social or political change. O Duringhis election campaign he promised to put the economyback on its feet. g εκστρατεία, καμπάνια publicity campaign n διαφημιστική καμπάνιαproceeds n(pl) the proceeds of an event or activityare the money that has been obtained from it. O theproceeds of the arms sales were then given to guerillafighters in central america. g έσοδα, κέρδηcharity n if you give money to charity, you give it toone or more charitable organisations. if you do some-thing for charity, you do it in order to raise money forone or more charitable organisations. O He made sub-stantial donations to charity. g φιλανθρωπία, φιλαν-θρωπικό ίδρυμα

reading - Part 3rewarding adj an experience or action that gives yousatisfaction or brings you benefits. O ...a career whichshe found stimulating and rewarding. g που προσφέρειικανοποίηση, που ανταμείβειgreenhouse n a glass building in which you growplants that need to be protected from bad weather. g θερμοκήπιοherb n a plant whose leaves are used in cooking toadd flavour to food, or as a medicine. g βότανο, χορταρικόingredient n Τhe things that are used to make some-thing, especially all the different foods you use whenyou are cooking a particular dish. O Mix in theremaining ingredients. g συστατικό, υλικόcrop n Plants such as wheat and potatoes that aregrown in large quantities for food. O rice farmers herestill plant and harvest their crops by hand. g σοδειά,συγκομιδήaubergine n a vegetable with a smooth, dark purpleskin. g μελιτζάναsliding adj Something that moves smoothly over oragainst something. O i think that a sliding door ismuch easier to open. g κυλιόμενoς accommodate v if a building or space can accommo-date someone or something, it has enough room forthem. O the school in our village was not big enoughto accommodate all the children. g στεγάζω, φιλοξενώ,χωρώpolycarbonate adj a particular group of thermoplasticpolymers. O For the safest lenses in strong, impact-resistant plastic, choose Varilux1 comfortPolycarbonate. g πολυανθρακικός (σύσταση, υλικό)assemble v to assemble something means to collectthem together or to fit the different parts of it together.O Greenpeace managed to assemble a small flotilla ofinflatable boats to waylay the ship at sea.g συναρμολογώdelivery n the bringing of letters, parcels, or othergoods to someone's house or to another place where


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they want them. O Please allow 28 days for delivery.g παράδοσηquotation (quote) n When someone gives you a quo-tation, they tell you how much they will charge to do aparticular piece of work. O Get several written quota-tions and check exactly what's included in the cost.g τρέχουσα επίσημη τιμή postage n the money that you pay for sendingletters and packages by post. g ταχυδρομικά τέληhobbyist n You can refer to person who is very inter-ested in a particular hobby and spends a lot of time onit as a hobbyist. g αυτός που ασχολείται με συγκεκριμένοχόμπι

reading - Part 4body mass index n Δείκτης μάζας σώματοςindicator n a measurement or value which gives youan idea of what something is like. O We must take intoconsideration vital economic indicators, such as infla-tion, growth and the trade gap. g δείκτηςsheer adj You can use sheer to emphasise that a stateor situation is complete and does not involve or is notmixed with anything else. O Sheer chance quite oftenplays an important part in sparking off an idea.g καθαρός volunteer n Someone who does work without beingpaid for it, because they want to do it. O She nowhelps in a local school as a volunteer three days aweek. g εθελοντήςaverage n the result that you get when you add twoor more numbers together and divide the total by thenumber of numbers you added together. O take theaverage of those ratios and multiply by a hundred.g μέσος όροςstatistic(s) n (pl) Statistics are facts which are obtainedfrom analysing information expressed in numbers, forexample information about the number of times thatsomething happens. O Official statistics show realwages declining by 24%. g στατιστικά στοιχεία plot v When someone plots something on a graph,they mark certain points on it and then join the pointsup. O So we form the cumulative distribution in theusual way and plot about eight points on the graph.g καταρτίζω (διάγραμμα, γραφική παράσταση κλπ) waistband n a narrow piece of material which is sewnon to a pair of trousers, a skirt, or other item of cloth-ing at the waist in order to strengthen it.g ζωνάρι, ‘κορσές’ calculate v if you calculate a number or amount, youdiscover it from information that you already have, byusing arithmetic, mathematics, or a special machine.O From this you can calculate the total mass in theGalaxy. g υπολογίζω, λογαριάζωindicate v if one thing indicates another, the firstthing shows that the second is true or exists. O a surveyof retired people has indicated that most are independentand enjoying life. g δείχνω, μαρτυρώ, υποδηλώνω obese adj Someone who is extremely fat. O the ten-dency to become obese is at least in part hereditary.g παχύσαρκοςhip n the two areas at the sides of your bodybetween the tops of your legs and your waist. Otracey put her hands on her hips and sighed. g γοφόςassess v When you assess a person, thing, or situa-tion, you consider them in order to make a judgementabout them. O Our correspondent has been assessing

the impact of the sanctions. g ‘εκτιμώ’, αξιολογώpremature adj Something that happens earlier thanusual or earlier than people expect. O accidents arestill the number one cause of premature death forΑmericans. g πρόωρος extent n the length, area, or size of something.O industry representatives made it clear that their com-mitment was only to maintain the extent of forests,not their biodiversity. g βαθμός, σημείοput on weight phr if someone puts on weight, theybecome heavier. O i can eat what i want but i neverput on weight. g παίρνω βάρος, παχαίνω predict v if you predict an event, you say that it willhappen. O the latest opinion polls are predicting a veryclose contest. g προβλέπωunrelated adj if one thing is unrelated to another,there is no connection between them. You can also saythat two things are unrelated. O My line of work isentirely unrelated to politics. g άσχετος, ασυναφής, πουδεν έχει σχέση

teSt 10Listening - Part 1lift n a lift is a device that carries people or goods upand down inside tall buildings. O they took the lift tothe fourth floor. g ασανσέρ dull adj if you describe someone or something as dull,you mean they are not interesting or exciting. O theyare both nice people but can be rather dull. g ανιαρός,βαρετός

Listening - Part 2 discouraging adj Something that causes you to loseyour enthusiasm about your actions. Otoday's report israther more discouraging for the economy. g αποθαρ-ρυντικός, απογοητευτικόςunsympathetic adj Someone who is not kind or help-ful to a person in difficulties. O Her husband wasunsympathetic and she felt she had no one to turn to.g άπονος, που δεν δείχνει συμπόνια ή ευαισθησίαhostile adj Someone who is unfriendly and aggres-sive. O Drinking may make a person feel relaxed andhappy, or it may make her hostile, violent, ordepressed. g εχθρικός, επιθετικός foolish adj if someone's behaviour or action is foolish,it is not sensible and shows a lack of good judgement.O it would be foolish to raise hopes unnecessarily.g ανόητος panicky adj a panicky feeling or panicky behaviour ischaracterised by panic. O amy felt a moment of pure,panicky loneliness. g πανικόβλητος, έντρομος

Listening - Part 3orientation n Orientation is basic information ortraining that is given to people starting a new job,school, or course. O they give their new employees aday or two of perfunctory orientation. g κατατόπιση,προσανατολισμόςfinancial aid n g οικονομική βοήθεια respective adj relating or belonging separately to theindividual people you have just mentioned. O Steveand i were at very different stages in our respectivecareers. g αντίστοιχος, σχετικός


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Listening - Part 4stage n in a theatre, the stage is an area whereactors or other entertainers perform. O the road crewneeded more than 24 hours to move and rebuild thestage after a concert. g σκηνή fright n Α sudden feeling of fear, especially the fearthat you feel when something unpleasant surprisesyou. O the steam pipes rattled suddenly, and Franklinuttered a shriek and jumped with fright. g φοβία,φόβοςstage fright g τρακ, νευρικότητα (επικείμενης εμφάνι-σης ενώπιον κοινού)licence n an official document which gives you per-mission to do, use, or own something. O Smith, whodid not have a licence, admitted driving without duecare and attention. g άδεια temporary adj Something that lasts for only a limitedtime. O His job here is only temporary. g προσωρινός

reading - Part 1vow v if you vow to do something, you make a seri-ous promise or decision that you will do it. O theyhave vowed a quick and decisive response.g ορκίζομαι, δεσμεύομαι, υπόσχομαιcarbon neutral n a company, entity, or process pro-ducing zero carbon emissions. g μηδενική παραγωγήεκπομπών διοξειδίου του άνθρακαmidway adv if something is midway between twoplaces, it is between them and the same distance fromeach of them. O the studio is midway between hisaunt's old home and his cottage. g στη μέση της απόστασηςvulnerable adj Something that is vulnerable can beeasily harmed or affected by something bad. O theirtanks would be vulnerable to attack from the air.g ευάλωτος, τρωτόςliterally adv You use literally to emphasise that whatyou are saying is true, even though it seems exaggerat-ing or surprising. O Putting on an opera is a tremen-dous enterprise involving literally hundreds of people.g στην κυριολεξία, κυριολεκτικάwipe off phr.v. erase, remove by or as if by rubbing orerasing. g σβήνω, εξαφανίζωuninhabitable adj if a place is uninhabitable, it isimpossible for people to live there, for examplebecause it is dangerous or unhealthy. O as parts of theworld become uninhabitable, millions of people will tryto migrate to more hospitable areas. g μη κατοικήσι-μος, "ακατοίκητος"relocation n the action of moving someone or some-thing to a different place. O the company says the costof relocation will be enormous. g μεταφορά, μετεγκατάσταση evacuate v to evacuate someone means to sendthem to a place of safety, away from a dangerousbuilding, town, or area. O Since 1951, 18,000 peoplehave been evacuated from the area. g απομακρύνωανθρώπους, εκκενώνω μια περιοχήemission n the release of gas or radiation into theatmosphere. O Sulfur emissions from steel millsbecome acid rain. g έκλυση, εκπομπήpledge n When someone makes a pledge, they makea serious promise that they will do something. O themeeting ended with a pledge to step up cooperationbetween the six states of the region. g δεσμευτικήυπόσχεση, δέσμευση

stance n Your attitude on a particular matter . O thecongress had agreed to reconsider its stance on thearmed struggle. g άποψη, θέση, στάσηspokesman n a man who speaks as the representa-tive of a group or organization. O a UN spokesmansaid that the mission will carry 20 tons of relief sup-plies. g åêðñüóùðïò ôýðïõ

reading - Part 2mill n a building in which grain is crushed to makeflour. g μύλος, αλεστήριοbluff n a high steep bank (usually formed by rivererosion). g πλατειά και απόκρημνη πλαγιάbend n a curve or angle in a road, pipe, or other longthin object. O the crash occurred on a sharp bend.g κύρτωση, καμπύληerode v if rock or soil erodes or is eroded by theweather, sea, or wind, it cracks and breaks so that it isgradually destroyed. O Once exposed, soil is quicklyeroded by wind and rain. g διαβρώνω, αποσαθρώνωcliff n High area of land with a very steep side, espe-cially one next to the sea. O the car rolled over theedge of a cliff. g γκρεμός, απότομη βουνοπλαγιάgrind v if you grind a substance such as corn, youcrush it between two hard surfaces or with a machineuntil it becomes a fine powder. O Store the pepper-corns in an airtight container and grind the pepper asyou need it. g αλέθω grain n Α cereal crop, especially wheat or corn, thathas been harvested and is used for food or in trade.O ...a bag of grain. g σιτηρά eagerly adv expecting something interesting orenjoyable to happen. O So what do you think willhappen?' he asked eagerly. g ανυπόμονα, ενθουσιωδώςprestige n if a person, a country, or an organizationhas prestige, they are admired and respected becauseof the position they hold or the things they haveachieved. O ...efforts to build up the prestige of theUnited Nations. g γόητρο, κύρος, αίγλη luxury n Very great comfort, especially among beauti-ful and expensive surroundings. O By all accounts heleads a life of considerable luxury. g πολυτέλεια generate v to generate a form of energy or powermeans to produce it. O the company, New englandelectric, burns coal to generate power. g παράγω plant n a factory or a place where power is produced.O ...Ford's British car assembly plants. g εργοστάσιο,εγκαταστάσεις wire up phr.v. if you wire something up such as abuilding or piece of equipment, you put wires inside itso that electricity or signals can pass into or through it.O ...learning to wire up and plumb the house herself.g καλωδιώνω bulb n the glass part of an electric lamp, which givesout light when electricity passes through it. O thestairwell was lit by a single bulb. g λυχνία, λάμπα delight n a feeling of very great pleasure.O throughout the house, the views are a constantsource of surprise and delight. g αγαλλίαση, απόλαυ-ση, χαρά constant adj Something that happens all the time oris always there. O She suggests that women are underconstant pressure to be abnormally thin. g σταθερός,διαρκής restoration n reconstruction, renewal, renovation.g αναστύλωση, αναπαλαίωση


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countess n a woman who has the same rank as acount or earl, or who is married to a count or earl.O i read an interesting story about the countess ofLichfield. g κόμησσα, κοντέσσαearl n a British nobleman. O He was a descendant ofthe first earl of Birkenhead. g ερλ, τιτλούχος ιεραρχίαςμεταξύ μαρκήσιου και υποκόμηinnovator n Someone who introduces changes andnew ideas. O He is an innovator in this field. g νεωτερι-στής, καινοτόμος faint v if you faint, you lose consciousness for a shorttime, especially because you are hungry, or because ofpain, heat, or shock. O She suddenly fell forward on tothe table and fainted. g λιποθυμώ forefront n if something is at the forefront of peo-ple's minds or attention, they think about it a lotbecause it is particularly important to them. O the pen-sion issue was not at the forefront of his mind in thespring of 1985. g προσκήνιο

reading - Part 3rapidly adv Quickly, fast. O He was moving rapidlyaround the room. g γρήγορα flexible adj Something or someone that is flexible isable to change easily and adapt to different conditionsand circumstances as they occur. O Look for softwarethat's flexible enough for a range of abilities.g ευπροσάρμοστος, ευέλικτος rigour n if something is done with rigour, it is donein a strict, thorough way. O the new current affairsseries promises to address challenging issues withfreshness and rigour. g αυστηρότηταtop-tier adj top level, top rank, top standing, elite. g υψηλού επιπέδουunparalleled adj Something that it is, for example,bigger, better, or worse than anything else of its kind,or anything that has happened before. O Germany'sunparalleled prosperity is based on wise investments.g απαράμιλλος, μοναδικόςpowerhouse n a country or organis ation that has alot of power or influence. O Nigeria is the most popu-lous african country and an economic powerhouse forthe continent. g ισχυρός παράγωνsubmit v if you submit a proposal, report, or requestto someone, you formally send it to them so that theycan consider it or decide about it. O they submittedtheir reports to the chancellor yesterday. g υποβάλλω,καταθέτω official adj Αpproved by the government or by some-one in authority. O according to the official figures,over one thousand people died during the revolution.g επίσημοςletter of recommendation n a letter in which thewriter assesses the qualities, characteristics, and capa-bilities of the person being recommended in terms ofthat individual’s ability to perform a particular task orfunction. g συστατική επιστολήtranscript n an inventory of the courses taken andgrades earned of a student throughout a course.g πιστοποιητικό μαθημάτων, “έλεγχος”steady adj a steady situation continues or developsgradually without any interruptions and is not likely tochange quickly. O Despite the steady progress of build-ing work, the campaign against it is still going strong.g σταθερός attend v if you attend an institution such as a school,

college, or church, you go there regularly. O theyattended college together at the University ofPennsylvania. g φοιτώ reputation n to have a reputation for somethingmeans to be known or remembered for it. O aliceMunro has a reputation for being a very depressingwriter. g φήμη campus n an area of land that contains the mainbuildings of a university or college. O Private automo-biles are not allowed on campus. g πανεπιστημιούποληfactual adj concerned with facts or contains facts,rather than giving theories or personal interpretations.O any comparison that is not strictly factual runs therisk of being interpreted as subjective. g αντικειμενικός,πραγματικός

reading - Part 4 plateau n a large area of high and fairly flat land.O a broad valley opened up leading to a high, flatplateau of cultivated land. g οροπέδιο rare adj Something that is not common and is there-fore interesting or valuable. O i took a photo of theblack-necked crane, one of the rarest species in theworld. g σπάνιος species n a class of plants or animals whose mem-bers have the same main characteristics and are able tobreed with each other. O Pandas are an endangeredspecies. g είδος, γένοςshrink v if something shrinks or something elseshrinks it, it becomes smaller. O the vast forests ofWest africa have shrunk. g συρρικνώνω-ομαι, μειώνομαιhabitat n the natural environment in which αn ani-mal or plant normally lives or grows. O in its naturalhabitat, the hibiscus will grow up to 25ft. g φυσικήκατοικία (για ζώα/φυτά) rabies n a serious disease which causes people andanimals to go mad and die. rabies is particularlycommon in dogs. g λύσσα shepherd n a person, especially a man, whose job isto look after sheep. g βοσκόςherd v if you herd animals, you make them movealong as a group. O Stefano used a motor cycle to herdthe sheep. g βόσκω σε αγέλη vaccinate v if a person or animal is vaccinated, theyare given a vaccine, usually by injection, to preventthem from getting a disease. O Dogs must bevaccinated against distemper. g εμβολιάζω|| vaccine: εμβόλιοtransmission n the passing or sending of somethingto a different person or place. O Heterosexual contactis responsible for the bulk of HiV transmission. g μετά-δοση, διάδοσηpack n a pack of wolves or dogs is a group of themthat hunt together. g αγέλη dwindle v if something dwindles, it becomes smaller,weaker, or less in number. O the factory's workforcehas dwindled from over 4,000 to a few hundred.g υφίσταμαι βαθμιαία ελάττωση, μειώνομαιsophisticated adj a machine, device, or method thatis more advanced or complex than others. O i bought alarge and sophisticated new British telescope.g εξελιγμένος, υπερσύγχρονοςcorridor n a strip of land that connects one countryto another or gives it a route to the sea throughanother country. O east Prussia and the rest of


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Germany were separated, in 1919, by the Polishcorridor. g στενή λωρίδα γης, "διάδρομος"further afield phr in places or areas other than thenearest or most obvious one. O they enjoy participat-ing in a wide variety of activities, both locally andfurther afield. g σε απόσταση, μακριάcritical adj a situation that is very serious and danger-ous. O the authorities are considering an airlift if thesituation becomes critical. g κρίσιμος, ζωτικόςhighland n elevated (e.g., mountainous) land.g υψίπεδο, ορεινή περιοχήecosystem n all the plants and animals that live in aparticular area together with the complex relationshipthat exists between them and their environment.O Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest tosemi-desert. g οικοσύστημα

test 11Listening - Part 1swine flu n g γρίπη των χοίρων

Listening - Part 2 passive adj Someone that does not take action butinstead let things happen to him. O His passive atti-tude made things easier for me. g παθητικός, αδρανήςeasy-going adj Someone that is not easily annoyed,worried, or upset, and you think this is a good quality.O He was easy-going and good-natured. g καλόβολος,βολικόςhostile adj Someone that is unfriendly and aggres-sive. O Drinking may make a person feel relaxed andhappy, or it may make her hostile, violent, ordepressed. g εχθρικός, επιθετικόςstand up for phr.v. if you stand up for someone orsomething, you defend them and make your feelingsor opinions very clear. O they stood up for what theybelieved to be right. g υπερασπίζομαιtorn ligament n g ρήξη συνδέσμου

Listening - Part 3windmill n a building with long pieces of wood onthe outside which turn around as the wind blows andprovide energy for a machine that crushes grain. awindmill is also a similar structure that is used to con-vert the power of the wind into electricity.g ανεμόμυλοςco-operative n a business or organisation run by thepeople who work for it, or owned by the people whouse it. these people share its benefits and profits.O they decided a housing co-operative was the way tofight unemployment in the region. g συνεταιρισμός,συνεργατική επιχείρηση

Listening - Part 4profitable adj an organisation or practice that makesa profit. O it was profitable for them to produce largeamounts of food. g επικερδής, προσοδοφόρος|| profit: κέρδοςinsurance n an arrangement in which you paymoney to a company, and they pay money to you ifsomething unpleasant happens to you, for example ifyour property is stolen or damaged, or if you get a seri-ous illness. O We recommend that you take out travelinsurance on all holidays. g ασφάλεια, ασφάλιση

reading - Part 1edward Scissorhands n g ο Ψαλιδοχέρηςinventor n a person who has invented somehing, orwhose job is to invent things. O alexander Graham Bellis the inventor of the telephone. g εφευρέτηςingenious adj Something that is very clever andinvolves new ideas, methods, or equipment.O He madea truly ingenious invention... g μεγαλοφυής, έξυπνοςdevice n an object that has been invented for a par-ticular purpose, for example for recording or measuringsomething. O this is an electronic device that protectsyour vehicle 24 hours a day. g συσκευή, μηχανισμόςgood-natured adj a person or animal that is naturallyfriendly and does not get angry easily. O He was goodnatured about it, he didn't fuss. g καλοκάγαθος, καλοσυνάτοςbefriend v if you befriend someone, especially some-one who is lonely or far from home, you make friendswith them. O the film's about an elderly woman and ayoung nurse who befriends her. g κάνω παρέα, συναναστρέφομαιobstacle n You can refer to anything that makes itdifficult for you to do something as an obstacle.O to succeed, you must learn to overcome obstacles.g εμπόδιο, δυσκολίαunsuspecting adj Someone who is not at all aware ofsomething that is happening or going to happen.O He suddenly attacked his unsuspecting victim.g ανυποψίαστοςhilarity n Great amusement and laughter. O Fun,games and a degree of hilarity ensued. g φαιδρότητα,ευθυμίαunscrupulous adj Someone who is prepared to act ina dishonest or immoral way in order to get what hewants. O these kids are being exploited by veryunscrupulous people. g που δεν έχει ηθικούς φραγμούς, αδίστακτοςtrick v if someone tricks you, they deceive you, oftenin order to make you do something. O His familytricked him into going to Pakistan, and once he wasthere, they took away his passport. g εξαπατώ, ξεγελώburglarize v if a building is burglarized, a thief entersit by force and steals things. O Her home wasburglarized. g κάνω διάρρηξη, παραβιάζωnaivety n the state of lacking experience and so toexpect things to be easy or people to be honest orkind. O i was alarmed by his naivety and ignorance ofinternational affairs. g αφέλειαfrustration n the feeling that accompanies an experi-ence of being disappointed by not attaining your goals.O the results show the level of frustration amonghospital doctors. g απογοήτευση, απόγνωσηblade n the edge of a knife, axe, or saw, which isused for cutting. O Many of these tools have sharpblades, so be careful. g λεπίδα, λάμαrumour n a story or piece of information that may ormay not be true, but that people are talking about.O Simon denied rumours that he was planning to visitBulgaria later this month. g διάδοση, φήμηestrangement n the feeling of being alienated fromother people. O the trip will bring to an end years ofestrangement between the two families. g αποξένωση tolerance n the quality of allowing other people tosay and do as they like, even if you do not agree orapprove of it. O i admire his tolerance and understand-ing of diverse human nature. g ανοχή, ανεκτικότητα


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stray v if someone strays somewhere, they wanderaway from where they are supposed to be. O touristsoften get lost and stray into dangerous areas.g ξεφεύγω, παρεκκλίνωnorm n a way of behaving that is considered normalin a particular society. O there is a social norm thatsays drunkenness is inappropriate behaviour.g πρότυπο, κανόναςmockery n the act of showing your contempt bymaking fun of people. O Was there a bit of mockery inhis eyes? g χλεύη, κοροϊδίαharsh adj actions or speech that are unkind andshow no understanding or sympathy. O He said manyharsh and unkind things about his opponents.g αυστηρός, οξύςvice n a habit which is regarded as a weakness insomeone's character, but not usually as a serious fault.O Smoking was never one of his vices. g αδυναμία,ελάττωμαinfuse v to infuse a quality into someone or some-thing, or to infuse them with a quality, means to fillthem with it. O Many of the girls seemed to be infusedwith excitement on seeing the snow. g προσδίδω, δίνωimpeccable adj Something that is perfect and has nofaults. O She had impeccable taste in clothes.g άψογος, άμεμπτοςtouching adj Something that causes feelings of sad-ness or sympathy. O Her story is the touching tale of awife who stood by the husband she loved. g συγκινητικόςgloomy adj if a place is gloomy, it is almost dark sothat you cannot see very well. O inside it's gloomyafter all that sunshine. g ζοφερός, σκοτεινόςshelter n a small building or covered place which ismade to protect people from bad weather or danger.O the city's bomb shelters were being prepared forpossible air raids. g καταφύγιο, άσυλοsinister adj Something that seems evil or harmful.O there was something sinister about him that shefound disturbing. g απειλητικός, δυσοίωνοςget along with phr.v. if you get along with someone,you have a friendly relationship with them. O it'simpossible to get along with him. g τα πηγαίνω (καλά)mediocre adj Something that is of average quality butyou think it should be better. O His school record wasmediocre. g μέτριος

reading - Part 2breed n a particular type of a pet animal or a farmanimal. For example, terriers are a breed of dog.O certain breeds are more dangerous than others.g ράτσα, είδοςshrink v if something shrinks, it becomes smaller.O the vast forests of West africa have shrunk. g συρρι-κνώνομαι, μικραίνω σε μέγεθοςadulthood n Τhe state of being an adult. O Few peo-ple nowadays are able to maintain friendships intoadulthood. g ενήλικη ζωήreproduce v When people, animals, or plants repro-duce, they produce young. O We are reproducing our-selves at such a rate that our numbers threaten theecology of the planet. g αναπαράγω, αναπαράγομαιdecrease v When something decreases or when youdecrease it, it becomes less in quantity, size, or intensity.O the number of independent firms decreased from198 to 96. g μειώνομαι, ελαττώνομαιdebate n a discussion about a subject on which peo-

ple have different views. O there has been a lot ofdebate among scholars about this. g διάλογος, συζήτησηmild adj Mild weather is pleasant because it is neitherextremely hot nor extremely cold. O the area is famousfor its very mild winter climate. g ήπιος, “γλυκός”vegetation n Plants, trees, and flowers. O the innhas a garden of semi-tropical vegetation. g βλάστησηharsh adj Harsh climates or conditions are very diffi-cult for people, animals, and plants to live in. O theweather grew harsh, chilly and unpredictable.g δριμύς, άγριοςpile v to form a pile or accumulation. O a few news-papers and magazines were piled on a table.g συγκεντρώνω, συσσωρεύω || pile (n): σωρόςindividual n a particular being or thing as distin-guished from a class, species, or collection. g άτομοherd v if you herd animals, you make them movealong as a group. O a boy herded half a dozen camelsdown towards the lake. g ποιμαίνω, βόσκωequation n an equation is a mathematical statementsaying that two amounts or values are the same.O i watched Michaela, who had never been a scienceor maths person, study equations and laboratoryexperiments. g εξίσωση

reading - Part 3 originate v When something originates or when some-one originates it, it begins to happen or exist.O the disease originated in africa. g προέρχομαι, κατάγομαιformat n the way or order in which something isarranged and presented. O i had met with him toexplain the format of the programme and what wehad in mind. g πρότυπο, μορφήrandomly adv in a way where people or things partici-pating somewhere have an equal chance of being cho-sen. O ...interviews with a randomly selected sample ofthirty girls aged between 21 and 29. g τυχαίαshowcase n a situation or setting in which somethingis displayed or presented to its best advantage. O thefestival remains a valuable showcase for new talent.g επίδειξη, προβολήschedule v if something is scheduled to happen at aparticular time, arrangements are made for it to hap-pen at that time. O a presidential election wasscheduled for last December. g προγραμματίζω, ορίζωpensioner n Someone who receives a pension, espe-cially a pension paid by the state to retired people.O any pensioner with a licence that expired after thatdate would be able to claim a partial refund, he said.g συνταξιούχοςendurance n the ability to continue with an unpleas-ant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over along period of time. O the exercise will obviouslyimprove strength and endurance. g ανθεκτικότητα,αντοχήfatigue n a feeling of extreme physical or mentaltiredness. O clarke says his team could have lastedanother 15 days before fatigue would have begun toshow. g κόπωση, κούρασηties n the connections you have with people or aplace. O Quebec, the French-speaking region incanada, has always had particularly close ties toFrance. g δεσμοί, σχέσεις self-esteem n the way you feel about yourself.


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O Poor self-esteem is at the centre of many of the diffi-culties we experience in our relationships. g αυτοσεβα-σμός, αυτοεκτίμησηwell-being n Health and happiness. O His workemphasised the emotional as well as the physical well-being of children. g ευεξία, ευημερία

reading - Part 4social networkng n g κοινωνική δικτύωσηenable v if someone or something enables you to do aparticular thing, they give you the opportunity to do it.O the new test should enable doctors to detect thedisease early. g "επιτρέπω", δίνω τη δυνατότηταupdate n a news item containing the latest informa-tion about a particular situation. O She had heard thenews-flash on a tV channel's news update. g ενημέρωσηdisplay v When a computer displays information, itshows it on a screen. Othey started out by looking atthe computer screens which display the images.g εμφανίζω, παρουσιάζωsubscribe v if you subscribe to an online newsgroupor service, you send a message saying that you wish toreceive it or belong to it. O Usenet is a collection ofdiscussion groups, known as newsgroups, to whichanybody can subscribe. g εγγράφομαι, γίνομαι μέλοςblock n a block of something such as tickets or sharesis a large quantity of them, especially when they are allsold at the same time and are in a particular sequenceor order. O those booking a block of seats get them atreduced rates. g ομάδα, σύνολοqueue up phr.v. if you say that people are queuing upto do or have something, you mean that a lot of themwant the opportunity to do it or have it. O People arequeueing up to work for me! g σχηματίζω ουρά, συνω-στίζομαιpotential adj You use potential to say that someoneor something is capable of developing into the particu-lar kind of person or thing mentioned. O We are awareof the potential problems and have taken everyprecaution. g πιθανός, δυνάμειbroad adj Something that includes a large number ofdifferent things or people. O a broad range of issueswas discussed. g μεγάλος, ευρύςbandwagon n an activity or movement that has sud-denly become fashionable or popular. O So what isreally happening as the information bandwagon startsto roll? g μόδα, τάσηestimate v if you estimate a quantity or value, youmake an approximate judgment or calculation of it.O He estimated the speed of the winds from thedegree of damage. g εκτιμώ, υπολογίζωsign up phr.v. to join a club, an activity, etc. O Hedecided to sign up for yoga classes. g εγγράφομαι,συμμετέχωhijack v if you say that someone has hijacked some-thing, you disapprove of the way in which they havetaken control of it when they had no right to do so.O a peaceful demonstration had been hijacked byanarchists intent on causing trouble. g καταλαμβάνω,καρπώνομαιhashtag n Words or phrases prefixed with a hash (#)symbol. g (ορολογία του twitter)tag n a non-hierarchical keyword or term assignedto a piece of information (such as an internet book-mark, digital image, or computer file). g ετικέτα (ορο-λογία του internet)

attempt v if you attempt to do something, especiallysomething difficult, you try to do it. O the only timethat we attempted to do something like that was inthe city of Philadelphia. g επιχειρώ, προσπαθώcope with phr.v. if you cope with a problem or task,you deal with it successfully. O the problems weregreat, but we managed to cope with them. g αντεπε-ξέρχομαι, ξεπερνώcreeping adj Something that becomes part of some-thing without people realising or without wanting it.O Now, through an insidious and creeping malaise,boardroom power is returning to the politicians.g υφέρπων, υποβόσκωνcommercialisation n the process or cycle of introduc-ing a new product into the market.O commercialisation has given many sports a higherprofile. g εμπορευματοποίηση spammer n Someone who sends unwanted e-mails toa large number of people or organizations, usually asadvertising. O the real culprits are the spammers.g αποστολέας ανεπιθύμητης αλληλογραφίαςgive up phr.v. if you give up something, you stopdoing it or having it. O coastguards had given up allhope of finding the two divers alive. g εγκαταλείπω,αφήνω

test 12Listening - Part 1eventually adv in the end, especially after a lot ofdelays, problems, or arguments. O the flight eventuallygot away six hours late. g επίρρ. τελικά, στο τέλοςattitude n the way that you think and feel aboutsth, especially when this shows in the way you behave.O His attitude made me angry. g στάση, συμπεριφορά,αντιμετώπισηdisturb v if you disturb someone, you interrupt whatthey are doing and upset them. O i hope i'm notdisturbing you. g αναστατώνω, ενοχλώ

Listening - Part 2 tease v to tease someone means to laugh at themor make jokes about them in order to embarrass,annoy, or upset them. O He teased me mercilesslyabout going to Hollywood to become a film star.g πειράζω, περιπαίζωunrelated adj if one thing is unrelated to another,there is no connection between them. O My line ofwork is entirely unrelated to politics. g που δεν έχεισχέση, άσχετος

Listening - Part 3 fossil fuel n g ορυκτό καύσιμοconsumption n the consumption of fuel or naturalresources is the amount of them that is used or the actof using them. O the laws have led to a reduction infuel consumption in the US. g κατανάλωσηcarbon dioxide n g διοξείδιο του άνθρακαabsorb v if something absorbs a liquid, gas, or othersubstance, it soaks it up or takes it in. O Plants absorbcarbon dioxide from the air and moisture from the soil.g απορροφώwilling adj if someone is willing to do something, theyare fairly happy about doing it and will do it if they areasked or required to do it. O there are, of course, ques-tions which she will not be willing to answer. g πρόθυ-μος, διατεθειμένος


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Listening - Part 4 truthful adj if a person or their comments are truth-ful, they are honest and do not tell any lies. O We'veall learnt to be fairly truthful about our personal lives.g φιλαλήθης, ειλικρινήςrenewable adj Natural resources such as wind, water,and sunlight which are always available. O We all mustuse renewable energy sources. g ανανεώσιμος (γιαενέργεια)fine n a fine is a punishment in which a person isordered to pay a sum of money because they havedone something illegal or broken a rule. O He wasimposed a fine for sending text messages while driving.g πρόστιμο, χρηματική ποινήcarbon credits n g πιστώσεις ρύπωνemission n the release of gas or radiation into theatmosphere. O Sulfur emissions from steel millsbecome acid rain. g έκλυση, εκπομπήcommute n the journey that you make when youtravel a long distance every day between your homeand your place of work. O the average Los angelescommute is over 60 miles a day. g μετακίνηση με ΜΜΜpointless adj Something that has no sense or purpose.O Violence is always pointless. g άσκοπος, χωρίς νόημαbeneficial adj Something that helps people orimproves their lives. O Using computers has a beneficialeffect on children's learning. g ωφέλιμος, χρήσιμοςunbiased adj Someone who is fair and is not likely tosupport one particular person or group involved insomething. O there is no clear and unbiasedinformation available for consumers. g αμερόληπτος,αντικειμενικόςdeforestation n the logging and/or burning of treesin the forested area. O ...the ecological crisis ofdeforestation. g αποψίλωση, αποδάσωση

reading - Part 1conscience n Your conscience is the part of yourmind that tells you whether what you are doing isright or wrong. O i have battled with my conscienceover whether i should actually send this letter.g συνείδηση, ηθικές αρχέςdairy adj Dairy is used to refer to foods such as but-ter and cheese that are made from milk. O You mustconsume vitamins found in eggs, meat and dairyproducts. g γαλακτοκομικόςventure v to expose to hazard, to risk. O ‘Don't ask,'he said, whenever Ginny ventured to raise the subject.g επιχειρώ, διακινδυνεύωdeliberately adv in a way that is planned or decidedbeforehand, and so something happens on purposerather than by chance. O it looks as if the fire wasstarted deliberately. g προμελετημένα, σκοπίμωςdividend n the part of a company's profits which ispaid to people who have shares in the company. O thisyear’s dividend has been increased by nearly 4 percent.g μέρισμαshareholder n a person who owns shares in a company.O a shareholders' meeting will take place tomorrow. g μέτοχος || share: μετοχήfounder n the founder of an institution, organisation,or building is the person who got it started or caused itto be built, often by providing the necessary money. OHe was one of the founders of the university's medicalfaculty. g ιδρυτήςlend v When people or organisations such as banks

lend you money, they give it to you and you agree topay it back at a future date, often with an extraamount as interest. O i had to lend him ten pounds totake his children to the pictures. g δανείζωnutritional adj the nutritional content of food is allthe substances that are in it which help you to remainhealthy. O cooking vegetables reduces their nutritionalvalue. g θρεπτικός, διατροφικόςcooperation n Joint operation or action. O theircooperation with us was essential for the success ofour mission. g συνεργασία, σύμπραξηsustainable adj a sustainable plan, method, or sys-tem is designed to continue at the same rate or levelof activity without any problems. O the creation of anefficient and sustainable transport system is critical tothe long-term future of London. g σταθερόςfigure n a particular amount expressed as a number,especially a statistic. O it would be very nice if we hada true figure of how many people in this countryhaven't got a job. g αριθμός, μέγεθοςmalnutrition n if someone is suffering from malnutri-tion, they are physically weak and extremely thinbecause they have not eaten enough food. O infectionsare more likely in those suffering from malnutrition.g υποσιτισμόςalleviate v if you alleviate pain, suffering, or anunpleasant condition, you make it less intense orsevere. O Nowadays, a great deal can be done toalleviate back pain. g απαλύνω, ανακουφίζω zero in phr.v. to close in on or focus attention on anobjective. O investigators are zeroing in on a suspect. gεστιάζω, επικεντρώνομαιmalnourished adj Someone who is physically weakbecause he does not eat enough food or does not eatthe right kind of food. O about thirty percent of thecountry's children were malnourished. g υποσιτιζόμενοςconsiderable adj Great in amount or degree. OVets'fees can be considerable, even for routine visits.g κάμποσος, αρκετός, αξιόλογοςtank n a large container for holding liquid or gas.O two water tanks provide a total capacity of 400litres. g δεξαμενή, ντεπόζιτοharmful adj Something that has a bad effect on sthelse, especially on a person's health. O it is believed theaffair was potentially harmful to British economy.g επιζήμιος, επιβλαβής nutrient n Substances that help plants and animals togrow. O ...the role of vegetable fibres, vitamins, miner-als and other essential nutrients. g θρεπτική ουσίαintake n Your intake of a particular kind of food,drink, or air is the amount that you eat, drink, orbreathe in. OYour intake of alcohol should not exceedtwo units per day. g πρόσληψη, κατανάλωσηdistribute v if you distribute things, you hand them ordeliver them to a number of people. O Students shoutedslogans and distributed leaflets. g διανέμω, μοιράζωaccompany v if you accompany someone, you gosomewhere with them. O the Prime Minister, accompa-nied by the governor, led the President up to thehouse. g συνοδεύωrepresentative n a representative is a person whosejob is to sell a company's products or services, especial-ly by travelling round and visiting other companies.O She had a stressful job as a sales representative.g αντιπρόσωπος, εκπρόσωποςprevention n the act of ensuring that something


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does not happen. O You should care about theprevention of heart disease. g πρόληψη, αποτροπήcomparatively adv relatively, in a relative manner, bycomparison to something else. O Mark and ian are chil-dren who find it comparatively easy to make and keepfriends. g συγκριτικά, σχετικάaim v if you aim for something or aim to do sth, youplan or hope to achieve it. O i organised a fundraiserwhich aims to raise funds for children with specialneeds. g σκοπεύω, αποσκοπώ

reading - Part 2B.a n a B.a. is a first degree in an arts or social science subject. B.a. is an abbreviation for 'Bachelor ofarts'. O i did a B.a. in film making. g πτυχίο πρώτηςβαθμίδας στην τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευσηM.a. n an M.a. is a master's degree in an arts orsocial science subject. M.a. is an abbreviation for'Master of arts'. O She then went on to universitywhere she got a B.a. and then an M.a.. g προδιδακτο-ρικό πτυχίο, μάστερ || PhD: διδακτορικό πτυχίο, ντοκτοράanthology n a collection of writings by differentwriters published together in one book. O i read ananthology of poetry. g ανθολογία, συλλογήassignment n You can refer to someone being given aparticular task or job as their assignment to the task orjob. O an australian group of scientists scheduled forassignment to europe was ordered to remain in egypt.g αποστολή, ανάθεσηintern v if someone is interned, they are put in prisonor in a prison camp for political reasons. O He wasinterned as an enemy alien at the outbreak of theSecond World War. g εγκλείω, περιορίζωsuspicion n a belief or feeling that someone has com-mitted a crime or done something wrong. O there wasa suspicion that this runner attempted to avoid theprocedures for dope testing. g υποψία, υπόνοιαespionage n the activity of finding out the political,military, or industrial secrets of your enemies or rivalsby using spies. O the authorities have arrested severalpeople suspected of espionage. g κατασκοπείαoutspoken adj Someone who gives his opinions aboutthings openly and honestly, even if he is likely to shockor offend people. O Some church leaders have beenoutspoken in their support for political reform inafrica. g κάποιος που δεν φοβάται να εκφραστεί ελεύ-θερα, ευθαρσήςconviction n a strong belief or opinion. O their reli-gious convictions prevented them from taking up arms.g φρόνημα, πεποίθησηrural adj rural places are far away from large towns orcities. O these plants have a tendency to grow in themore rural areas. g αγροτικόςradically adv in a very important and great degree.O ...two large groups of people with radically differentbeliefs and cultures. g ριζικά, εκ βάθρωνpunctuation n the use of symbols such as full stops orperiods, commas, or question marks to divide writtenwords into sentences and clauses. O He was known forhis poor grammar and punctuation. g διάστιξη, στίξηfellowship n a fellowship at a university is a postwhich involves research work. O He was offered aresearch fellowship at Harvard University. g θέση υπό-τροφου βοηθού καθηγητή, υποτροφία για ερευνητή admire v if you admire someone or something, you

like and respect them very much. O all those whoknew him will admire him for his work. g θαυμάζωavant garde adj avant garde art, music, theatre, andliterature is very modern and experimental. O We wentto an avant garde concert music. g πρωτοποριακός,προχωρημένος, σύγχρονοςrecount v if you recount a story or event, you tell ordescribe it to people. O He then recounted the story ofthe interview for his first job. g διηγούμαι, αφηγούμαιattain v if you attain a particular state or condition,you may reach it as a result of natural development orwork hard to attain this state. O He managed to attaina state of calmness and confidence. g αποκτώ, κατακτώvolunteer n Someone who does work without beingpaid for it, because they want to do it. O Mike was amember of the local volunteer fire brigade. g εθελοντήςabandon v if you abandon an activity or piece ofwork, you stop doing it before it is finished. O theauthorities have abandoned any attempt to distributefood. g εγκαταλείπω, παρατώ structure n the way in which something is made,built, or organised. O the chemical structure of thisparticular molecule is very unusual. g δομή, διάρθρωση

reading - Part 3definition n a statement giving the meaning of aword or expression, especially in a dictionary. O thereis no general agreement on a standard definition ofintelligence. g ορισμός, έννοιαfixed adj Something which stays the same and doesnot or cannot vary. O Many restaurants offer fixed-price menus. g σταθερός, αμετάβλητοςaxis n an imaginary line through the middle of sth.Othis fixed centre point is your spine, which is the cen-tral axis of your golf swing. gάξοναςrotation n a circular movement, the movement ofsomething through one complete circle. O ...the dailyrotation of the earth upon its axis. g περιστροφήlatitude n the latitude of a place is its distance fromthe equator. O in the middle to high latitudes rainfallhas risen steadily over the last 20-30 years.g γεωγραφικό πλάτοςlongitude n the longitude of a place is its distance tothe west or east of a line passing through Greenwich,London. O He noted the latitude and longitude, thenmade a mark on the chart. g γεωγραφικό μήκοςapplicable adj Something that is applicable to a par-ticular situation is relevant to it or can be applied to it.O appraisal has traditionally been seen as most appli-cable to those in management and supervisorypositions. g εφαρμόσιμοςsheet n a sheet of something is a thin wide layer of itover the surface of something else. O On the surface ofthe lake there was a sheet of ice. g στρώμα shifting adj Something which is made up of parts thatare continuously moving and changing position in rela-tion to other parts. Othis town is a classic case ofshifting populations. g που μετακινείται, που μετατοπίζεταιpermanently adv For a long time without essentialchange. O His common sense had been permanentlyaffected by what he had witnessed. g μόνιμαmarker n an object which is used to show the posi-tion of something, or is used to help someone remem-ber something. O He put a marker in his book andfollowed her out. g σημάδι, σημείοelusive adj Something or someone that is difficult to


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find, describe, remember, or achieve. O in London late-night taxis are elusive and far from cheap. g ακαθόρι-στος, δύσκολος να πραγματοποιηθεί ή βρεθείaviation n the operation and production of aircraft.O But that goal remains as elusive as ever, in the neverending saga of UK-US aviation negotiations.g αεροπορία, αεροναυπηγικήexpedition n an organised journey that is made for aparticular purpose such as exploration. O ...Byrd's 1928expedition to antarctica. g αποστολήairfare n the airfare to a place is the amount it coststo fly there. O economy airfare, round-trip from Losangeles on cathay Pacific airlines is included in thecost of the Seminar. g αεροπορικό εισιτήριοvessel n a ship or large boat. g πλοίο, σκάφοςitinerary n a plan of a journey, including the routeand the places that you will visit. O the next place onour itinerary was the museum. g δρομολόγιοlecture n a talk someone gives in order to teach peo-ple about a particular subject, usually at a university orcollege. O i attended a series of lectures by Professoreric robinson. g διάλεξηmiscellaneous adj a group that consists of many dif-ferent kinds of things or people that are difficult to putinto a particular category. O ...a pile of miscellaneousjunk. g ετερόκλητος, πολυποίκιλοςparka n a parka is a jacket or coat which has a thicklining and a hood with fur round the edge. O americanleatherwear company coach adds parkas and trenchcoats to its classic bag range. g επανωφόρι με κουκού-λα, "μοντγκόμερι"beverage n Beverages are drinks. O alcoholic bever-ages are served in the hotel lounge. g ποτόicebreaker n a large ship which sails through frozenwaters, breaking the ice as it goes, in order to create apassage for other ships. g παγοθραυστικόpack ice n an area of ice that is floating on the sea. itis made up of pieces of ice that have been pushedtogether. g ογκόπαγος, σωρός πάγων walrus n a large, fat animal which lives in the sea. ithas two long teeth called tusks that point downwards.gθαλάσσιος ίππος, οδόβαινος ο ροσμάροςdisembark v When passengers disembark from a ship,aeroplane, or bus, they leave it at the end of their jour-ney. O i looked towards the plane. Six passengers hadalready disembarked. g αποβιβάζομαιtour operator n g ταξιδιωτικός πράκτορας, διοργανω-τής ταξιδίων occupancy n the act of using a room, building, or areaof land, usually for a fixed period of time. O Hoteloccupancy has been as low as 40% g διαμονή, παραμονή - χρήση δωματιού ή χώρου

reading - Part 4border v a country that borders another country, asea, or a river is next to it. O i visited the european andarab countries bordering the Mediterranean.g συνορεύω, γειτνιάζωattract v if something attracts people or animals, ithas features that cause them to come to it. O Warmweather has attracted the flat fish close to shore.g ελκύω, προσελκύωbreak down phr.v. to break down something suchas an idea or statement means to separate it intosmaller parts in order to make it easier to understandor deal with. O these rules tell us how a sentence is

broken down into phrases. g διαιρώ, χωρίζωsegment n One part of something, considered sepa-rately from the rest. O i met him on the third segmentof his journey. g τμήμα, μέροςstage n a stage of an activity, process, or period isone part of it. O Mr cook has arrived in Greece on thefinal stage of a tour which also included egypt andisrael. g περίοδος, στάδιο prestigious adj an institution, job, or activity which isrespected and admired by people. O it's one of thebest equipped and most prestigious schools in thecountry. g που έχει κύροςjersey n a jersey is a knitted piece of clothing thatcovers the upper part of your body and your arms anddoes not open at the front. Jerseys are usually wornover a shirt or blouse. O His grey jersey and trouserswere sodden with the rain. g πουλόβερ, φανέλαarguably adv You can use arguably when you arestating your opinion or belief, as a way of giving moreauthority to it. O they are arguably the most importantband since the rolling Stones. g βασίμως, ευλόγωςdistinctive adj Sth that is distinctive has a specialquality or feature which makes it easily recognisableand different from other things of the same type. O Hisvoice was very distinctive. g χαρακτηριστικός, ευδιάκριτοςdaunting adj Something that makes you feel slightlyafraid or worried about dealing with it. Othey werefaced with the daunting task of restoring the house.g εκφοβιστικός, αποθαρρυντικόςallowance n Money that is given to someone, usual-ly on a regular basis, in order to help them pay for thethings that they need. OHe lives on a single parent'sallowance of £70 a week. g επίδομα, επιχορήγησηentrant n a person who is taking part in a competi-tion. O all items entered for the competition must bethe entrant's own work. g συμμετέχωνamateur n Someone who does something as a hobbyand not as a job. O Jerry is an amateur who dancesbecause he feels like it. g μη επαγγελματίας, ερασιτέχνηςmend v if you mend something that is broken or notworking, you repair it, so that it works properly or canbe used. O i should have had the catch mended, butnever got round to it. g επισκευάζω, επιδιορθώνωconduct v When you conduct an activity or task, youorganise it and carry it out. O He said they were con-ducting a campaign against democrats across thecountry. g διεξάγω, διενεργώundermine v if you undermine something such as afeeling or a system, you make it less strong or lesssecure than it was before, often by a gradual processor by repeated efforts. O Offering her advice on eachand every problem will undermine her own feeling ofbeing responsible. g υπονομεύω, υποσκάπτωcolourful adj a colourful character is a person whobehaves in an interesting and amusing way. O caseyStengel was probably the most colourful character inbaseball. g γραφικός, ιδιόρρυθμοςabsorb v if a group is absorbed into a larger group, itbecomes part of the larger group. O the colonialOffice was absorbed into the Foreign Office.g απορροφώ, αφομοιώνωtrait n a particular characteristic, quality, or tendencythat someone or something has. O the study found thatsome alcoholics had clear personality traits showing upearly in childhood. g γνώρισμα, χαρακτηριστικό


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Succeed in City & Guilds Level B2Communicator COMPANION

It includes English definitions, example

sentences and Greek translations for the

challenging Vocabulary found in the

12 City & Guilds Level B2 Practice Tests.

Documents

teleytaio comp.GUILDS 2 - Andrew Betsis ELT...snowshoe v to travel on a special footwear for walk- ing over snow. O the good news is that anyone who can walk can go snowshoeing on