Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead Glasswort or Fan … · · 2017-08-131 word.doc on CD Caroline Taylor & Aleisa Lamanna Final Draft 1 : 1 (pdf) Caroline Taylor Final Draft 1 : 1

Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead Glasswort or Fan Samphire): Survey from Port Prime to Parham and St. KildaA report prepared by Sinclair Knight Merz for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board

Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board205 Greenhill RoadEastwood SA 5063Phone 08 8273 9100www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au

Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead Glasswort or Fan Samphire): Survey from Pt Prime - Parham and St. Kilda Tecticornia flabelliformis population survey: sabkha areas at St. Kilda and from Pt Prime to Parham

Report 24 May 2011

Sinclair Knight Merz ABN 37 001 024 095 Level 5 / 33 King William Street Adelaide SA 5000 Australia Tel: +61 8 8424 3800 Fax: +61 8 8424 3810 Web: www.skmconsulting.com

COPYRIGHT: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to the Director, Policy and Planning, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, 205 Greenhill Rd EASTWOOD SA 5063. LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd’s Client, and is subject to and issued in connection with the provisions of the agreement between Sinclair Knight Merz and its Client. Sinclair Knight Merz accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party.

Tecticornia flabelliformis population survey: sabkha areas at St. Kilda and from Pt Prime to Parham

Document history and status Revision Date issued Reviewed by Approved by Date approved Revision type Draftv1 15 Mar 2011 N Bull G. Barbara 17 March 2011 Practice Review Final Draft 20 Apr 2011 C. Taylor G. Barbara 24 May 2011 Final Review

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I:\VESA\Projects\VE23497\Deliverables\Reports\Bead Glasswort survey_Rev0 Final.docxFile name:

Author: Greg Barbara

Project manager: Greg Barbara

Name of organisation: Adelaide Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board

Name of project: Tecticornia flabelliformis population survey: sabkha areas at St. Kilda and from Pt Prime to Parham

Name of document: AMLR_Bead_Glasswort_Survey

Document version: Final

Project number: VE23497

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

I:\VESA\Projects\VE23497\Deliverables\Reports\Bead Glasswort survey_Final.docx



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Contents

Introduction 1 The Species 2 Bead Glasswort or Fan Samphire (Tecticornia flabelliformis) 2 The survey area 5 Survey method 6 Results 7

Webb Beach 7 Thompson’s Beach 10 St. Kilda 16 Recruitment 16

Populations surveyed to date 17 Conclusions 18

Management recommendations 19

References 20 Figures Figure 1 T. flabelliformis seed (left), T. flabelliformis bracts (centre), typical ‘bow tie’ bracts of other samphire

species (right). 2

Figure 2 – Distribution of T. flabelliformis (Australia’s Virtual Herbarium) 3

Figure 3- T. flabelliformis in summer (left) and autumn (right) 3

Figure 4 - Typical T. flabelliformis community in a saltpan 4

Figure 5 – Outline of study area, survey sections and geographical locators 5

Figure 6 – T. flabelliformis occurrence, Webb Beach. 9

Figure 7 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach A section 11

Figure 8 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach A section 11

Figure 9 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach B section 12

Figure 10 - Vehicle tracks intersecting populations of T. flabelliformis at Thompson’s Beach 13

Figure 11 - Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach B section 14

Figure 12 - Showing sections where Fan Samphire T. flabelliformis populations were located during this survey. 15

Figure 13 – Aerial view of St. Kilda sabkhas 16

Tables 17 Table 1 – Populations located between Port Gawler and Pt Parham



I:\VESA\Projects\VE23497\Deliverables\Reports\Bead Glasswort survey_Final.docx 1

Introduction Tecticornia flabelliformis is a Nationally and state listed threatened species, several T. flabelliformis populations growing on coastal salt pan environments (sabkhas) along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, have recently been protected through the temporary closure of the Light Beach road and restricting access by fencing off tracks that cross sabkha geological formations, e.g. Bakers Creek access.

To better inform management processes, the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board (AMLR NRM Board) have commissioned a series of surveys to determine the current population and distribution of T. flabelliformis in the area.

Previous surveys conducted by Delta Environmental Consulting (Delta) in 2009 and 2010 included all sabkhas between Port Gawler to Port Prime (south). This report details the outcomes of species mapping undertaken at other sabkhas that currently support T. flabelliformis populations, located between Parham to Port Prime as well as at St. Kilda.

This document seeks to build on the previous projects undertaken in 2009 and 2010, for the AMLR NRM Board which mapped T. flabelliformis populations from Port Gawler to Middle Beach (Delta 2009) and Middle Beach to Port Prime (Delta 2010). Combined with the populations of T. flabelliformis found on the Department of Defence’s Port Wakefield Proof & Experimental Establishment, these areas form the largest known occurrence of this species in South Australia (Jaensch and Watkins 2002).




The Species Bead Glasswort or Fan Samphire (Tecticornia flabelliformis) The succulent, salt tolerant plants of the genus Tecticornia are largely endemic to Australia, and comprise some twenty-three species. Tecticornia flabelliformis, previously Halosarcia flabellifromis (Shepherd and Wilson 2007), and commonly called the Bead Glasswort or Fan Samphire, is a woody deciduous perennial that grows up to twenty centimetres high in salt marsh areas associated with salt lakes and saline flats.

The samphire has a yellowish seed with a ‘prickly’ appearance when viewed under a hand lens (Figure 1). A feature that aids recognition in the field is that the opposite bracts on the flowing spike are not joined. This is different to other samphires found within the Southern Lofty and Northern Lofty herbarium regions, where the opposite bracts join, giving a ‘bow-tie’ effect.

Figure 1 (Taken from Delta 2009) T. flabelliformis seed (left), T. flabelliformis bracts (centre), typical ‘bow tie’ bracts of other samphire species (right). Unlike other samphires T. flabelliformis is a deciduous shrub which flowers and fruits between January and May, turning reddish and dying back to a dry skeleton when flooded in winter, it then regenerates to bright green fleshy branches when the salt pans dry out in the warmer months.

The species is distributed through South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia, but is most prevalent in South Australia and is classified as nationally threatened (Vulnerable) under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act (1999). The species is threatened under state legislation being listed as Vulnerable under Schedule 8 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The species is also listed as threatened in Victoria and poorly known in Western Australia. This species has a coastal and near-coastal distribution among salt pans that exist within supra-tidal flats. The main population of this species in South Australia (approximately 50%) is thought to occur between St. Kilda and Port Wakefield.




Figure 2 – Distribution of T. flabelliformis (Australia’s Virtual Herbarium)

Tecticornia flabelliformis often occurs in single species patches but it can grow interspersed with a larger shrubbier related species, the Grey Glasswort, T. halocnemoides. The plant colonies are often associated with cyanobacterial mats.

Previous studies (Coleman and Cook 2009; Delta 2009 and 2010) have determined that the species occurs on clay pans with an underlying compacted subsoil layer that is usually gypsum based. The fan samphire occur in areas that have higher pH compared to the soils underlying other samphire species, the species also tolerates higher salinity and wetter conditions than neighbouring species.

The plant occurs on very specific habitat in rare colonies which are often separated from neighbouring colonies by considerable distance. Where colonies occur, they can contain relatively large numbers of individual plants. Unfortunately, many of the types of impacts that lead to losses of plants (filling sabkhas for development, drainage culverts or stormwater diversion) affect the hydrological regime of entire sabkhas, leading to the destruction of entire colonies.

Figure 3- T. flabelliformis in summer (left) and autumn (right)




Figure 4 - Typical T. flabelliformis community in a saltpan

T he species is on the Australian Government list of Flora for which Recovery Plans are being prepared (under Halosarcia flabelliformis) the (draft) National recovery plan for T. flabelliformis (Carter 2010) lists the following objectives for recovery:

The overall objective of recovery is to minimise the probability of extinction of T. flabelliformis in the wild and to increase the probability of important populations becoming self-sustaining in the long term. Within the life span of this Recovery Plan (5 years), the specific objectives of recovery for T. flabelliformis are to:

Determine taxonomy, distribution, abundance and population structure

Determine habitat requirements

Ensure that key populations and their habitat are protected and managed

Manage threats to populations

Identify key biological functions

Determine growth rates and viability of populations

Establish a seedbank

Build community support for conservation

This study aims to action the first of these goals and, through assessing the size and distribution of the T. flabelliformis population and dissemination of this report for the implementation of recommendations based on data, to make the first steps toward achieving the remaining objectives and recovery actions.




The survey area The two previous T. flabelliformis surveys conducted by Delta in 2009 and 2010 are referred to as Middle Beach to Port Gawler and Middle Beach to Port Prime. The 2011 study area covered in this report included sabkhas between Parham and Port Prime (at Webb Beach and Thomspon’s Beach) and the St Kilda area. The area covered during the 2011 survey was around 5630 ha and is shown on the map below (Figure 5).

Figure 5 – Outline of study area, survey sections and geographical locators




Survey method The study area was divided into four (4) sections as indicated in Figure 5 above, with the northern sections including Webb Beach with Thompson’s Beach divided into two sections A&B and the St Kilda section covered to the south.

The same methodology to the 2009 and 2010 Delta survey reports was used to conduct the physical aspects of the survey – with each section surveyed by two botanists and a GIS field analyst, who traversed all sabkhas in the study area on foot over 4 consecutive days between 14th and 17th February 2011, to identify and map the extent of populations of T. flabelliformis.

Using aerial photography and a GPS Trimble Unit, field staff recorded the geographic extents of large stands of the fan samphire species. Point locations were recorded for very small populations or isolated plants. Where large stands occurred, an estimate of density was made by measuring out distances between several plants to provide a calculation of plants per square metre.

The data was incorporated into ArcGIS software and Arc-compliant shape files containing spatial data were produced suitable for use with SA Government mapping programs.




Results Heavy rainfall had occurred at all of the study sites 10 days prior to the survey being conducted, with some sabkhas either mostly inundated or showing residual water. The rim of inundated areas along with shallow areas safe to traverse were thoroughly surveyed but no Fan Samphire populations were observed within inundated areas while numerous Fan Samphire populations were observed in sabkhas that still held residual water but were not inundated. This suggests that prolonged periods of inundation or deep inundation are not suitable for supporting T. flabelliformis populations. However, in order to provide an accurate estimation of population distribution and abundance the inundated areas will have to be resurveyed during a drier summer as they are significantly sized areas that may contain prime habitat for T. flabelliformis.

The low-lying sabkhas in the northern extent of the survey areas (Webb and Thompsons Beach) extended several kilometres inland and appeared to be too dry to support large homogenous stands of T. flabelliformis. In these sabkhas the species is restricted to narrow ribbons along the edge of the pans, where runoff from surface water and seepage from near-surface groundwater may provide sufficient water. In other sabkhas that were inundated at the time of survey and appeared to be either deeper or had a different soil type there was no evidence of T. flabelliformis growing even along the fringes of the saltpan.

Some parts of the sabkha complex do not support the Fan Samphire. Where the plant does not appear to occur naturally, its absence is likely to be related to soil type and hydrology (water table levels as well as frequency, depth and duration of inundation) – T. flabelliformis tolerates a wide range of soil moistures and very high salinities, but prefers higher pH than many other samphires. As a result it tends to grow where a gypsum fragipan underlies the playa surface, causing the overlying soils to be relatively saturated, with high pH and extreme salinities. This rather unique soil situation is a result of evaporative processes within the sabkha (Coleman and Cook 2009).

Webb Beach Based upon in-field estimates and measures of plant density, there were approximately 345,000 Fan Samphire (T. flabelliformis) plants growing in the sabkha complex spread throughout 57 distinct communities observed within the Webb Beach section. Communities were generally healthy and comprised mainly of adult plants with population densities ranging from very sparse (density 0.5-1 plant/m2) to dense coverage (10-20 plants/m2) with the largest population comprising over 75,000 plants most of which were newly recruited juvenilles. Average density of populations was observed to be moderate to dense, although there were several populations that had




significant recruitment. Populations were observed to be currently supporting diverse fauna, including shorebirds.

Some dieback was observed in populations throughout the areas, however in most cases this was seasonal dieback and not related to environmental disturbance. Of note, Fan Samphire populations occurring close to areas prone to tidal inundation (evidenced by strandlines of seagrass) displayed greater levels of dieback than populations situated away from tidal areas, indicating that tidal inundation may be changing and contributing to dieback. The plants were not found growing in areas of standing water.

There was no evidence of management of the area with unrestricted access (no fencing) to most of the sabkhas in this section. As a consequence, damage was observed at several Fan Samphire populations within the Webb Beach section. In most cases, this was associated with off-road vehicle traffic. Density of the Fan Samphire is highest in the off-road vehicle impacted areas of Webb Beach, in the western area close to settlements and to the north of the section, and would likely have been higher overall if this impact was not occurring. Although there are areas of regeneration and recruitment in some areas, frequently used tracks have compacted the earth and appear to be creating isolated populations (refer to circled areas in Figure 6). Therefore, at the time of the survey, damage from vehicle traffic was seen to be one of the major contributing factors to damage of the species.

An overview map that displays all populations of T. flabelliformis during this study is presented in Figure 12 of this report.




Figure 6 – T. flabelliformis occurrence, Webb Beach. Showing large areas of inundation, the circled areas indicate populations of T.flabelliformis that have been intersected with regular off-road vehicle traffic.




Thompson’s Beach The sabkhas located within the Thompson’s Beach A and B sections are extensive, covering over 2000 ha. However the populations of T. flabelliformis were again restricted to the fringes of sabkhas (Thompson’s Beach B) or particular sabkhas in the north of Thompson’s Beach section A. The majority of the Fan Samphire found during this survey was located within the Thompson’s Beach sections, with an estimate of over 2.3 million plants mapped in 110 individual (sub) populations, predominantly in the north of Thompson’s Beach A. The high numbers of plants were due to areas of heavy recruitment of young plants less than 4 cm in height (refer to black circles in Figures 7 & 8) with the remaining populations in Thompson’s Beach A consisting of predominantly healthy mature plants which were also observed to be supporting diverse fauna, including shorebirds.

While there were fewer inundated areas within the Thompson’s Beach sections than the Webb Beach section, there were areas to the west of the survey area that appear to be prone to tidal inundation with evidence of recent wave action and seagrass debris found amongst the Fan Samphire. The greatest levels of dieback was found in populations situated within these tidal areas, indicating that tidal inundation may be a contributing factor to dieback or total death of the species. Thompson’s Beach B section populations were suffering from dieback (Figure 9) with evidence of recent tidal coverage and seagrass debris amongst the Fan Samphire. The dieback is also likely to be related to seasonal dieback as populations apparently out of the tidal range were also experiencing dieback.

There was also evidence of significant damage from off-road vehicle traffic observed in Thompson’s Beach A, in some instances to an even greater extent than that found at Webb Beach. Large areas of the sabkhas have been impacted by intense vehicle use, intersecting populations of Fan Samphire resulting in fragmentation into smaller more isolated populations, shown in all the Figures 7-9 & 11. In some cases the vehicle traffic has been so intense that the earth has become so compacted to prevent future recruitment of the species (Figure 10 bottom image) which appears to be creating isolated patches (Figure 11). Therefore, at the time of the survey, vehicular damage was seen to be the major contributing factor impacting this population.

The maps showing the patches of Fan Samphire that occur in the Thompson’s Beach sections are presented in Figures 7-9 & 11, and an overview map that displays all populations of T. flabelliformis during this study is presented in Figure 12 of this report. Populations of Fan Samphire varied markedly in density over inhabited sabkhas within these sections. There were areas of each site that were completely bare of vegetation, and these were more extensive on the larger sites. Fan Samphire was observed in low-lying saltpans, often where other species were absent. Although populations of T. flabelliformis usually occurred as monospecific groups, the




species was sometimes found interspersed with the shrubbier, larger T. halocnemodies (Grey Samphire) and the overall density of T. halocnemodies was low. T. pergranulata, T. arbuscula and Sarcocornia quinqueflora were also observed within the study areas but to lesser degrees where T. flabelliformis was present.

Figure 7 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach A

section, the Black circle indicates an area of heavy juvenile recruitment

Figure 8 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach

A section, the black circle indicates an area of heavy juvenile recruitment




Figure 9 – Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach B

section, the red circles indicate areas of dieback




Figure 10 – Top Vehicle tracks intersecting populations of T. flabelliformis at Thompson’s Beach – Bottom creation of isolated populations of T. flabelliformis by compaction of saltpan from continual vehicle traffic




Figure 11 - Locations of T. flabelliformis populations within the Thompson’s Beach

B section, the red circle indicates ribbons of isolate populations intersected by vehicle tracks




Figure 12 - Showing sections where Fan Samphire T. flabelliformis populations were located during this survey. [where Figure 6 = Webb Beach, Figure 7 = Thompson’s Beach A, Figure 8 = Thompson’s Beach A, Figure 9 = Thompson’s Beach B and Figure Figure 10 = Thompson’s Beach B].




St. Kilda Despite previous identification of Fan Samphire within the St. Kilda area (Coleman and Cook 2009) shown as red stars in Figure 13, no Fan Samphire populations were observed at any of the four sabkhas at St. Kilda investigated during this survey (marked as yellow polygons on Figure 13). Several factors may be responsible for the absence of the species during this survey, including differing hydrological characteristics. Coupled with the higher than average rainfall prior to this survey and physical location of the St. Kilda site being closer to the coastline than sabkhas of the other sites surveyed in this report, the area is more prone to tidal inundation. This resulted in areas of inundation that could have covered existing populations of the species. It is worth noting that the coordinates for the previously identified populations at St. Kilda (shown as red stars in Figure 13) are only accurate to minutes, based on the State Herbarium records and therefore may actually have been in areas of inundation.

Figure 13 – Aerial view of St. Kilda sabkhas which were surveyed but found to support no Fan Samphire

Recruitment There were specific areas of high density seedling recruitment at Webb Beach and some notable densities of seedlings at Thompson’s Beach (Areas marked by circles in Figures 6-8). The areas of recruitment were quite often associated with moderate off-road vehicle disturbance; therefore the recruitment may be interpreted as regeneration in these areas rather than the establishment of populations in new areas. The high level of off-road vehicle impact in some areas is in fact preventing the recruitment or rejuvenation of the species in general and leading to the fragmentation of populations into separate smaller populations. These conditions are expected to lead to further erosion and aridification of this already extreme niche.




Populations surveyed to date Study area Approximate number of

plants Area of plants (ha) Potential for recolonisation

2009 survey: Middle Beach South (Delta 2009)

7,000 1.4 Some increase in cyanobacterial mat indicates that recolonisation may occur

2009 & 2010 survey: Middle Beach North

(Delta 2010)

310,000 11.9 Fencing this area has had positive effects on the populations, the main track now supports cyanobacterial polygons, suggesting T.flabelliformis may soon recolonise.

2010 survey: Port Prime – Light Beach

(Delta 2010)

122,000 38.1 Some areas may recolonise if weather conditions are favourable

2010 survey: Light Beach – Light River (Delta 2010)

386,000 45.4 Many track areas are likely to recolonise if off road vehicle use can be restricted

2010 survey: Light River – Middle Beach North

(Delta 2010)

0 0 It is possible that this small sabkha may recolonise if grazing pressure is reduced

Current 2011 survey: Pt Parham - Webb Beach,

345,000 5.6 Many track areas are likely to recolonise if off road vehicle use can be restricted

Current 2011 survey: Webb Beach – Point Prime, Thompson’s Beach,

2,300,000 43.5 Many track areas are likely to recolonise if off road vehicle use can be restricted

Current 2011 survey: St Kilda,

0 0 This area will need to be resurveyed during a drier summer to ascertain whether the population still occurs and to what extent.

TOTAL 3,500,000 145.9

Table 1 – Populations located between Port Gawler and Parham, data compiled from the current survey and previous reports (Delta, 2009; Delta, 2010)




Conclusions Along the eastern shores of Gulf St Vincent Tecticornia flabelliformis is restricted to sabkha surfaces. In other localities (including Western Australia and Victoria) it has been recorded on inland salt lakes.

The potential habitat area at St. Kilda and between Parham to Port Prime is defined as all the sabkhas within the coastal strip and adjoining agricultural areas. This amounts to over 3000 ha of potential habitat, though the species populations are often restricted to the fringes of sabkhas. The 2011 survey revealed that approximately 2.6 million plants exist in the surveyed area (excluding St. Kilda where the species was no located), and these plants occupy an area of only 49.1ha within the sabkha complexes.

The initial survey in 2009 was undertaken as one of the recommended actions from Durant’s management plan (Durant 2007) for Middle Beach to Port Gawler. The resultant mapping identified the distribution and population of T. flabelliformis, and confirmed that fencing was appropriately located to prevent further impacts on the population and to support the natural recolonisation of the species into impacted areas.

The 2011 survey indicated that T. flabelliformis stands were patchy at best over sabkhas and moreover, that sabkhas differed significantly in the area of suitable habitat. There were areas of seemingly uninhabitable land within each salt pan where no vegetation existed, and these areas varied in size and proportion of cover between sabkhas. As would be expected from anecdotal evidence, off-road vehicle use was identified as a major threatening process again this year, with the Thompson’s Beach, Webb Beach – Port Prime sabkha complex impacted heavily, and some impacts present on the northern sabkhas of the Parham – Webb Beach sabkha complex. Interestingly areas of heavy vehicle impacts are often also areas of heavy recruitment by the species indicating that the species is able to recolonise disturbed areas, however continual vehicle impacts can compact the soil to the point where new plants are unable to recolonise leaving barren areas (Figure 10 bottom image). There is a significant amount of fencing in the area along property boundaries and this has helped to reduce the impacts of grazing, as there were no notable examples of grazing impact on T. flabelliformis populations at any of the surveyed sites, however as the land parcels and significant limited fencing is implemented maintenance to fencing is crucial to prevent any future impacts from grazing..

The survey has extended our knowledge of the distribution and ecology of T. flabelliformis within the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM region, and has provided some indication of which of the surveyed areas are in reasonable condition




and which areas seem to be subject to threat. With threats identified, it may be possible to undertake actions to address the most immediate ones, e.g. fencing suitable to limit the vehicle movement across sabkhas.

An updated GIS layer that includes survey results has been provided with this report. The data layer is in ARC format so that it may be incorporated into State GIS data sets.

Management recommendations

Fan Samphire plants are susceptible to altered water regimes and physical impacts. Restricting access to sabkhas should maximize recruitment success and survivability of the plant communities and therefore fencing should be upgraded and maintained in the region. Activities that may alter the hydrological regime of sabkhas (such as the roads that intersects saltpans) should also be limited or diverted where possible, as this will have a profound impact on the drainage and evaporation patterns in the pan, which is critical to the survival of the plants. Consideration must be made in regard to the method of management options as the sabkha areas are large and therefore the costs of fencing the entire area would be prohibitive, fencing of access to sabkhas would also have flow effects to populations with areas currently not impacted by off-road vehicle users potentially being put at risk as off-road vehicle users found alternate routes into areas. It may be necessary to determine which areas are priorities for protection based on current impacts, maturity, density or recruitment rates of T. flabelliformis within those sabkhas and targeting only those areas for preservation and using notification signage for the protection of the species in the greater area.




References Australia’s Virtual Herbarium, Government of South Australia. Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/avh/) Carter, O 2010. National Recovery Plan for the Bead Glasswort Tecticornia flabelliformis. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

Coleman, PSJ and FS Cook 2009. “Habitat preferences of the Australian endangered

samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 133(2): 300-306

Referred to as Delta 2009 in report Coleman, PSJ and FS Cook 2009. Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead, or Fan Samphire): Survey from Middle Beach to Port Gawler. Delta Environmental Consulting. Adelaide. Referred to as Delta 2010 in report Cook, FS and PSJ Coleman 2010. Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead or Fan Samphire): Survey from Middle Beach – Port Prime. Delta Environmental Consulting. Adelaide. Durant, M 2007. Summary of Native Vegetation and Threats to Ecological Assets -

Middle Beach to Port Gawler, Greening Australia SA, Adelaide. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 of Australia Flood, PG and PD Walbran PD 1986. “A Siliciclastic Coastal Sabkha, Capricorn

Coast, Queensland, Australia” Sedimentary Geology. 48:169-181, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam

Jaensch, R and D Watkins 2002. Commonwealth Wetlands inventory 2: A supplementary Inventory of wetlands on 15 properties owned or managed by The Commonwealth of Australia. Wetlands International – Oceania. Canberra.

National Parks & Wildlife Act 1972 of SA Act Amendment 2000 Shepherd, KA and PG Wilson (2007). “Incorporation of the Australian genera

Halosarcia, Pachycornia, Sclerostegia and Tegicornia into Tecticornia (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae)” Australian Systematic Botany. 20:319-331.





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Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead Glasswort or Fan … · · 2017-08-131 word.doc on CD Caroline Taylor & Aleisa Lamanna Final Draft 1 : 1 (pdf) Caroline Taylor Final Draft 1 : 1