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Telematics Communication Technologies and Vehicular Networks: Wireless Architectures and Applications
Chung-Ming HuangNational Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Yuh-Shyan ChenNational Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Hershey • New YorkInformatIon scIence reference
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ xix
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xxi
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................... xxv
Section 1Introduction of Vehicular Networks and Intelligent Transporation Systems
Chapter 1Introduction of Vehicular Network Architectures ................................................................................... 1
Ming-Chiao Chen, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan, R.O.C.Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 2Introduction of Vehicular Network Applications .................................................................................. 15
Yao-Chung Chang, National Taitung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 3Introduction to ITS and NTCIP ............................................................................................................ 32
Da-Jie Lin, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Chyi-Ren Dow, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 2Embedded System Architecture and Communication Protocols
Chapter 4Vehicular Embedded System Architecture ............................................................................................ 58
Chung-Ping Young, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Table of Contents
Chapter 5Data Communications Inside Vehicular Environments ........................................................................ 74
Cheng-Min Lin, Nan Kai University of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Tzong-Jye Liu, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 6Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments ......................................................................................... 90
Tzong-Jye Liu, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Ching-Wen Chen, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 3Location Based Services
Chapter 7Introduction To Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) ............................................................... 108
Jenq-Muh Hsu, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 8Vehicle Location and Navigation Systems ......................................................................................... 119
Ben-Jye Chang, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 9Design and Implementation of Vehicle Navigation Systems .............................................................. 131
Min-Xiou Chen, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 4Integrated Vehicular Application
Chapter 10Vehicular Metropolitan Area Network Systems Architecture: The WiMAX Network Reference Model ................................................................................................................................. 144
Cheng Hsuan Cho, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jen-Yi Pan, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 11Interworking of IP Multimedia Subsystem and Vehicular Communication Gateway ........................ 160
Wei-Kuo Chiang, National Chung Cheng University, Chiaya, Taiwan, R.O.C.An-Nie Ren, National Chung Cheng University, Chiaya, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 5Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Delay Tolerant Vehicular Networks
Chapter 12MAC Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ................................................................................. 183
Chih-Yung Chang, Tamkang University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 13Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ............................................................................... 206
Yuh-Shyan Chen, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.Yun-Wei Lin, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 14Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ...................................................................................... 229
Tzung-Shi Chen, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Hua-Wen Tsai, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Yi-Shiang Chang, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 15DTN Technologies for Vehicular Networks ........................................................................................ 252
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 6Management and Traffic Control
Chapter 16Simple Transporation Management Framework ................................................................................. 271
Chyi-Ren Dow, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 17Vehicular System Management Architecture and Application Platform ............................................ 290
Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jiann-Liang Chen, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 18Remote Vehicular System Management Functions and Information Structure .................................. 310
Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jiann-Liang Chen, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 19Using Wireless Mesh Network for Traffic Control ............................................................................. 331
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Section 7Mobility Model, Simulation, and Security
Chapter 20Mobility Models of Vehicular Networks ............................................................................................ 348
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 21MOVE: A Practical Simulator for Mobility Model in VANET .......................................................... 355
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chapter 22Security Attacks of Vehicular Networks ............................................................................................. 369
Jen-Chun Chang, National Taipei University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Chun-I Fan, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Ruei-Hau Hsu, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 380
About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 398
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 405
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ xix
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xxi
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................... xxv
Section 1Introduction of Vehicular Networks and Intelligent Transporation Systems
Chapter 1Introduction of Vehicular Network Architectures ................................................................................... 1
Ming-Chiao Chen, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan, R.O.C.Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
A vehicular network organizes and connects vehicles with each other, and with mobile and fixed-locations resources. This chapter discusses the architectures in the vehicular network environment. We intro-duce the overview of in-vehicle and out-vehicle network architectures. An automobile in an in-vehicle network adopts four vehicle bus protocols, CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) and FlexRay. However, these protocols cannot intercommunicate with each other. Therefore, the OSEK operating system is designed as standard soft-ware architecture for the various ECUs (Electronic Control Units). In the out-vehicle network, the OBU (On Board Unit) in the automobile can communicate with the infrastructure via the Internet. We discuss next-generation vehicular network architecture, the modern in-vehicle networks, on-board computers and the Internet, mobile telecommunications and telematics applications in the ground vehicles, and finally, we introduce future desired features. This chapter discusses the architectures in vehicular network environment. Section 1.1 introduces the overview of in-vehicle and out-vehicle network architectures. Section 1.2 describes in-vehicle network architecture for disaster communication network by combining various automotive bus protocols. Section 1.3 describes the out-vehicle network architecture for disaster communication network by combining various wireless LANs. Section 1.4 discusses next-generation
Detailed Table of Contents
vehicular network architecture, the modern in-vehicle networks, on-board computers and the Internet, mobile telecommunications and telematics applications in the ground vehicles, and introduces future desired features.
Chapter 2Introduction of Vehicular Network Applications .................................................................................. 15
Yao-Chung Chang, National Taitung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is concerned with all the technologies that manage, process, and communicate information. It is also named as telematics, combining two words: telecom-munications and informatics, which is widely used in the application of Global Positioning System technology integrated with computers and in the mobile communications technology for automotive navigation systems. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 respectively list the telemetric applications from user’s point of view and the practical applications of vehicular telematics. Four applications of the vehicular network are discussed in this chapter. Section 2.1 introduces the vehicular network application services. Section 2.2 discusses the vehicular network application management. Section 2.3 provides the platform technologies of vehicular network application. Finally, future vehicular network application and deploy-ments are presented in the Section 2.4.
Chapter 3Introduction to ITS and NTCIP ............................................................................................................ 32
Da-Jie Lin, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Chyi-Ren Dow, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) combines high technology and improvements in information systems, communication, sensors, and relevant mathematical methods with the conventional world of surface transportation infrastructure to increase the capacity of transportation systems and to improve the level of services. There are four major goals of ITS, including safety, environmental protection, effi-ciency, and economy. NTCIP (NTCIP Standard 9001, 2002; DISA et al., 1997) is a set of communications protocols and data definition standards designed for various needs of ITS services and applications. The key goals of the NTCIP open-standards effort are interoperability and interchangeability. Interoperability refers to the ability for multiple devices to work together as a single system and interchangeability refers to the ability to use multiple brands of a device on the same communications channel. Accompanying the social and economic development, traffic congestion and delay have become major issues in most areas around the world. How to use readily available technologies to increase the capacity of transportation systems and to improve the level of service has become one of major solutions to solve transportation problems that people are facing. This is the motivation of Intelligent Transportation Systems develop-ment. NTCIP is a set of communications protocols and data definition standards designed for various needs of ITS services and applications. These standards are intended to handle these needs in the two areas: Center-to-Field (C2F) and Center-to-Center (C2C) communications.
Section 2Embedded System Architecture and Communication Protocols
Chapter 4Vehicular Embedded System Architecture ............................................................................................ 58
Chung-Ping Young, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Transportation of humans and objects have been playing an important role in our daily lives since civiliza-tion first formed and needed new means of reaching destinations. The invention of efficient transportation greatly reduced the time and labor once required and in addition largely extended the living environment that people can reach. The more time and labor for transportation is saved, the more leisure time people will have. Animal-power or natural resources have been the driving force of transportation for a long time. After the steam engine was invented, the automobile started a new era. The mass production of the Ford model T created the modern automobile industry and made the automobile more affordable. The basic structure of the automobile has not changed much, but evolving technologies has kept improving its functions and performance. The construction of traffic networks and mass production of automobiles have made the automobile the most important land based transportation carrier. The usage of automobiles is usually associated with the growth of economy and industry of a nation, so the population ratio that owns automobiles in a developed country is larger than that in a developing country. When the economy grows, vehicle as a transportation tool becomes more affordable and popular, for instance China or In-dia. When people use automobiles in their daily lives, they demand not only mobility, but also safety, comfort and convenience. These are some design factors that manufacturers have to put into aspect when enhancing functions by introducing and developing new technologies.
Chapter 5Data Communications Inside Vehicular Environments ........................................................................ 74
Cheng-Min Lin, Nan Kai University of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Tzong-Jye Liu, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 which specifies the physical layer and medium access control (MAC) for low-cost and low-power LR-WPAN. The technology can be applied in intelligent key, A/C opera-tion and steering wheel inside vehicles. There are two types of devices in ZigBee, FFD and RFD. A FFD can communicate with RFDs and other FFDs, while a RFD can only communicate with a FFD. In ZigBee physical layer, it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in unlicensed RF worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). A superframe contained an active portion and an inactive portion is used in the MAC layer of ZigBee. The active portion includes CAP and CFP. In the inactive partition, the coordinator can enter sleep mode to save its power. Three main topologies of ZigBee are star, mesh, and tree. However, ZigBee is successfully produced into a low-cost controller applied for automotive applications, including vehicle control and status monitoring. According to the forecast of ON World in 2005 (ON WORLD, 2009) , the deployed wireless sensing network nodes will increase to 127 million in 2010 from 1.2 million in 2005. It can be applied in home automation, battlefield surveillance, health care applications and vehicular environments. A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes a lot of wireless sensing nodes. In addition, a node in WSN consists of one or more sensors, a radio transceiver, and a microcontroller. The sensor can be used for sensing temperature, pressure,
sound, vibration, motion or position, etc. to collect status from devices or environments. The transceiver is used to relay the information of the collected status computed by the microcontroller to a center node, called a gateway or sink. Therefore, a WSN belongs to one type of wireless ad-hoc networks. However, the nodes in a WSN are usually smaller than that in traditional wireless ad-hoc networks regarding node size, computing power, memory size, and transmission rage. In other words, the transmission ability, computing power, and memory size of WSN nodes are limited.
Chapter 6Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments ......................................................................................... 90
Tzong-Jye Liu, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Ching-Wen Chen, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The IEEE 1609 standards define communication for wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) services, which enable vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-roadside, as well as vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. The standard consists of four parts, which are briefly described in this chapter. IEEE 1609.1 describes the WAVE resource manager which specifies the wireless access method in a WAVE environment and allows a remote manager application to establish connection with a resource command processor on an on-board unit. IEEE 1609.2 defines several secure message formats to process mes-sages for WAVE system. The standard covers methods for securing WAVE management messages and application messages, which protects messages from attacks such as eavesdropping, spoofing, altera-tion, replay, and linkable information to unauthorized parties. IEEE 1609.3 defines network services for WAVE systems, whose network services operate at the network and transport layers of the OSI model and support both the IPv6 traffics and the WAVE short message services. IEEE 1609.4 describes WAVE multi-channel operations. It specifies the functions of MAC sublayer management entity and WAVE MAC with channel coordination. The multi-channel operation provides an efficient mechanism that controls the operation of upper layer across multiple channels.
Section 3Location Based Services
Chapter 7Introduction To Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) ............................................................... 108
Jenq-Muh Hsu, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Understanding the right positions and directions of people and objects is a significant issue from the ancient eras to the present. In the past, people often launched a war in order to satisfy the craving for the dominating powers and spread their realms. In the recent, Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) has become the one of most popular positioning technologies. GPS can provide users precise positioning information, no matter wherever that may present their own positions. The early GPS positioning technol-ogy has been widely used in military, marine use, until recently gradually applied into our daily life, e.g., automotive navigation, geodesy surveying, etc. In this chapter, the authors will briefly introduce some GPS issues including the origins of GPS, GPS system architecture, and related GPS applications.
Chapter 8Vehicle Location and Navigation Systems ......................................................................................... 119
Ben-Jye Chang, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The most driving purpose is to traverse to the destination safely, efficiently, and comfortably. Two types of approaches could achieve the goals, including the static and dynamic approaches. In the static aspect, vehicles use the static road and traffic information to navigate. Conversely, in the dynamic aspect, ve-hicles adopt the dynamic information instead. However, both of the two approaches first require getting the vehicle’s location and then map the position on an e-map. Thus, this chapter first introduces some important vehicle location determination algorithms: the dead reckoning and global position system algorithms, in which the precision of location technologies are compared. Then, the map-matching al-gorithm is described in detail. Finally, various vehicle navigation approaches are detailed, in which the important topics include: the navigation architecture, the navigation routing algorithm, and navigation applications.
Chapter 9Design and Implementation of Vehicle Navigation Systems .............................................................. 131
Min-Xiou Chen, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Vehicle Navigation System (VNS) is a complicated and integrated system. A reliable vehicle navigation system should integrate the wireless communication technologies, positioning technologies, embedded computer, geographic information database, and so on. The major purpose of the chapter is to help understanding the architecture of vehicle navigation system. This chapter first introduces the system re-quirements and system analysis, and show the system platform of vehicle navigation system. The system platform can be divided into six components. There are the digital map database, positioning devices, map-matching process, route planning process, route guidance process, human-machine interface, and wireless communication interface. The design issues and system communication of these components are detail illustrated in the chapter. Finally, the authors also present some vehicle navigation systems proposed in the past few years, and show the difference of these systems. The aim of vehicle navigation system is to guide the vehicle along the optimal path from the starting point to destination. A reliable vehicle navigation system can reduce the traffic chaos in the city and improve the transportation delay. In order to achieve reliable vehicle navigation system, the detail system requirements, system analysis, and system architecture are shown in the chapter. Each component of vehicle navigation system is briefly illustrated, and the system communication is also described. They also present the architecture of the proposed vehicle navigation system, and show the difference of these systems. Therefore this chapter helps understanding the architecture of vehicle navigation system.
Section 4Integrated Vehicular Application
Chapter 10Vehicular Metropolitan Area Network Systems Architecture: The WiMAX Network Reference Model ................................................................................................................................. 144
Cheng Hsuan Cho, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jen-Yi Pan, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The WiMAX NWG develops a network reference model to serve as an architecture framework for WiMAX deployments and to ensure interoperability among various WiMAX equipment and operators. The network reference model envisions unified network architecture for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model. We introduce WiMAX network architecture, WiMAX network entry, mobility management, QoS functional elements, core network planning and accounting architecture in this section. However, all of them are significant in deploying WiMAX core network. The operator tries to reach the goals including system performance, reliability, and so on. On the other hand, the WiMAX operator should consider and balance such many variables in order to achieve a better situation.
Chapter 11Interworking of IP Multimedia Subsystem and Vehicular Communication Gateway ........................ 160
Wei-Kuo Chiang, National Chung Cheng University, Chiaya, Taiwan, R.O.C.An-Nie Ren, National Chung Cheng University, Chiaya, Taiwan, R.O.C.
In recent years, more and more people dream of experiencing various IP-based multimedia application services when they are driving through their car. However, those multimedia devices in the car may use different communication protocols such as X.10, Havi, Jini, UPnP and SIP. In order to provide a variety of IP-based multimedia services to those users in the car, we mainly investigate the issue of interworking between IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and telematics of the vehicular industry. A service-integrated platform, Open Service Gateway Initiative Service Platform (OSGi SP), has been proposed to act as a Residential Gateway (RGW) and to administer the communication between the vehicular environment and Internet. Besides, a Home IMS Gateway (HIGA), which can be implemented on a NGN RGW, has been developed by Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) since 2005 to collect the relevant information of in-car users, devices and services and to manage the IMS sessions for the in-car devices that do not support IMS functions. With these techniques, the users can enjoy their digital life by interacting with the home/vehicular network from anywhere.
Section 5Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Delay Tolerant Vehicular Networks
Chapter 12MAC Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ................................................................................. 183
Chih-Yung Chang, Tamkang University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
With the rapid development of wireless technologies, the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently received much attention. VANETs technologies aim to ensure traffic safety for drivers, provide comfort for passengers and reduce transportation time and fuel consumption with many potential ap-plications. The achievement of these aims highly relies on efficient MAC protocols which determine the performance of packet transmission in terms of success rate, delay, throughput and bandwidth utilization. This chapter reviews the existing MAC protocols developed for VANETs. Initially, the IEEE 802.11p and DSRC standard are reviewed. Two TDMA-based MAC protocols, called CVIA and VeSOMAC, are then introduced. In addition, three MAC protocols that cope with the emergency-message broadcasting problem are proposed. Finally, a reliable MAC protocol which is developed based on the cluster topol-ogy is reviewed.
Chapter 13Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ............................................................................... 206
Yuh-Shyan Chen, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.Yun-Wei Lin, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. It is not effectively applied the existing routing protocols of MANETs into VANETs. In this chapter, the authors mainly survey new routing results in VANET. They introduce unicast protocol, multicast protocol, geocast protocol, mobicast pro-tocol, and broadcast protocol. It is observed that carry-and-forward is the new and key consideration for designing all routing protocols in VANETs. With the consideration of multi-hop forwarding and carry-and-forward techniques, min-delay and delay-bounded routing protocols for VANETs are discussed in VANETs. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing routing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. The key challenge is to overcome these problems to provide routing protocols with the low communication delay, the low communication overhead, and the low time complexity.
Chapter 14Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ...................................................................................... 229
Tzung-Shi Chen, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Hua-Wen Tsai, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Yi-Shiang Chang, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The various sensors and wireless communication devices have been extensively applied to daily life due to the advancements of microelectronics mechanism and wireless technologies. Recently, vehicular communication systems and applications become more and more important to people in daily life. Ve-hicular communication systems that can transmit and receive information to and from individual vehicles
have the potential to significantly increase the safety of vehicular transportation, improve traffic flow on congested roads, and decrease the number of people of deaths and injuries in vehicular collisions effec-tively. This system relies on direct communication between vehicles to satisfy the communication needs of a large class of applications, such as collision avoidance, passing assistance, platooning. In addition, vehicular communication systems can be supplemented by roadside infrastructure to access Internet and other applications. This system forms a special case of mobile ad hoc networks called Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). They can be formed between vehicles with vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communica-tion or between vehicles and an infrastructure with vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. The applications and characteristics of VANETs are introduced and presented in this Chapter.
Chapter 15DTN Technologies for Vehicular Networks ........................................................................................ 252
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
A Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is one type of challenged network where network contacts are inter-mittent or link performance is highly variable or extreme. In such a network, a complete path does not exist from source to destination for most of the time. In addition, the path can be highly unstable and may change or break unexpectedly. To make communication possible in a delay tolerant network, the intermediate nodes need to take custody of data during the blackout and forward it toward the destina-tion when the connectivity resumes. A vehicular network nicely falls into the context of DTN since the mobility of vehicles constantly causes the disruption of link connectivity’s between vehicles. In this chapter, the authors discuss some research challenges and issues which might occur in a Delay Tolerant Network and how they are related to vehicular networks.
Section 6Management and Traffic Control
Chapter 16Simple Transporation Management Framework ................................................................................. 271
Chyi-Ren Dow, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The Simple Transportation Management Framework (STMF) specifies a set of rules and protocols which can be used to organize, describe, and exchange transportation management information between trans-portation management applications and equipments. The STMF framework consists of four elements, including Management Information Base (MIB), Structure and Identification of Management Informa-tion (SMI), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and Simple Transportation Management Protocol (STMP). MIB is a collection of management objects written in ASN.1 notation. SMI is the definition of how to create management objects and a hierarchical definition of nodes where management objects will be attached for unique identification. SNMP is a communications protocol for configuring and monitoring of network devices. STMP is a variation of SNMP to address low-bandwidth commu-nication links and real-time device monitoring.
Chapter 17Vehicular System Management Architecture and Application Platform ............................................ 290
Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jiann-Liang Chen, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Notably, not all telematics services can be used in telematics terminals as a result of the varied platform standards. The main issues are that most telematics technologies depend on vertical, proprietary and closed per-OEM Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) platforms, forming islands of non-interop-erable technology and preventing third-party service providers from creating valuable services. In this study, the Open Gateway Service Initiative Vehicle Expert Group (OSGi/VEG) was integrated into an Android platform to generate a vehicular Android/OSGi platform that has the advantages of both original platforms, such as remote management, rich class sharing, proprietary vehicular applications, security policies, easy management of application programming interface (APIs), and an environment with increased openness. Furthermore, this study integrates the cloud computing mechanism into the Android/OSGi platform, which allows service providers to upload their telematics bundles onto storage clouds via the provisioning server.
Chapter 18Remote Vehicular System Management Functions and Information Structure .................................. 310
Teng-Wen Chang, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.Jiann-Liang Chen, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Due to the rapid development of information technology, the network has already spread to every corner of vehicle. With all kinds of ECU devices appear in the vehicle, and it brings the more and more convenient living. On purpose solving heterogamous technologies that are incompatible with each other, developed a “WBEM-based Remote Management and Heterogeneous Vehicular Network Diagnosis System” on OSGi Gateway. This system can focus on a variety of problems come from vehicle network, and find out what are the problems or where are the problems happened. If the problem still can not be solved properly, we must to seek for help from remote managers. The users can acquire enough information without understanding how to control every device, so that the users can help near diagnosis system to solve vehicle network’s problems and to promote the abilities of near network diagnosis.
Chapter 19Using Wireless Mesh Network for Traffic Control ............................................................................. 331
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Wireless mesh networks (WMN) have attracted considerable interest in recent years as a convenient, flexible and low-cost alternative to wired communication infrastructures in many contexts. However, the great majority of research on metropolitan-scale WMN has been centered around maximization of available bandwidth, suitable for non-real-time applications such as Internet access for the general public. On the other hand, the suitability of WMN for missioncritical infrastructure applications remains by and large unknown, as protocols typically employed in WMN are, for the most part, not designed for real-time communications. In this chapter, the authors describe a real-world testbed, which sets a goal of designing a wireless mesh network architecture to solve the communication needs of the traffic con-
trol system in Sydney, Australia. This system, known as SCATS (Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System) and used in over 100 cities around the world, connects a hierarchy of several thousand devices -- from individual traffic light controllers to regional computers and the central Traffic Management Centre (TMC) - and places stringent requirements on the reliability and latency of the data exchanges. The authors discuss some issues in the deployment of this testbed consisting of 7 mesh nodes placed at intersections with traffic lights, and show some results from the testbed measurements.
Section 7Mobility Model, Simulation, and Security
Chapter 20Mobility Models of Vehicular Networks ............................................................................................ 348
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
A key component for VANET simulations is a realistic vehicular mobility model that ensures conclusions drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. However, VANET simulations raise many new questions about suitable levels of details in simulation models. To get accurate results, the mobility models of Vehicular Networks should be as realistic as possible, and involve road-maps with all constraints and facilities related to the vehicular movement. In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of some mobility models that are relevant to VANETs. The criteria of applicability they consider here is the employment of road maps, and thus limiting the nodes movements into the routes, instead of moving them in a wide open area. They compare different models based on the parameters they use. For instance, some models use traffic control mechanisms (stop signs or traffic lights) at route intersections, and some just assume continuous movement at these points. Some assume routes to be single-lane, some others support multi-lanes routes. Some define the security distance, while others just ignore this parameter.
Chapter 21MOVE: A Practical Simulator for Mobility Model in VANET .......................................................... 355
Kun-Chan Lan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is surging in popularity, in which vehicles constitute the mobile nodes in the network. Due to the prohibitive cost of deploying and implementing such a system in real world, most research in VANET relies on simulations for evaluation. A key component for VANET simula-tions is a realistic vehicular mobility model that ensures conclusions drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. However, VANET simulations raise many new questions about suitable levels of details in simulation models for nodes mobility. In VANET simulations, the mobility models used affect strongly the simulation output. The researchers need to decide what level of details are required for their simulations. In this chapter, the authors introduce a tool MOVE that allows users to rapidly generate realistic mobility models for VANET simulations. MOVE is built on top of an open source micro-traffic simulator SUMO. The output of MOVE is a realistic mobility model and can be immediately used by popular network simulators such as ns-2 and Qualnet. They show that the simula-tion results obtained when using a realistic mobility model such as MOVE are significantly different
from results based on the commonly used random waypoint model. In addition, they evaluate the effects of details of mobility models in three case studies of VANET simulations (specifically, the existence of traffic lights, driver route choice and car overtaking behavior) and show that selecting sufficient level of details in the simulation is critical for VANET protocol design.
Chapter 22Security Attacks of Vehicular Networks ............................................................................................. 369
Jen-Chun Chang, National Taipei University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Chun-I Fan, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.Ruei-Hau Hsu, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The application of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) improves driving safety and traffic management. Due to the above applications, security attacks on VANET can be serious threats all the time. VANET is a special form of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Hence any attacks exist on MANET also can be arisen on VANET. Moreover, some special attacks can be raised on VANET, which don’t exist on MANET. Nevertheless, some characteristics of VANET can be positive effects and some can be negative effects on security issues. Before designing the security mechanism to defend attacks, the authors should take the positive effects and avoid the negative effects on the security of VANET. Furthermore, they class all possible attacks of VANET from every network layer. The authors also introduce the reason of forming every attack and the possible effect on VANET in detail. Therefore this chapter helps understanding the latent threats and the useful resources of security issues on VANET.
Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 380
About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 398
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 405
