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Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.© 2015 1
UV LEDs
Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends
Sample
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© 2015 2Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV Lamp ApplicationsSplit by Wavelength
UVC
UV Curing
Analytical Instruments
UV Sources
UVA
Photocatalytic
Purification
Counterfeit Detection
UVB
Medical Phototherapy
Tanning
Water AirSurface
New Applications
Disinfection / Purification
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© 2015 3Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Low-End / High-Volume Market High-End / Low-Volume Market
UV sources
Low-pressure mercury Lamps
(also called soft glass Lamp)
High-power mercury, deuterium or Xenon
Lamps
Main UVA markets Tanning - XX UV curing
Main UVB markets Medical Phototherapy
Main UVC marketDisinfection / Purification (residential andcommercial Point-of-Use / Point-of-Entry)
Disinfection / Purification (municipal and industrial) -Analytical instruments
Key market players XX XX
2014 Market size $XXM $XXM
Challenge for UV LED Price (mainly in UVB / UVC) Power (mainly in UVB / UVC)
Total 2014 Market size
for UV Lamps$XXM
Traditional UV Lamps2014 Market Segmentation and Size
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© 2015 4Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
2014 UV Lamp Market Volume and SizeSplit by Application (1/2)
In 2014, the Traditional UV Lamps market represented nearly XXMunits and $XXM!
A market of almost XXMunits A market of approx. $XXM
UVA / UVB UVC
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© 2015 5Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV Lamp vs. UV LEDTraditional UV System Pricing
UV curing Phototherapy
Photocatalytic
Air
Purification
Counterfeit
Detection
Water
Purification
Air
Purification
Analytical
Instruments
XX - XX XX - 10 XX - XX 0.05 - XX XX - XX XX - 5 XX - XX
Tanning
5 - 35
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© 2015 6Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV LED Applications RoadmapTimeline / Time-to-Market
UVC
UVB
UVA
Timeline / Time-to-Market
2000’
s2010 20122011 2013 2014
Medical Phototherapy
2015 2016
UV curing
Banknote Detection
Photocatalytic Air Purification
Photocatalytic Water Purification
Air Disinfection / Purification
Analytical Instruments
Water Disinfection / Purification
20192017 2018
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© 2015 7Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV CuringTraditional UV Curing Systems - Main Manufacturers
The main players are located in the USA, UK, Germany, China and Japan.
USA
Germany
China20+ local players (Company I…)
UK
Japan
Company G
Company H
Company B
Company A
Company C
Company D
Company F
Company E
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© 2015 8Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV CuringUV LED Systems - Manufacturer Positioning and Performance
Previously leader in terms of performance, XX has been caught up by some of its competitors (Reference = peak wavelength of 395nm).
Up to XXW/cm² at 387nm
Up to XXW/cm² at 395nm
Up to XXW/cm² at 395nm
Wavelength (nm)
365 375 385 395 405
Company A
Company B
Company C
Up to XXW/cm² at 395nm
Up to 8W/cm² at 395nm
Up to 12W/cm² at 395nm
Up to XXW/cm² at 395nm
Up to XXW/cm² at 365nm
Heraeus Noblelight
Company E
IST
Company D
Company F
Integration Technology Up to 8W/cm² at 395nm
2015 Status
+4W/cm²
+4W/cm²
+10W/cm²
+1.5W/cm²
+XXW/cm²
Non Available
Non Available
Non Available
Non Available
Comparison with
2013 Status
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© 2015 9Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Counterfeit DetectionMarket and Industry Highlights (1/2)
UV Working Principle:
• UV are used to detect counterfeit documents in banks (banknotes), airport (passport), police stations (…).
UV LED Introduction:
• 2003.
Status of UV LED Application:
• Mature.
UV LED Applications:
• Range from rapid integrated counter / validator machines (used in banks and casinos) to portable, simplekey rings and pen lights.
UV LED Market Drivers:
• Compactness / Low cost / High lifetime / Low power consumption / Spot light.
Example of portable UV LED counterfeit detector
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© 2015 10Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV Disinfection / PurificationIntroduction (1/3)
UV disinfection principle:
• Micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses, cysts and mold are simple life forms that reproduce bysubdivision, budding or by producing spores. Reproduction is vital to their lifecycle: loss of the ability togrow and multiply is classified as cellular death, and renders them harmless and no longer pathogenic.
• When exposing micro-organisms to UVC light, the light penetrates through their cell walls and disruptsthe structure of their DNA molecules, prohibiting reproduction.
• Because UV disinfection does not rely on chemicals or filtration materials, it can be used effectively andsafely in many applications, including water and air disinfection.
• Main other advantages of a UV disinfection → Not harmful, works instantly, user and environmentally-friendly, no taste or smell, EPA recognized process (…).
UV disinfection principle
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© 2015 11Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV Disinfection / Purification2014 Lamp Market Accessible to UV LEDs (excluding HP applications)
Water Purification Air / Surface Purification Global 2014
Residential
• Applications: Point-of-Use main fed dispenser, portable purifiers, over-the-counter purifiers, pond purifiers (…)
• Output power: 0.8 to XXW (average = XXW)• Volume: 7.7M lamps per year• Price: $2 - $XX (average = $XX)• Market: $XXM
• Applications: Portable air purifier (…)
• Output power: 3 to XXW (average = XXW)• Volume: 715,000 lamps per year• Price: $2 - $XX (average= $XX) • Market : $XXM
XXMunits
$XXM
Professional
• Applications: Point-of-Entry, XX (…)
• Output power: XX to XXW (average = XXW) • Volume: XXM lamps per year• Price: $10 - $XX (average = $XX)• Market: $XXM
• Applications: Commercial for in-duct HV, XX (…)
• Output power: 4.5 to XXW (average = XXW)
• Volume: 285,000 lamps per year• Price: $10 - $XX (average = $XX) • Market: $XXM
1.8Munits
$XXM
Global 2014 XXMunits - $62.9M 1.0Munits - $XXM XXMunits - $XXM
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© 2015 12Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Air and Surface Disinfection / PurificationPositioning of Main Players
Air Disinfection/Purification
System
price$XX $200 $XX - $XX
Surface
Disinfection/
Purification
HVAC in ductPortable units HVAC in duct Wall/ceiling
Professionals
(food industry
mainly, and
medical)
Consumer residential Professionals (industry, offices, hospitals)
$XX - $XX XX - $XX
TOTAL = $XXM2014
market
size
Company A
Company B
Company D
Company E
Company FCompany C
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© 2015 13Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Analytical InstrumentsOverview of Applications for UV LEDs
• “Analytical Instruments” applications refers to applications using instruments / sensors to analyzechemical composition of a sample.
• There are different analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography (…).
• Depending on the technique, different wavelength can be used: X-ray, UV, visible, IR (…).
• The table below details main analytical techniques using UV light source for Analytical Instruments:
Analytical
TechniqueKey Applications
UV Source
FunctionUV System Type Final System
Spectrofluorometry
Protein Analysis (Drug Analysis, Blood Analysis, Urine Analysis…)
Electron Excitation UV Light
Analytical Instruments
Water Quality Monitoring (…) Sensor
Liquid
ChromatographyProtein Analysis, Blood Analysis,
Urine Analysis (…)Absorption Detection UV Detector Analytical Instruments
Gas
ChromatographyGas detection (…) Photoionization Photoionization
Detector Sensor
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© 2015 14Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Analytical InstrumentsSpectrofluorometry - Protein Analysis - UV Light Source
• Various light sources may be used as excitation sources, including: Lasers, LEDs and lamps (xenon arc andmercury-vapor particularly).
– Laser: A laser only emits light of high irradiance at a very narrow wavelength interval, typically under 0.01nm, whichmakes an excitation monochromator or filter unnecessary.
• The disadvantage of this method is that the wavelength of a laser cannot be changed by much.
– Mercury vapor lamp: A mercury vapor lamp is a line lamp (emitting light near peak wavelengths).
– Xenon arc lamp: By contrast to a mercury vapor lamp, a xenon arc lamp has a continuous emission spectrum withnearly constant intensity in the range of 300nm to 800nm, and a sufficient irradiance for measurements down tojust above 200nm.
– LED: UV LEDs are mostly used (at the moment) for deep wavelength as the technology allow for peak at specificwavelength.
Criteria of choice → XX vs. XX vs. XX vs. XX vs. Scope of analysis (wavelength range).
• Currently, Mercury vapor lamps and Xenon arc lamps represent the majority of light source used as lowerin cost and allowing for large scope of analysis (wide spectrum).
• Laser and LEDs are used for some specific systems targeting applications requiring lower wavelength,higher sensitivity, smaller systems (…).
The choice of the light source depends on the type of protein analyzed, sensitivity required and associated applications (R&D vs. Industry).
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© 2015 15Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
From Visible LED Industry to UV LED Industry Focus on Top-10 Visible LED Manufacturers
UV LED manufacturing is seen as a “growth lifeline” for a visible LED industry still suffering from overcapacity, increased competition and strong price pressure.
→ 4 of the 10 visible LED giants are now selling UV LED devices.
Top-10 Visible LED Players Country Analysis presented in 2013 Report 2015 Analysis
Nichia Japan Already UV LED manufacturer Already UV LED manufacturer
Company A XXNot involved yet in UV LED, but could rapidly enter the business
We still think that Company A could enter the UV LED business
Osram OS GermanyNot involved yet in UV LED, and doesn’t seem willing to enter the market
We still think that Osram that UV LED business is not part of Osram’s strategy
LG Innotek South KoreaNot involved yet in UV LED, but could rapidly enter the business
LG Innotek has started manufacturing UV LEDs in 2013
Company B XX Already UV LED manufacturerAlready UV LED manufacturer (now trough a dedicated company → XX)
Company C USA Already supplying UV LED chips?Company C don’t sell UV LED products and seems not to be willing to enter this business
Lumileds USANot involved yet in UV LED, but could rapidly enter the business
Lumileds has started manufacturing UV LEDs in 2013
Company D XXNot involved yet in UV LED, but could rapidly enter the business
We no more think that Company D will enter the UV LED business
Sharp JapanNot involved yet in UV LED, but could rapidly enter the business
We no more think that Sharp could enter the UV LED business
Company E XXStarting to manufacture UV LEDs (development)
We no more think that Company E will enter the UV LED business → Company focus now on Automotive Lighting rather
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© 2015 16Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
UV LED Manufacturing Process
Substrate Front-end Level 0 - Epitaxy• Nucleation layer• N-type layer• Active layers (MQW)• P-type layer
Bulk AlN, AlN on Sapphire
template, GaN, Si (…)
UV LED epi-
wafer
Mesa LED structure
Flip Chip LED structure
Vertical LED structure
UV LED dies-on-
wafer
UV LED
dies
Back-End level 1 - Packaging• Die Attach & Interconnections• Encapsulation & optics• Testing & Binning
UV LED Package
Front-end Level 1 - Device Making• Inspection• Masking / Lithography• Etching• Metallization / Contacts / Mirrors
Back-End Level 0 - Packaging• Substrate separation & Bonding• Die singulation • Testing & Binning
UV LED systems and
applications
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Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) ImprovementLow TDD AlN/Sapphire - Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth AlN (3/4)
• Below is presented the ELO process developed by Riken (connected pillar AlN on PSS):
1. AlN nucleation layers on PSS (NH3 pulse-flow growth)
2. Burying AlN layers (x4 NH3 pulse-flow growth and continuous flow growth)
3. AlN nucleation layers on PSS (NH3 pulse-flow growth)
4. Burying AlN layers (x4 NH3 pulse-flow growth and continuous flow growth)
5. Growth of AlGaN layers… Substrate
ALN
ELO
ALN
• NH3 pulse flow AlN growth for low TDD
• Low III/V ratio high Tg for pillar growth
TOP - Epitaxial lateral overgrowth process at RIKEN
LEFT - Self formation of connected pillar on PSS
(coltrolled hexagonal shape)RIGHT - Cross Sectional TEM of
connected pillar AlN bufferSource: RIKEN
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© 2015 18Copyrights © Yole Développement SA. All rights reserved.
Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE) ImprovementNovel Chip Geometries (2/3)
• Studies have been realized by the Semiconductor Lighting and Display Laboratory of The University ofHong Kong, which examined the light extraction efficiency of visible LEDs with different geometries:
• These studies have concluded that square LEDs have distinctively lower extraction efficiencies than anyother shape.
– Considering the fact that LED chips in the market are invariably diced into squares or rectangles, device designersshould give thought to redesigning the chip.
Novel chip geometries can deliver massive increases in light extraction by cutting optical confinement in both the vertical and horizontal directions.
ShapeLight Extraction
Efficiency
Square 12.98%
Pentagon 15.09%
Triangle 15.07%
Heptagon 14.54%
Octagon 14.43%
Hexagon 14.39%
Circle 13.98%
Light extraction efficiencies of visible LED chips with different geometries
Source: Semiconductor Lighting and Display Laboratory
Laser-micromachined visible LED chips with different geometries
Source: Semiconductor Lighting and Display Laboratory
Triangle visible LED chip manufactured by SoraaSource: Soraa
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20
MEMS &
Sensors
LED/OLED
Compound
Semi.
Imaging Photonics
MedTech
Manufacturing
Advanced
PackagingPV
Power
Electronics
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Yole Développement’s 30 analysts operate in the following areas
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Blu Morpho
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Founded in 1998, Yole Développement has grown to become a group of companies providing marketing, technology and strategy consulting, media in addition to corporate fi nance services. With a strong focus on emerging applications using silicon and/or micro manufacturing (technology or process), Yole Développement group has expanded to include more than 50 associates worldwide covering MEMS, Compound Semiconductors, LED, Image Sensors, Optoelectronics, Microfl uidics & Medical, Photovoltaics, Advanced Packaging, Manufacturing, Nanomaterials and Power Electronics. The group supports industrial companies, investors and R&D organizations worldwide to help them understand markets and follow technology trends to develop their business.
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UV LED - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends
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