Television • Iron canon ball

• Surveying and mapping

• Limelight

• Electromagnetic induction

• Electric light

• Celluloid

• Motion pictures

• Photoelectric effect

• Iconoscope

15th Century- Cannon Fire

• First ones shot rubble – very inaccurate.

• Latter, the iron cannonball – more precise and accurate.

• 1503 – First bastions built in Italy, replacing the fortresses’ vulnerable drum tower.

Drum Towers & Bastions

• The canon caused the replacement of the vulnerable drum tower with the defensive bastion and shorter slanted curtain walls in the 15th century.

13th Century in N. Wales

17th Century Vienna

Iron Cannon Ball

• Cannons and cannon balls came in different sizes.

• The picture shows 15,10 and 6 pound iron cannon balls.

Mel Fisher’s MuseumKey West, Fl

Early Guidance Systems

• 1533 – Gemma Frisius, a mathematician, developed triangulation and a modified astrolab to determine target distance.

– It was accurate, but too slow.

• 1571 – Leonard Digges developed the theodolite which simultaneously measured distance and height.

Law of Sines

• a\sin A = b\sin B = c\sin C

• If A, B and c are 55o, 71o and 152m

• Since A+B+C = 180

• C = 54

• b = c x sinB ÷ sinC = 178m

Table of sines

Triangulation

• Using known angles and and distance L.

• d = Lsinsin

• If and and distance L are 35o, 50o and 151m, respectively.

• d= 66.6 m

sin( + )

1536 – Henry VIII’s Divorce

• Since the church would not recognize his divorce he seized their monasteries and sold their land. This triggered land surveying and more accurate map making.

Surveyors & Map Making

• 1579 – Christopher Saxton published his artful map of England.

• Wars stimulated more maps with roads.

• Increased overseas trade required accurate maps since more people were mortgaging their land to finance this trade.

More Surveyors & Map Making

• John Ogilby – the statute mile, 5280 feet.

• 1731 – George Wade built 250 mi. road to Scotland to gain control over Scotland.

• 1824 – Began surveying Ireland to better assess taxes on real estate.

• 1825 – Thomas Drummond used limelight to solve triangulation problem (Divis, Slieve Snaght & Scotland) in mapping Ireland.

Limelight

Shortage of Limelight Fuel

• Limelight requires pure oxygen and fuel. Prior to refrigeration the best way to obtain pure oxygen was through electrolysis of water, which required much electricity.

2H2O (l) + electricity O2 (g) + 2H2 (g)

Water + electricity Oxygen + Hydrogen

Generation of Electricity

• 1849 – Floris Nollet used Michael Faraday’s 1831 discovery of electromagnetic induction (spinning magnet within arms of coiled wire) to generate electricity.

• 1870 – Zenobie Gramme developed the dynamo. Producing sufficient AC electricity for the carbon arc-lamp and other electronic lights.

Carbon Arc-lamp

First invented in 1810

1850 – Shortage of Ivory

• 1847 – Shoenbein’s accidental discovery of nitrocellulose (guncotton).

• 1870 – John Hyatt’s discovery of celluloid. Made from solution of nitrocellulose to make billiard balls.

• 1889 – Eastman company produced celluloid film.

1853 –Moving Pictures

• Franz von Uchatius used projected moving pictures as artillery training tool.

• 1872 – Sequential camera ensemble developed by Muybridge to make photographic moving pictures.

• 1873 – Muybridge’s zoopraxiscope moving picture viewer.

Zoopraxiscope

Thomas Edison

• Invented modern inventing by making it a market driven process.

Define the innovation…Establish goals…Assess major stages of development…make data readily available…Every team member has a clear defined area of activity…Record everything.

Thomas Edison Marketing

• Define market wants and needs.

• Define innovation to meet these wants and needs.

• Acquire necessary financial support.

• Promote the product before final completion.

• Roll out the product.

Some Edison Inventions

• 1877 – Patented his phonograph

• 1879 – Developed electric light bulb

• 1893 – Invented the kinetoscope, incorporating moving celluloid film pictures and the light bulb.

• 1895 – Lumiere brothers invented the moving picture projector.

Photoelectric effect

• When light hits a metal surface electrons (electricity) is emitted.

• This principal was the basis synchronized sound for movies and for television. To change light or an image into an electrical signal.

Electrons and light

• Absorbed energy promotes electrons to higher energy levels.

• Electrons falling back to lower energy levels give off light (energy).

Particle/Wave DualityEarly Quantum Physics

• 1803 light is shown to be a wave.

• Einstein characterized light as both a particle (photon) and a wave.

• In 1927 electrons were shown to also be characterized as a wave. Atoms too!!

• The exact location of these particles or quantum can not be known.

• If quantum is seen or detected the wave function disappears.

• Quantum weirdness

1884 - Paul Nipkow• The first working device

for analyzing a scene to generate electrical signals suitable for transmission was a scanning system proposed and built by Paul Nipkow in 1884.

• The selenium cells responded too slowly.

John Baird

• First TV broadcast was demonstrated in England in January 1926.

• He used a method similar to Nipkow’s.

http://www.bairdtelevision.com/firstdemo.html

1928 – Vladimir Zworykin’s Iconoscope

• An image is cast onto thousands of photoelectric cells (pixels).

• Each cell giving off electrons proportional to amount of light.

• These electrons are scanned onto a distant fluorescent screen at the receiving (viewer) end.

The Iconoscope

Vladimir Zworykin

Notorious Westinghouse Engineer

Hired by David Sarnoff at RCA in 1929.

Television became a USA reality in June 1933.

Pixilated Image

Philo Farnsworth

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Liquid Crystal Displays

Plasma Displays

• Plasma is ionized gas of roughly equal + and - charged particles.

• These ions cause the Argon or Xenon gas in each pixel to emit UV which causes a red, blue or green fluorescent coating to emit.

What you should know

• Connections to map making from cannons, Henry VIII, wars and taxes.

• Connection between cannons and mathematics.

• Architectural changes caused by the cannon.

• #5-6

• #4-5

• #3

rosetta-probe-comet-67p-european-space-agency-landing-video

What you should know

• What was limelight first used for and how does it work?

• Connection between limelight, electricity & electrical generators.

• What type of light was eventually chosen for light houses & how did the light work?

• Connection between valence

electrons and light.

• #8-10

• #10-13

• #12-14

• #22

What you should know

• Explain the photoelectric effect.

• Explain the technical principals of television.

• What is a CRT?

• #21

• #24-28 basically light from an image is changed into electricity via photo-electric effect which is broadcast via radio signal and recreated on a receiving CRT, LCD or plasma display.

• #31