TELEVISION

Television in India is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages.

Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 Sept 1959 when UNESCO gave the Indian government $20000 and 180 Phillips TV Sets.

The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio.

The television service was extended to Bombay & Amritsar in 1972. A television centre was commissioned at Srinagar (Kashmir) and Amritsar (Punjab) in 1973.

A relay centre i.e. a centre which received & passed the content was opened in POONA (Maharashtra) on October 1973. Until 1975, only seven Indian cities had television service.

Television services were separated from Radio in 1976 and National telecasts were introduced in 1982.

Small screen programming started off in the early 1980’s. At that time there was only one National channel ‘Doordarshan’ which was owned by the Indian government.

For the first 17 years, broadcasting of television spread haltingly and transmission was in ‘Black and White’.

The Ramayana & Mahabharata were the major TV serial products.PAS-1 & PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the

telecasting of DD programming in half the regions of the world.An International Channel called DD International was started in

1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign countries via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia, & Africa and via PAS-1 to North America.

The television industry in India is expecting to estimate at INR 475 billion in 2014 to INR 975 billion in 2019.

Subscription revenue growth at a annualised growth rate of 16 per cent is expected to outpace the advertising revenue annualised revenue growth of 14 per cent, on account of improvising monetisation due to digitisation.

TELEVISION CHANNELS BY GENRE• SHOPPING• SPORTS• MUSIC• GARDENING• ENTERTAINMENT/

LIFESTYLE• CHARITY• ANIMAL/WILDLIFE• NEWS

• DAILY SOAP• KIDS• TRAVELLING• FASHION• MOVIES• MOVIES ON DEMAND• SCIENCE &

DISCOVERY

VARIOUS GENRES IN TELEVISION PROGRAMMES:

• ANIAMTED SERIES• ANIMATED SITCOM• COMEDY DRAMA• DAYTIME TELEVISION• DRAMA• EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION• FANTACY TELEVISION• FOOD REALITY TELEVISION• GAME SHOW• GENERALIST CHANNELS• HORROR FICTION

• HISTORICAL PERIOD DRAMA• PARTICIPATION TELEVISION• POLITICAL DRAMA• SOAP OPERA• STUDENT QUIZ SHOW• SUPERHERO TELEVISION

SERIES• TALK SHOW• TEEN DRAMA• TELEVISION DOCUMENTRY• THRILLER

DIFFERENT FORMATS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES:

Many times while watching television we notice that some programmes are a work of the directors imagination while others appear to be real life experiences. Thus there are THREE broad formats of television programmes.FICTION PROGRAMMING.NON-FICTION PROGRAMMING.LIVE PROGRAMMING.

FICTION PROGRAMMING:Almost all the fiction programmes that depend on imagination

& dramatization are meant for entertaining the audiences. Fictional programmes include Daytime operas, Comedy Shows, Dramas, Motion Pictures made for television including Mini Series (a multiple part movie).

NON-FICTION PROGRAMMING:The basic nonfictional or reality programmes includes Game

Shows, Talk Shows, News & Magazine Shows (exploration of new stories in entertainment form).

LIVE TELEVISON PROGRAMMING:Live Television Programming are restricted to Sports, Awards

Shows, News Coverage, & Several Daily Talk Shows.

TELEVISION CONTENT PRODUCTION PROCESS

There are THREE main phases/ steps of Television Production which are as follows:PRE-PRODUCTION PRODUCTIONPOST- PRODUCTION

PRE-PRODUCTION- It involves generation of idea, research, scripting, discussions with

all new members & talent (actors), arranging equipment, video/ audio tapes, properties, costumes, set designing or location hunting, booking of editing shift.

In Pre-Production process one needs to be clear with respect to idea of what you want to make and how one wants the programme to look like.

• PRODUCTION:Stage where you are on the studio floor or on location and are

ready to shoot.It includes managing all the facilities, handling to talent and

crew members, controlling the crowd, shooting without hurdles, and solving any problem related on that spot at that time.

• POST-PRODUCTION-Here final shape of programme is obtained. It includes cutting

the recorded visuals into approximate length, arranging the visuals in a proper sequence, use of desired effects for the visuals or text/caption, commentary recording, music/ song recording, & fisnal assembly of the entire programme.

DISTRIBUTION OF TELEVISION CONTENT:

The value chain in the distribution of television channels comprises the broadcaster, the distribution platform operator, the last mile operator and the end consumer.

The business of distribution of TV channels from the broadcaster to the consumer has two levels - i) bulk or wholesale level - wherein the distribution platform operator obtains the TV channels from the broadcasters, and ii) retail level - where the distribution platform operator offers these channels to the consumers, either directly or through the last mile operator.

Amongst the distribution platform operators, the Direct to Home (DTH) operator and the Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) operator serve the consumer directly, while the Multi System Operator (MSO) and the Headend in the Sky (HITS) operator generally serve the consumer through its linked Local Cable Operator (LCO).

In the broadcasting and cable TV sector, TV channels are distributed by the broadcasters themselves or through their authorized distribution agencies to the distribution platforms viz cable TV, DTH, IPTV, HITS etc. Many such agencies operate as authorised agents for more than one broadcaster.

After obtaining the distribution rights from one or more broadcasters, such distribution agencies form bouquets, many of which also consist of channels of one or more broadcasters. They publish Reference Interconnect Offers (RIOs), negotiate the rates for these bouquets/channels with operators of various distribution platforms and enter into interconnection agreement(s) with them.

As on date, the distribution business of around 73% of the total pay TV market, including high definition (HD) TV channels, is controlled by a few authorised distribution agencies. These channels include almost all the popular pay TV channels.

Many broadcasters, especially the larger ones, appoint authorised distribution agencies as intermediaries. Many such agencies operate as authorised agents for more than one broadcaster.

CABLE TV The TV distribution platforms in India are terrestrial (owned by

Doordarshan), cable, DTH and IPTV. The Indian TV distribution industry now comprises of 6000 Multi

System Operators (MSOs), around 60,000 Local Cable Operators (LCOs), 7 DTH/ satellite TV operators and several IPTV service providers.

At one point of time, India had nearly 100,000 cable operators. The industry was run by small operators.

The emergence of large operators from Hinduja group (incablenet), Zee group (Siticable), Asianet, Hathway (Raheja group) and RPG group (RPG Netcom), who are now known as MSO (Multi System Operators) changed the way in which the industry is run.

But the MSOs are concentrated on the metros and major cities only so far. The industry is in the hands of local cable TV operators in the rural areas and small towns.

The broadcasting business in India is primarily driven by two sources of revenue – advertising and subscription. There are two main types of broadcasting business models:

a. Free to Air (FTA) channels which rely on advertising revenue as their primary source of revenue, and thus are dependent on the distribution supply chain only to ensure reach to their target audience.

b. Pay TV channels which have a dual source of income from both subscription and advertisement. The channels need to ensure reach not just to earn advertising revenue but are also dependent on the distribution network to collect subscription revenue from the consumer.

The total revenue of the Indian television industry was estimated at Rs. 25,700 crore in 2009, of which advertising accounts for Rs.8,800 crore (34%) and subscription accounts for Rs.16,900 crore (66%). The average ARPU is Rs 165.

What is the Digitalisation of Analogue Cable System Ordinance?

• The ordinance, passed by the Cabinet, makes mandatory the digitisation of the distribution of TV signals by cable operators. TV signals are distributed to households through various platforms such as cable, direct-to-home (DTH), internet protocol TV (IPTV) and headend-in-the-sky (HITS). Cable is the largest platform, followed by DTH.

• DTH eliminates the need of an intermediary between the MSO and the consumer. The consumers have to install a small satellite on their rooftop and can download the signals transmitted by MSOs. A set-top box decrypts the signals and viewers can watch channels of their choice.

• The ordinance mandates that all cable TV households in metros will have to be digitalised by March 2012 and in the rest of the country by December 2014. This will necessitate conversion of analogue systems into digital systems; consumers will have to install a set-top box.

Why DIGITISE everything?

• Analogue systems have several limitations. For one thing, it is difficult to ascertain how many households are using cable services. • The actual number is known only to the local cable operators

who also work as bill collection agents. Telecom regulator TRAI had mandated that revenues gathered by cable operators should be split 45:30:25 among broadcasters, MSOs and LCOs. • According to a report by industry lobby FICCI and

management consultancy KPMG, in 2010, a total of Rs 19,400 crore was generated through subscription fee paid by consumers but only around 20 per cent of this was declared by cable operators.

DTH Average Revenue Per Unit (ARPU) growth continues:

While subscriber addition for DTH separators was muted in 2014, they had healthy revenue growth due to sustained increase in ARPU.

According to industry discussions, DTH operators have seen an ARPU increase of around 12 to 15 per cent in 2014.

The more promising trend is that DTH operators are able to increase collections from customers by providing additional services such as HD Channels, Premium Channels, and other Value Added Services.

HD Adoption continues to drive ARPU growth for DTH players with the average ARPU of a HD subscriber at 1.5 to 2x the ARPU of a non-HD subscribers.

HD Adoption will continue to a key growth driver for DTH ARPU’s over the next few years.

DTH Operators have a key advantage in monetising online viewers for on demand content through their TV Everywhere APPS, given their already existing payment relationships with subscription.

With Premium Subscription Channels, the idea of paying for better content has been incubated among the subscription.

DTH operators have focused on increasing monetisation by providing additional value to their subscribers either through innovative services or STB’s, such as those with unlimited recording & 4K.

TOP CHANNELS IN VARIOUS GENRES

ENTERTAINMENTNAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE

STAR PLUS STAR INDIA GENERAL

LIFE OK STAR INDIA GENERAL

STAR UTSAV STAR INDIA RE-RUN

CHANNEL V STAR INDIA YOUTH

ZEE TV ZEE NETWORK GENERAL

ZEE ANMOL ZEE NETWORK RE-RUN

& TV ZEE NETWORK GENERAL

ZEE SMILE ZEE NETWORK RE-RUN

ZINDAGI ZEE NETWORK GENERAL

SONY TV MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

GENERAL

SAB TV MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

GENERAL

SONY PAL MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

RE-RUN

NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE

COLORS VIACOM 18 GENERAL

RISHTEY VIACOM 18 RE-RUN

MTV VIACOM 18 YOUTH

BINDASS UTV YOUTH

SAHARA ONE SAHARA ONE MEDIA AND ENTERTINMENT LIMITED

GENERAL

DD INDIA DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL

DD BHARATI DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL

DD NATIONAL DOORDARSHAN CULTURAL

MOVIESNAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE

SONY MAX MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED MIX MOVIES

SONY MAX2 MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED MIX MOVIES

ZEE CINEMA ZEE NETWORK MIX MOVIES

ZEE CLASSIC ZEE NETWORK GOLDEN ERA

& PICTURES ZEE NETWORK MIX MOVIES

STAR GOLD STAR INDIA MIX MOVIES

MOVIES OK STAR INDIA MIX MOVIES

B4U MOVIES B4U MIX MOVIES

UTV MOVIES UTV MIX MOVIES

UTV ACTION UTV ACTION MOVIES

NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE

SAHARA SAHARA ONE MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED

MIX MOVIES

ENTERR 10 MIX MOVIES

CINEMA TV SOFTLINE CREATIONS MIX MOVIES

MUSIC & BOLLYWOODNAME OWNER TYPE OF CHANNELS

9XM 9X MEDIA MUSIC

ZING ZEE NETWORK MUSIC

ZEE ETC BOLLYWOOD

ZEE NETWORK BOLLYWOOD

SONY MIX MULTISCREEN MEDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

MUSIC

MUSIC INDIA MEDIA WORLDWIDE PRIVATE LIMITED MUSIC

B4U MUSIC B4U MUSIC

E24 B.A.G FILMS AND MEDIA LIMITED BOLLYWOOD

NAME OWNER CHANNEL TYPE

ZOOM THE TIMES GROUP BOLLYWOOD

M TUNES PIONEER CHANNEL FACTORY PVT LIMITED

MUSIC

MASTII SRI ADHIKARI BROTHERS BOLLYWOOD & MUSIC

CHANNEL X PIONEER CHANNEL FACTORY PVT LIMITED

MUSIC

KIDS ENTERTAINMENTNAME OWNER

CARTOON NETWORK TURNER INTERNATIONAL INDIA PVT LTD

DISCOVERY KIDS DISCOVERY NETWORK

DISNEY CHANNEL WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA

DISNEY JUNIOR WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA

DISNEY XD WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA

HUNGAMA TV WALT DISNEY INTERNATIONAL INDIA

NICK VIACOM 18

POGO TV TURNER INTERNATIONAL INDIA PVT LTD

INFOTAINMENT {KNOWLEDGE}NAME OWNER

ANIMAL PLANET DISCOVERY NETWORK

DISCOVERY CHANNEL DISCOVERY NETWORK

DISCOVERY SCIENCE DISCOVERY NETWORK

HISTORY TV18 A+E NETWORKS & TV18

NAT GEO PEOPLE FOX INTERNATIONAL CHANNELS

NAT GEO WILD FOX INTERNATIOAL CHANNELS

NATIONAL GEOGRAFIC CHANNEL

FOX INTERNATIONAL CHANNELS

INFOTAINMENT {LIFESTYLE & HEALTH}

NAME OWNER

FASHION TV 24HR FASHION CHANNEL

FOX TRAVELLER FOX INTERANTIONAL CHANNELS

LIVING FOODZ ZEE NETWORK

NDTV GOOD TIMES NDTV & KINGFISHER

TLC DISCOVERY NETWORK

TRAVEL XP CELEBRITIES MANAGEMENT PRIVATE LIMITED

INFOTAINMENT {NEWS}NAME OWNER

ABP NEWS ABP GROUP

DD NEWS DOORDARSHAN

INDIA TV RAJAT SHARMA

NDTV INDIA NDTV TELEVISION LTD

NEWS 24 B.A.G FILMS & MEDIA LIMITED

ZEE NEWS ZEE NETWORK

ZEE BUSINESS ZEE NETWORK

LOK SABHA TV & RAJYA SABHA TV GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

SPORTS CHANNELS

NAME OWNER FREE/PAY CHANNEL

DD SPORTS DOORDARSHAN FREE TO AIR

NEO PRIME NIMBUS COMMUNICATION PAY CHANNEL

NEO SPORTS NIMBUS COMMUNICATION PAY CHANNEL

SONY SIX SET INDIA PVT. LTD. PAY CHANNEL

STAR SPORTS 1,2,3 & 4 STAR INDIA PAY CHANNELS

TEN ACTION TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL

TEN CRICKET TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL

TEN SPORTS TAJ TELEVISION PAY CHANNEL

REFERENCES AND SOURCES

FOR NOTES:• www.indiatelecomonline.com• www.indianexpress.com• FICCI-KPGM 2015

FOR IMAGES:• FICCI-KPGM 2015