Teknologi Software

8/2/2019 Teknologi Software

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Computer Software

Te k n ik In fo r m a t ik a P e r t a n ia n

Mainly based on:James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091


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Softwareis aproduct consists ofcomputer programsand data files that

work together toprovide a computerwith the instructions

and data necessaryfor carrying out aspecific type of task

What is software?


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Software includes

A computer programis a set of detailed,instructions that tells a computer how to solve a

problem or carry out a task

Executable fileshave an .exe file extension, andcan be double-clicked to start the program (run

by users)Support modulesare extra programs that are

not run by users, but help the main program torun (file extension such as .dll and .ocx)

Data filescontain data that is necessary for theprogram to run, but not supplied by the user For example, text of Help file or license agreement,

word lists for a dictionary, graphics File extensions .txt, .bmp, and .hlp

Components in a Typical Software Product


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Computer programmerswrite the

instructions for the computer programs

Software publishersdistribute the software,

they specialize in packaging, marketing, andselling commercial software

Userswho write macros and customizesoftware

Who Creates Computer Software?


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Categories of Software


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Categories of Application Software

Custom

Commercial

Off-the-Shelf(COTS)

GeneralPurpose

Open-Source

Application Software


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General Purpose

Programs that perform common information

processing jobs for end users; e.g., wordprocessing, spreadsheet

Also call productivity packages

Custom Software

Software applications developed within anorganization for use by that organization


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Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)

Many copies sold

Minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrades

Purchasers have no control over specifications, schedule, orevolution, and no access to source code or internaldocumentation

Product vendor retains the intellectual property rights of thesoftware

Open-source Software

Developers collaborate on the development of an application

using programming standards which allow anyone to contribute tothe software

As each developer completes a project, the application codebecomes available and free to anyone who wants it


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Custom : Business Application Software

Thousands of these packages supportspecific end-user applications

Customer Relationship Management

Enterprise Resource Planning

Supply Chain Management

Function-Specific Application Software

Web-enabled electronic commerce


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Components of Top Software Suites

GP W d P i /D k P bli hi


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GP : Word Processing/Desktop Publishing

Word Processing

Create, edit, revise, and print documents

E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, CorelWordPerfect

Desktop PublishingProduce printed materials that look

professionally published

E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher,QuarkXPress

GP El i S d h


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GP : Electronic Spreadsheets

Used by virtually every business foranalysis, planning, modeling

Worksheet of rows and columns

Can be stored on local computers or a network

Requires designing format and developingthe relationships (formulas)

Most help you develop charts and graphdisplays of spreadsheet results

Supports what-if questions

GP P t ti G hi


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GP : Presentation Graphics

Microsoft PowerPoint,Lotus Freelance,Corel Presentations

Are used to createmultimedia

presentations ofgraphics, photos,animation, video

Top packages can

tailor files fortransfer in HTML

format to websites

Convert numericdata into graphics

Common

presentationgraphicspackages

GP G hi S fGP G hi S f


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GP : Graphics SoftwareGP : Graphics Software

Software used to createSoftware used to create

graphicsgraphics

Examples:Examples:

Adobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop

Adobe IllustratorAdobe Illustrator

QuarkQuark XPressXPress

Adobe PageMakerAdobe PageMaker

CorelDrawCorelDraw

GP P l I f ti M
http://www.siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v33n4/columns/images/rouse5.jpghttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osxfaq.com/radio/11-2003/adobe.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.osxfaq.com/radio/11-2003/11-08.ws&h=192&w=158&sz=6&tbnid=b0Z3Yt96tM8J:&tbnh=97&tbnw=80&start=1&prev=/images?q=adobe&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8


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GP : Personal Information Managers

Manages schedules, appointments, tasks

Most have ability to access the Web and e-mail

Stores information about clients

Some support team collaboration by sharinginformation with other PIM users

e.g., Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

Software for end user productivity and collaboration

GP : Web Browsers


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GP : Web Browsers

Software that supports navigation throughpoint-and-click, hyper-linked Web resources

Becoming the universal platformfrom which end users launch

Information searches

E-mail

Multimedia file transfer

Discussion groups

Other Internet-based applications

GP : Search Engines


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GP : Search Engines

Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,

Overture, Yahoo!

Browsers are used to gain accessto Internet search engines

Using search engines to find information hasbecome an indispensable part of Internet,

intranet, and extranet applications

GP : E mail Instant Messaging Weblogs


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GP : E-mail, Instant Messaging, Weblogs

E-mailSending and receiving messages and

attachments via the Internet, intranet, orextranet

Instant messaging (IM)

Receive electronic messages instantly

Weblog or blog

A personal website in dated log formatUpdated with new information about a subject

or range of subjects

GP : Groupware


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GP : Groupware

Software that helps workgroups collaborateon group assignments

E-mail, discussion groups, databases, audio,and video conferencing

E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise,

Microsoft Exchange

Windows SharePoint Services and

WebSphere both allow teams to createwebsites for information sharing anddocument collaboration

GP : Integrated Packages


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GP : Integrated Packages

Integrated packages combine the functionsof several programs into one package

E.g., Microsoft Works, AppleWork

Advantages

1. Many functions forlower price

2. Uses less disk space

3. Frequently pre-installed on PCs

Disadvantages

1. Limited functionality

Software Alternatives


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Software Alternatives

Outsource software development andmaintenance

Application service providers (ASPs)Companies that own, operate, and maintain

application software and computer systemresources

Use the application for a fee over the Internet

Pay-as-you-goUse expected to accelerate

Software Licensing


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Software Licensing

Trade secrets

COTS and ASP software is licensed, which involves

You buy a license to use the software

Licensed to protect vendors property rights

You dont buy software

Traditional contract law, includingUniform Commercial Code (UCC)

Copyright and trademarkIntellectual property rights

Categories of System Software


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Categories of System Software

System

ManagementPrograms

SystemDevelopmentPrograms

Manages hardware, software, network,and data resources of computer systems

Operating systems, networkmanagement programs, database

management systems, system utilities

Helps users develop IS programs andprocedures, and then prepare them

for processing

Includes language translators andeditors, CASE, and programming tools

Operating Systems


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Operating Systems

Integrated system of programs that

Providessupport

services as thecomputer

executesapplicationprograms

Manages theoperations of

the CPU

Controls theinput/out,storage

resources, and

activities of thecomputersystem

The operating system must be loaded and activated

before other tasks can be accomplished

Interface between user and the computer

Operating System Basic Functions


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Operating System Basic Functions

Command-drivenMenu-drivenGraphical User

Interfaces (GUI)

Resource Management


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Resource Management

Part of the operating system that managesthe hardware and networking resources of acomputer system

Includes CPU, memory, secondary storagedevices, telecommunications, and

input/output peripherals Common functions

Keeping track of where data and programsare stored

Subdividing memory; providing virtualmemory capability

File Management


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File Management

Part of the operating system that controls thecreation, deletion, and access of files and

programsKeeps track of physical location on storage

devices

Maintains directories of information about thelocation and characteristics of stored files

Task Management


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g

Part of the operating system that managesthe accomplishment of end user computing

tasks

Controls which task gets access to the CPU,and for how long

Can interrupt the CPU at any time tosubstitute a higher priority task

Supports preemptive and cooperative multi-tasking and multi-processing

Popular Operating Systems


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p p g y

WindowsGUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia

Microsofts operating system

NT, XP, 2003

Different versions manage servers

Standard, enterprise, data center, Web

Unix

Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing

Portable - can run on mainframes,midrange,and PCs

Popular Operating Systems


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p p g y

Linux

Low-cost, powerful, reliable, Unix-like

operating systemOpen-source

MAC OS XApple operating system for the iMac

GUIMultitasking

Multimedia

Interface Between End Users & Computer


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p

User Interface


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The part of the operating system that allowsyou to communicate with it

Determines how user friendly the computer is

Three main types

Command-driven

Menu-driven

Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Command Line


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Early computers used only this

Have to memorize codes

Not very user friendly

Not colorful usually written in black and

white

No pictures

Graphical User interfaces


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Came about with menus

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Came about with Apples development ofMacintosh Finder

Pictures (icons) represent software

Colorful

Contributed to the explosion of computer use.

Application Servers


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Provide an interface between an operatingsystem and the application programs of users

Middleware

Helps diverse software applications exchange

data and work together more efficiently

Other System Software


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UtilitiesMiscellaneous housekeeping functions

Example: Norton utilities includes data backup,virus protection, data compression, etc.

Performance Monitors

Programs that monitor and adjust computersystem to keep them running efficiently

Security MonitorsMonitor and control use of computer systems

to prevent unauthorized use of resources

Programming Languages


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Machine Languages


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First Generation Languages

The most basic of programming languages

Strings of binary codes unique to each computer

Requires specific knowledge of theinternal operations of the CPU being used

Must specify the storage location for everyinstruction and item of data used

Difficult to work with, and error prone

Assembler Languages


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Second Generation Languages

Developed to reduce difficultiesin writing machine language programs

Uses assemblers to convert the programsinto machine instructions

Symbols used to represent operation codesand storage locations

Alphabetic abbreviations, call mnemonics, andother symbols represent operation codes,

storage locations, and data elements

High-Level Languages


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Third Generation Languages

Uses brief statements or arithmetic expressions

Statements translated into machine language

by compilers or interpreters

Less efficient than assembler language andrequires greater translation time

Machine dependent

Examples: BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN

Fourth-Generation Languages


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Fourth-Generation Languages

Variety of programming languages that arenonprocedural and conversational

Programmers specify the result wanted;

the computer determines the sequence ofinstructions that accomplish the result

Simplifies the programming process

Natural language; very close to English

Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)

Object-Oriented Languages


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Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces

Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces

Most widely used software

development languages

Reusable: can use an object from oneapplication in another application

Reusable: can use an object from oneapplication in another application

Examples: Visual Basic, C++, JavaExamples: Visual Basic, C++, Java

Most object-oriented languages provide a GUIthat supports visual programming

Most object-oriented languages provide a GUIthat supports visual programming

Object-Oriented Languages


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Combines data elements

and the procedures that

will be performed uponthem into objects

Example: data about abank account and the

procedures performed

on it, such as interestcalculations

Web Languages


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HTML A page description language that createshypertext documents for the Web

XML Describes Web page content byapplying identifying tags or contextual

labels to the data

Java Object-oriented programming language thatis simple, secure, and platform independent

Java applets can be executedon any computer

J2EE versus .Net


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Programming Tools


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Help programmers identify and minimizeerrors while they are programming

Graphical programming interfaces

Programming editors

Debuggers

CASE Tools

A combination of many programming tools into

a single application with a common interfaceUsed in different stages of the systems

development process

Language Translators


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Converts code written in programminglanguage to a language the computer canunderstand

Translator helps computer process data

I dontunderstand! I

need atranslator.

Language Translator Programs


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Translate instructions written in programminglanguages into machine language

AssemblerAssembler

Translatesassemblerlanguagestatement

CompilerCompiler

Translates high-level language

statements

InterpreterInterpreter

A compiler thattranslates andexecutes eachstatement ina program,

one at a time

Web Services


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Web services aresoftware components

that are

Based onframework of Weband object-orientedstandards andtechnology

Used to link theapplications ofdifferent users andcomputing platforms

via the Web

How Web Services Work

Open Source Software


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The basic ideaWhen programmers can read, redistribute, and

modify source code, the software evolvesThis can happen at astonishing speed

Produces better software than the traditional

commercial (closed) model

The proprietary approach to software

development has hidden costs that oftenoutweigh its benefits

Open Source Software


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Open source software is notShareware

Public domain softwareFreeware

A viewer or reader made freely available

without source code

OSS

Is copyrighted & distributed with license termsSometimes carries a fee for packaging,

distribution, or support

Open-Source Licensing Characteristics


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The License

The program must include the source code and allow

distribution in source code as well as compiled formShall not restrict any party from selling or giving away

the software as a component of an aggregate software

distribution containing programs from several sourcesMust allow modifications and derived works, and must

allow them to be distributed under the same terms as

the license of the original software



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The License (continued)May restrict source code from being distributed in

modified form only if the license allows the distribution

of patch files with the source code for the purpose ofmodifying the program at build time

Must not discriminate against any person or anygroup of persons

Must not restrict anyone from making use of the

program in a specific field of endeavor



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The License (continued)The rights attached to the program must

apply to all to whom the program isredistributed, without the need for executionof an additional license

Must not be specific to a product

Must not contaminate other software by

placing restrictions on any softwaredistributed along with the licensed software

Examples of Open Source Software


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Open OfficeCan be used for any purpose: domestic, commercial,

educational, or public administration

Mac OS X

Based on a form of UNIX

Advanced GUISupports multi-tasking and multimedia

Integrated Web browser, e-mail, instant messaging,

search engine, digital media player, and more

Includes software development tools

Documents

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