Technology for a “New Seeing”

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Scuola Normale Superiore - Pisa

“As humankind capabilities progress, we just need to redefine what we mean by the the world seeing” Prof. L. Foa

(1937-2014)

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Light and Luminosity: A new “seeing”

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Superconductivity• In 1908, Kammerling Onnes at

Leida succeeds in liquefying He.• As exploration of matter at very

low temperature begins, the first surprise discovery doesn’t take long to materialize

• Resistance to Electric Current=0• Material becomes a

“Superconductor”

Expectations

Observation

K. Onnes – Nobel 1913

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Theory for Superconductivity

• BCS Theory (Nobel 1972) developed in 1956: contrary to a normal metal, where electrons move “individually”, in a superconductor electrons “join in couples” and move coherently and in phase !

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Why ?• At low temperature, pairs of

electrons obey Bose-Einstein statistic.

• Boson can “aggregate” in the same physical state– You can have “as many as you

want” electrons– (Almost) Limitless Currents

• (Electron) Bosons for (Higgs) Boson !

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What if you build a Magnet with Superconducting Material ?

Coil

Coil #1

Coil #2Dipole

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• Superconductivity = no resistance !• You can run a current (almost) as high as you want

to create a field as strong as possible to maintain in a closed orbit 7 TeV Protons – Need special alloy of NbTi (pron: Niobium-Ti): don’t try this

at home with simple copper !

x 1232 (double aperture)

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Superconducting Magnets

Tevatron Magnet at FNAL (~1984) LHC Magnets at CERN (~2008)

~ 20 years to Double Performance~ LHC is pinnacle of NbTi Capability

NbTi Technology

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Superconducting Nb Cavities• Superconductivity can

be use to accelerate particles as well (a magnet can only bend a beam of particles)

• Both Technologies will be used in the High Luminosity LHC !

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SC Magnets: Time for“Doubling the Performance” again

FNAL BNLSLAC

LBNL

• First steps by Twente University, LBNL & FNAL in late ~1990 • LARP (LHC Accelerator R&D Program) initiated in US in ~2004 and has

provided the technical basis for “Doubling of Performance” of magnets at the LHC using a different superconductor: Nb3Sn (pron: Niobium-Three-Tin)

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Nb3Sn Magnet Fabrication at LARP Laboratories (~12-13 T)

• 10 years of R&D investment before technology could be considered ready for “Prime Time” at the HL-LHC.

World-wide Collaboration

13 13L. Rossi @Kick-off Meeting 11 Nov 2013

Q1-Q3 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind USAD1 : R&D, Design, Prototypes and in-kind JPMCBX : Design and Prototype ESHO Correctors: Design and Prototypes ITQ4 : Design and Prototype FRCC : R&D, Design and in-kind

USACC : R&D and Design UK

ATLASCMSMagnets

Cavities

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Magnets Societal Benefits - MRI• Tevatron allowed MRI Industry.

– Req: good uniform field, stability, etc (just like for accelerator magnets)

• Value of MRI industry (the major customer for SC magnets at 1.5 T/3 T)

– $5 Billion p.a.

• This industry would probably have succeeded anyway – what we can realistically claim is that the large scale investment in this technology at the Tevatron significantly accelerated its development

– Financial Impact ~ 5-10 Billion $Prof. J. Womersley

2003 Medicine Nobel Prize

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• ~25,000 scanners in the world (Wikipedia)• 2 scans/day, 200 day/year, amounts to 10 Millions

scans/year• Over ~20 years of technology availability, ~200M

human beings have benefited from MRI and have avoided invasive exploratory surgical procedures !

• Benefits of Higher-Field MRI (as allowed by Nb3Sn)– Short Scan-time– Higher Resolution (especially important in Functional

MRI).

Magnets Societal Benefits - MRI

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

• Works at much higher fields than MRI (like those allowed by the Nb3Sn planned for the HL-LHC Upgrade)

• Allows study of structure, dynamics and interactions of biological macromolecules – Protein, nucleic acids

21T magnets at U. Birmingham - UK

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Clinical Proton Beam Radiotherapy

• Proven technology for treatment of cancer by hadron bombardment• Advanced Nb3Sn Superconductor developed by LARP/HL-LHC allowed 9T

magnet in “compact” facility – Cost from 100M$+ to ~15M$

Dr. Antaya –MIT – 9 T Magnet

LARP Nb3Sn SC

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Fusion

Wind PowerPower Grids

SCMagLev Train

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SC Cavities Societal Benefits• Mostly in the form of

enabling other areas of research:– XFEL@DESY or LCLS-

II@SLAC

• Production of intense x-ray facilities to allow the study of materials at atomic scale