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Technology Management and Clinical Laboratory Productivity Mehdi Boutorabi DCLS,PhD

Technology Management and Clinical Laboratory Productivityiacld.ir/DL/co/13/technology/roleoftechnologyin... · Test per full Test per hr time work Location Chemistry & Serology 434

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Technology Management gy gand  

Clinical Laboratory Productivity  y y

Mehdi Boutorabi DCLS,PhD

Technology has been rapidly introduced into laboratory medicine and other services during the past few decadesg p

altered the ability of medicine to diagnose and treat disease h d h bli ' i f h l hchanged the public's expectations of health care

h l i l dTechnology includes any new procedure, regardless of whether or not instrumentation is involved

Applications of technology in the clinical laboratory

* Performance of a new procedure routinely* Performance of a new procedure in specialty laboratories only* Improved service as a result of decreased turnaround time * Cost reduction in an existing service*Simplification of test performance*Increased accuracy or precision of an existing procedure * Minimize staff interaction* Minimize staff interaction* Reduce repeat testing and sample rejection*Reduce transition periodReduce transition period*Increase specimen /day/month*Increase labor productivity

Efficiency 

EffectivenessEffectiveness

Productivity

Effi iEfficiency

Efficiency is determined by the amount of time, money and energy – i.e. resources – that are necessary to 

obtain certain results

if we are able to meet our daily production with less energy and fewer operators, we have operated moreenergy and fewer operators, we have operated more 

efficiently

Effectiveness

Effectiveness is determined by comparing what a process y p g por installation can produce with what they actually 

produce

dProductivity

Productivity is determined by looking at the production obtained (effectiveness) versus the invested effort inobtained (effectiveness) versus the invested effort in 

order to achieve the result (efficiency)

productivity and effectiveness 

Productive not effective 

Employee A # hrs    # items

5             250

Redirect focus/capacity

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Employee B

7 250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7             250

Effective not ProductiveCoach to improve speed

these two are no longer “equal,” and each one requires a different type of management support in order to increase their overall performanceg pp p

Productivity

Productivity is a measure of the amount of work d d i hi i i fproduced within a given time frame

often minutes or hours/Productivity = total work / time

Productivity

Two different measures of productivityTwo different measures of productivity hours worked h idhours paid

Productivity based on hours worked represents the time spent performing the work, while productivity based on hours paid reflects the total fiscal burdenbased on hours paid reflects the total fiscal burden of the clinical laboratory for personnel

An increase in productivity will have occurred ifAn increase in productivity will have occurred if 

a)The quality of tests provided increases for a given level of technical effortb) h f h l ff d db)The quantity of technical effort used to produce a given quality of tests decreases)Gi t f t t d t h i l ff t ic)Given amounts of tests and technical effort remain constant but the quality of tests increases

Health care demand

Lab Revenue / Test Trouble

Cost

Laboratory Cost / Test Improve Efficiency

Time

Managing Laboratory costs is impossible itho t managing Laborator Prod cti itwithout managing Laboratory Productivity 

Evaluating productivity allows you to achieve the five " i ht " f ti i i l b"rights" of optimizing labor:

• The right number (FTEs) ofTh i h i di id l ( kill )• The right individuals (skills) at 

• The right time (schedule) doing • The right things (tasks process) in• The right things (tasks, process) in • The right way (performance excellence) 

Measurement tools

Methods of Measure

componentSubtypeMeasureMajor Type

Task listList of test times per 

instruments or methodanalysis sheet personal 

utili ation report

Industrialengineering time 

standardsTechnical StaffLaborTimeliness of service 

providedutilization report

Operational Maintenance checklistMaintenance standards,Instruments andQuality and TimelinessOperational Maintenance checklist

Manufacturer tolerancelimit

standards,Temperaturestandards

Instruments and ComputerAutomation

Quality and Timeliness of service provided

Test Turnaround timePrecision,Quality and Timeliness

Quality control reagentReference standard

Quality Control Standards

Precision,Accuracy,

ReproducibilityClinical

Quality and Timeliness of service provided

Manual recordingRaw test countTestsQuality and Timeliness Manual recordingComputerized records

Raw test count,Relative value 

per test

TestsQuality Control Standards

WorkloadQuality and Timeliness of service provided

Standard costsCost accountingLaboratory workDepartmental Standard costsCost accountingCost allocation

Laboratory work stations

Laboratory sections

DepartmentalSectionalInpatientOutpatient

Economic EfficiencyFiscal 

Labor Productivity y

Labor or workforce productivity 

Rate of output per worker (or a group of workers)    per unit of time as compared withper unit of time as compared with 

an established standard or expected rate of output

Paid ProductivityTotal tests /Year

Paid Productivity(units/hr) =Total paid hrs/Year 

Worked ProductivityTotal tests /Year

Paid Productivity(units/hr) =Total work hrs/Year 

Productivity = total work / timeProductivity = total work / time

Productivity% 

Test per hrTest per full time  work 

Location

h l 10362434Chemistry & Serology

19.511.782 Hematology & coagulation

4.752.8520Microbiology 

59.322.8+12.8=35.6160+90=250Immunology  & Hormones

11.6735Parasitology & Urinalysis

Most commonly used units for lab productivity

Tests per paid full‐time equivalent (FTE)Tests per paid full‐time equivalent (FTE)

265335 tests=  44225 tests/paid FTE    

P id h bill d t t ( h/bt)

/p6  Paid FTEs

Paid hours per billed test (ph/bt)

13728 paid hours= 0 05 ph/bt=  0.05 ph/bt

265335 billed tests

Productivity ratio = paid hours per billed test

13728 paid hours= 0.05 ph/bt

0 05

  0.05 ph/bt265335 billed tests

0.05

0.04 0.06

Lower is better Midpoint0.05

AMS RangePH/BTLabTotal(PH/BT)FTEsBilled Tests

(Performed)Location

0.04‐0.060.021155,040Chemistry & Serology

0.1‐0.120.13١23,370 Hematology & coagulation

0.19‐0.240.5315,700Microbiology 

0.06‐0.080.07٢71,250Immunology  & Hormones

0.14‐0.180.319,975Parasitology & Urinalysis

1.4

1.29%

4%

2%Test Distribution

Chem

p

1.0

0 8

58%27%Immun

Hemat

Par / UAph/bt

0.8

0.6

Mic

0.4

0.2

٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ۴ ۵ ۶

creater productivity with increase volume and automation

1 2 3 4 650creater productivity with increase volume and automation

0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 ph/bt

Operations that provide specialized services or require manual tasks outside the lab’s controlrequire manual tasks outside the lab’s control

Highly automated, efficientoperations utilizing best practices

Causes of solution for low labor productivityInadequate AutomationPoor skill levelPoor workflow cause by poor facility designInappropriate batching of tests(tests are run 6 times per week when 3 time per weeks are adequate)p q )Tests are performed in laboratory when they should be send outHigh percentage of stat testingInappropriate test TAT standardInappropriate test TAT standardInappropriate quality control program: repeat testExcessive machine breakdown: repeat testPoor distribution of work between shifts or departmentUnnecessary quality control

Workload MeasurementWorkload Measurement

the sum of the work achieved, obtained by multiplying the raw count of each individual procedure by its unit value expressed in units (minutes)expressed in units (minutes)– how much work the laboratory does – whether the staffing level is adequateg q– whether the laboratory needs expensive equipment– whether the laboratory is working efficiently

Workload Measurements MethodsWorkload Measurements Methods

Basic MeasurementThe simplest and most basic method is totally the number of 

patient tests performed each day

The CAP Workload Recording MethodThe CAP Workload Recording MethodThe Laboratory Management Planning Committee  of the 

Collage of American Pathologist (CAP)

The basis for measuring workload is the unit value, assigned to each procedure One unit is equal to 1 minute The total uniteach procedure. One unit is equal to 1 minute. The total unit 

value for each procedure represents the average time necessary to perform the procedure

Management application of WLU system

Type of Test Unit ValueStool Exam 10Gram Stain 3

Vaginal Discharge 10Blood Grouping 5

Glucose 5Urine (Macroscopic) 3

CBC 2

Using the number of tests (raw count) g ( )is not accurate

• complexity which varies greatly from test to test• the specific time required to perform any test

Included in the unit value is the time needed for:• Specimen processing• Specimen processing• Testing• Clerical time, including logging and recording results

l h• Glassware washing• Reagent preparation• Preparation and reading of blanks• Daily instrument calibration• Maintenance and repair• Technical supervisionTechnical supervisionNot include in the unit value measurements are:• Specimen collection

R• Repeats

Repeats should be counted only if it is necessary to perform (elevated results)Repeats should be counted only if it is necessary to perform (elevated results)For the CAP workload recording method a clear distinction must be made between repeat andFor the CAP workload recording method a clear distinction must be made between repeat andFor the CAP workload recording method, a clear distinction must be made between repeat and For the CAP workload recording method, a clear distinction must be made between repeat and 

duplicate.duplicate.

Unit Value Per Procedure • Unit value per procedure, more often referred to as unit value (UV)• It  is the mean number of units involved in performing all activities required to complete the defined procedure oncecomplete the defined procedure once

• It includes the time required for: –Initial handling of the specimen• includes all activities related to the specimen once it reaches the• includes all activities related to the specimen once it reaches the laboratory

–All steps involved in specimen testing• Does not include incubation or centrifugation timeDoes not include incubation or centrifugation time–Recording and reporting• Includes calculating, entering results in the computer, checking and filing the final report, telephone calls for reporting results are also included

–Daily and routine preparation of reagents, preparing standards, diluting quality control vials, instrument l i d lib ticleaning, warm‐up and calibration

Unit Value Per ProcedureUnit Value Per Procedure – Maintenance and repair

• Includes regular weekly or monthly preventive maintenance, emergency repairs, time spent in identifying defective reagents

• Does not include major breakdowns– Solution preparationp p– Glassware wash up

• Includes washing, drying and sterilization Technical supervision– Technical supervision

– Standards, quality control, and repeats are counted as tests and are included in the raw countU it l d d t i l d i ll ti– Unit value per procedure does not include specimen collection

Paid ProductivityTotal WLUs/Year

Paid Productivity(units/hr) =Total paid hrs/Year 

If one laboratory employs one laboratory assistant or full time equivalent and produces a total of 37319 WLUs annually, what is the paid productivity?

Total paid time = 44 hr/week X 52 weeks = 2288 hr

37319 3731937319Paid Productivity = = 16

2288

Work Productivity =                  = 21 1786 

Efficiency of productivity expressed as a y p y ppercentage

units per hourunits per hourProductivity as Percentage = x 100

60

16Paid Productivity as Percentage = x 100 = 26.6 %

60

21Work Productivity as Percentage = x 100 = 35 %

6060

actual average of normal productivity ranges between 35 and 45 minutes of every paid hour

To increase the efficiency to 75% (45 min.)

new tests can be introduced to the center

WLU = Actual productivity x actual worked hours per yearWLU = 45 x 1389= 62505

Implement lab wide practices to improve productivity

Equipment

• Reduce # of workstations

IT solutions

• Autoverification• Reduce # of workstations• Automate

• Autoverification• Bidirectional interfaces• Eliminate paper

If the WLU of a laboratory is 227518 WLU/yearIf the WLU of a laboratory is 227518 WLU/year, how many employees are needed?

Actual worked hours/year = 1389 hours = 83340 min.N f l i d 257518/83340 2 73No, of employees required = 257518/83340 = 2.73

Cost per Workload Unit

Cost per workload unit can be used, in conjunction with workload units per activity, to determine costs of new programs and services and to determine the financial resources to be added, transferred or removed from a functional centre due to changes in population served, program or service (i.e. impact 

l i )analysis). 

The options for increasing productivity include:  

maintaining the worked hours but increasing the workload units

decreasing the worked hours but maintaining the workload unitsdecreasing the worked hours but maintaining the workload units

decreasing both the worked hours and workload units but decreasing the worked hours more than the workload unitso ed ou s o e t a t e o oad u ts

increasing both the worked hours and workload units but increasing the workload units more than the worked hours

decreasing the worked hours and increasing the workload units

Total WLUs/YearPaid Productivity(units/hr) =

Total paid hrs/Year 

The Productivity of AutomationThe Productivity of Automation

Difficult to separate from Labor productivity distinctlyDifficult to separate from Labor productivity distinctly different characteristics provide more cost effective utilization of equipmentsq p

Unfortunately automation is often purchased and y putilized in this era based on empirical needs and is not always match to workload volume or test complexity which cause under or over utilization.

In one place, at one time a technology may be good and other times not appropriate because there is a change in 

the environment or in the main target

Two different sites with identical equipment will have different capacities to manage the demand for caredifferent capacities to manage the demand for care

Time and Place

Steps for improving the productivity of automation

•Consolidate priority testmultichannel vs discrete test cost should be determinedmultichannel vs discrete test cost should be determined

•Optimize test grouping (Lab Disease‐related group)

interact with clinician to prioritize/consolidate test/disease profilep / / p

•Utilize cost accounting techniques for instruments, section and department•Utilize automatic data processing to decrease turnaround time•Improve capital productivity 

iuse cost accountingdetermine most/least expensive procedureevaluate cost of least/purchase or rent vs capital purchase

U d t di W kflUnderstanding your WorkflowThe key to implementing a successful automatedThe key to implementing a successful automated system is a comprehensive understanding of your workflow This will enable you to design a systemworkflow. This will enable you to design a system 

that provides optimum efficiencies for your laboratory Laboratories vary enormously in termslaboratory. Laboratories vary enormously in terms of workflow, workload, in‐patient/out‐patient work ratio physical laboratory space datawork ratio, physical laboratory space, data 

inputting requirements etc.

improve workflow Byimprove workflow By automating pre‐analytical and post analytical 

steps sample handling and processingsteps, sample handling, and processing

Labor intensive taskSpecimen labeling/handling/preparation and storage

Automated Specimen Separation

Blood separation into serum or plasma has been an insuperable bottleneck in allhas been an insuperable bottleneck in all 

clinical laboratoriesId ll l ti h ld b dIdeally, sample separation should be done at the point of sample collection and 

incorporate automated labeling

Sample LabelingMistakes in sample labeling can lead to sample misplacement and mislabeling,sample misplacement and mislabeling, 

resulting in a loss of samples and inaccurate resultsinaccurate results

The progression from manual labeling to 2‐ and 3‐D barcodes has dealt with 

many labeling problems and y g psignificantly cut down on sample misplacement and mislabelingmisplacement and mislabeling. 

CHANGES IN ANALYTICAL METHODCHANGES IN ANALYTICAL METHOD

In many cases the financial consequencesIn many cases the financial consequences of changes in reagents are clear and simple, 

b h ff f h i l i lbut the effects of changes in analytical method or equipment are more complex

replacing an existing  Instrument flame Photometer 

(for the measurement of serum and urine Na+ and K+) by a new ion‐selective electrode (ISE) analyser without 

change in workload

number of staff employed cannot be changed in th h t t th t t l l b t ill bthe short term, the total labor costs will be 

unchanged

Independent workload costpvariable or workload dependent costs

flame photometerthe variable costs are directly related to the running time of the instrument for the ISE analyser depend on the workload, batch size and time between batchesthe ISE analyser has direct costs even when nothe ISE analyser has direct costs even when no specimens are analysed

EFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON COSTSEFFECT OF WORKLOAD ON COSTS

direct cost per test of both labor anddirect cost per test, of both labor and consumables, decreases as workload increases in a manner which depends on the type of testin a manner which depends on the type of test

With assay kits, for example, the amount of reagent prepared should ideally match the daily workload. This means that the analysis of the 21st specimen when themeans that the analysis of the 21st specimen, when the 

reagent vial is only sufficient for 20, will produce a stepwise increase in expenditure and cost per test. Onstepwise increase in expenditure and cost per test. On the other hand, assay of only 10 specimens will result in 

wastage and also increase the cost per test

ELISA Processor 

EFFECT OF LABORATORY ORGANISATION ON COSTSON COSTS

Most tests are done in batches, and the unit cost is smaller for large batches than for single analyses. As a result, some 

l b i d l i flaboratories tend to accumulate specimens for non‐urgent tests and run them in a single batch at say weekly intervals, or send them away to a larger centre. Although this will save money for y g g ythe laboratory, it may incur costly clinical delays, particularly if 

the patient is kept in hospital

Ten Reasons Why technologies are not Successful

• Incomplete understanding of current environment, processes, costs, customer expectations• Loss in flexibility due to fixed processes and limited throughput• Unrealistic expectations of system, cost reduction, throughput• Unplanned and poorly developed ‘workarounds’ required to interface p p y p qautomation with manual processes• Inadequate technical support• Hidden costs, labor, supplies, maintenance Hidden costs, labor, supplies, maintenance•Failure to optimize current processes prior to automation

→never automate a poor process!

Clinical productivity is synonymous with Quality

Clinical ProductivityClinical Productivity * Develop Laboratory Disease related test group* Interact with clinician to prioritize and consolidate test* Interact with clinician to prioritize and consolidate test * Integrate test group into laboratory quality assurance plan* Interact with clinical staff to determine their optimum test choicesp* Provide interpretative reporting for clinicians

Th kThank you