THE EVOLUTION OF CARS

Technology of CamerasBy: Stephanie Montalvo Martinez

Photography is undoubtedly one of the most important inventions in history -- it has truly transformed how people conceive of the world. Now we can "see" all sorts of things that are actually many miles -- and years -- away from us. Photography lets us capture moments in time and preserve them for years to come.1What is a Camera? a boxlike device for holding a film or plate sensitive to light, having an aperturecontrolled by a shutter that, when opened, admits light enabling an objectto be focused, usually by means of a lens, on the film or plate, thereby producing a photographic image. Camera made of three basic elements: an optical element (the lens), some with a chemical element (the film) and a mechanical element (the camera body itself) calibrating and combining these elements in such a way that they record a crisp, recognizable image makes up different cameras

2HistoryThe first Obscura Camera was invented by Alhazen (1500)Daguerreotype Camera (1839)First American patent :Alexander Wolcott(1840)Panoramic camera patented: Thomas Sutton(1859)Roll-film Kodak and First mass-marketed camera ; the Brownie was patented: George Eastman(188-1900)Raise-camera (travel camera) (1900)35mm still camera: Oskar Barnack(1913-14)

Starting with the camera obscura, and continuing with Daguerreotypes, 35mm cameras, digital cameras and phones, the evolution was just begun

3History (continued)Polaroid camera: Edwin Land (1948)Konica introduces the first point-and-shoot(1978)the Sony Mavica the worlds first digital electronic still camera (1981)Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (1991)First digital cameras for home :Apple QuickTake 100 camera(1994-96)Japane Sharps J-SH04 introduced the worlds first camera phone(2000)Canon EOS 5D first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR with a 24x36mm CMOS sensor(2005)

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TYPES OF CAMERASSingle Use CamerasPoint and ShootCompact Lens-Shutter CamerasPolaroidBridge CamerasRangefindersTwin Lens ReflexSLR (Single Lens Reflex)DSLR (Digital Lens Reflex)5Single Use CamerasSimplest camerasContain a roll of color film encased in a recyclable cardboard box Single shutter speed and a fixed-focus lensFeatures : built-in flash and water resistance RecyclablePrice range: $3-$15

Single Use Cameras are the simplest cameras. They contain a roll of color film encased in a recyclable cardboard box. They have a single shutter speed and a fixed-focus lens. These cameras can be bought with a variety of features, including built-in flash and water resistance. The whole camera has to be taken to the photo finisher so the film can be processed. The camera is recycled. These cameras cost around $15 and should not be used for serious photography. They are convenient for vacations and times when you find that the other camera has been forgotten.The whole camera has to be taken to the photo finisher so the film can be processed.Convinient for vacations and places an expensive camera can be lost

6Point and shootBest sellingEasy use for non-photographersAuto-Focus, flash, viewfinderNo add on pieces Instant preview

A point-and-shoot camera is one that allows the average person to take quick and easy pictures. One of the best features of digital cameras is the instant preview available on the lcd screens on the back of the cameras. This allows the photo taker to see if they have captured the scene as they intended. This is a particularly useful feature for family pictures 7Compact Lens- Shutter Cameras

3 varieties: single focal length, dual focal length, and zoomfixed focus: focus is fixed at a point that produces sharp images starting from about 5 ft. away and continuing to infinity Infrared auto focusing. red-eye reduction flash Couple automatic shooting modes

Compact Lens-Shutter Cameras come in three varieties: single focal length, dual focal length, and zoom. Some have fixed focus, meaning that the focus is fixed at a point that produces sharp images starting from about 5 ft. away and continuing to infinity. Other cameras offer infrared auto focusing. Some models offer features like red-eye reduction flash and several automatic shooting modes. More serious photographers usually prefer to have more control over the pictures they take. 8Bridge camerasIntermediate cameras. Bridge the gap between "point and shoot" cameras and complex camerasDifferent lenses Red-eye reducing flashLimited range of lens focal length

Bridge cameras are intermediate cameras. They bridge the gap between "point and shoot" cameras and the more serious or complicated models. They have different lenses and many offer a red-eye reducing flash. There is only a limited range of lens focal length that can be used with these cameras.9Range FindersCompactLightweight Uses: serious photographyInterchangeable lenses Control: shutter speed, lens aperture, focusing, and exposureDisadvantages: limited in focal length (ranging from 21mm-135mm) and expensive

Rangefinders are compact, lightweight cameras that are often used for serious photography. They offer interchangeable lenses and allow photographers to control shutter speed, lens aperture, focusing, and exposure. Some disadvantages are that it is limited in focal length (ranging from 21mm-135mm) and they tend to be expensive. 10Twin Lens Reflex (TLR)

Medium-format cameraTwo lenses: Top and BottomViewfinder Lens on topShooting Lens on bottomReflex mirror

initially developed to make it easier, and faster, to focus a camera between shots. A reflex mirror at the top of the camera allowed the photographer to hold the camera comfortably at waist height, look down, and focus. The only thing that took some getting used to was the effect of the reflex mirror, which caused everything in the viewfinder to appear flopped.One other curious aspect of the twin-lens reflex camera was that the lenses were positioned in different places on the camerathe viewfinder lens was at the top while the shooting lens was at the bottom. This difference caused no problems when the object to be photographed was far away, but close-ups required compensation strategies or else the images in the viewfinder might not be captured on film.

The twin lens reflex is a medium-format camera (one that uses film larger that 35mm). It is fitted with two lenses which both have the same focal length, one mounted atop the other. The lower (taking) lens focuses its image directly on the film, while the image produced by the upper viewing lens is reflected through 90 degrees by a mirror, and brought to focus on a horizontal ground-glass focusing screen. The light paths to the focusing screen and the film plane are equal, so that if the photographer brings the scene on the focusing screen to sharp focus, the image on the film plane will be equally sharp.11SLR (Single Lens Reflex)

One lens: viewing and creating the photoFull manual control Interchangeable lensesFlashAF (auto focus) available Different modes Professional photographers

One lens used for both viewing and creating the photoFull manual control of exposure and focus. Accepts interchangeable lenses, add on flashes, motor drives, and other accessoriesAF (auto focus) available set in a number of different modes to ease picture takingTypically used by professional photographers

12Comparison Between the yearsPast PresentAnalogueFilmNon-EditableHuge wooden box formInconvenientSet up RequiredDigitalMemory CardEditable on web programsSmaller ConvinientPhonesUpload

13The futureCompactMemoryVoice CommandEvery day itemsExtra Battery powerSenses

In the future, cameras that hold digital images will become smaller and smaller, and the reasons why we turn to photography will change as well. Already tiny watch cameras and cameras built into cell phones are becoming commonplace. They are not just for James Bond anymore. The medical industry is one industry in particular that will greatly benefit from this new and evolving technology. The "capsule camera" is one of the latest breakthroughs in diagnostic medicine.

14References:http://photography.lovetoknow.com/First_Camera_Invented

http://photodoto.com/camera-history-timeline/

http://library.thinkquest.org/28146/examples.cameras.html

Gerber, C. (2006). First camera invented. Retrieved from http://photography.lovetoknow.com/ First_Camera_Invented Davlin, A. (2011, October 11). History of cameras: Illustrated timeline. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://photodoto.com/camera-history-timeline/ Types of camera. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/28146/examples.cameras.html

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